organs of abdomen
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How to Calculate Your Grade You have completed 500 out of 700 total points Add together:
Lecture exam 1 Lecture exam 2 Lab exam 1 Lab exam 2 Average of your 7 best quizzes (drop lowest)
Divide by 500
REMEMBER: You must have at least a “C” = 68 in both lab and
lecture separately to pass course
![Page 2: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
How to Calculate the Number of points you need to pass You need a total of 476 out of 700 points to get a C Take the total number of points you just calculated
(the sum of 4 exams and quiz average) and subtract it from 476
The number you have is the total number of points you need
If you divide that number by 2, you will see the approximate grade you’ll need on lab exam 3 and lecture exam 3.
REMEMBER: the rules from previous page apply Have to have at least C in lecture and lab separately
![Page 3: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organs of the Abdomen
Systems: Urinary and Digestive
![Page 4: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Urinary System
Kidneys Purify blood
Ureters Drain urine from kidney
to bladder Urinary Bladder
Store urine Urethra
Drain urine from bladder to outside body
pg 5
![Page 5: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Kidneys: major excretory organs
Remove toxins, metabolic waste, excess H2O, ions Urea, uric acid, creatinin
Regulates volume + makeup of blood Maintains balance between
Salts and water Acids and bases
![Page 6: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Kidneys: Gross Anatomy
Located superior lumbar region
Posterior abdominal wall (T12-L3)
Retroperitoneal Hilus Adrenal Gland:
superomedial to kidney Renal Artery + Vein Innervation: branches of
renal plexus
pg 648
![Page 7: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Kidneys: Gross Anatomy Renal Capsule
Layer of tough CT Maintains shape Prevents spread of
infection Adipose Capsule
External to renal cap Perirenal fat Surrounded by fascia Keeps in place, cushions
Pararenal Fat External to adipose cap Keeps in place, cushionspg 649
![Page 8: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Kidney: Internal Anatomy
Cortex Superficial Light, granular Part of functional unit
Medulla Deep layer Darker Pyramid-cone shape Contain collecting
tubule collect urine
Pg 650
![Page 9: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kidney: Internal Anatomy Medullary Pyramid
Base: against cortex Apex: inward
Papilla = tip Drips urine into minor calyx
Minor Calyx (calices) Cup-shaped divisions of
major calices Surround papilla of pyramid
Major Calyx (calices) Larger cup-shaped
branches of renal pelvis
Renal Pelvis Flat expansion of ureter Collects urine
Pg 650
![Page 10: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Kidney: Microscopic Anatomy
Functional Unit Uriniferous Tubule
Nephron Collecting tubule
Waste is filtered out Waste products formed Located in lobes of
kidneys
pg 652
![Page 11: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ureters Slender tubes transport
urine Run from kidneys to
bladder Retroperitoneal Continuation of renal
pelvis Enters bladder at oblique
angle to prevent backflow Increased pressure in
bladder closes distal end of ureter
pg 648
![Page 12: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ureters: 3 Layers External: Adventitia
CT
Middle: Muscularis Smooth Muscle Inner Longitudinal Outer Circular External longitudinal (on
distal third) Peristalsis
Inner: Mucosa Transitional epithelium
![Page 13: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Bladder Muscular sac store and
expel urine Location
On pelvic floor Posterior
Pubic symphysis Anterior
Males = rectum Females = vagina, uterus
Collapses + Expands Full into abdominal cav Emptystays in pelvic cav
Supplied by branches of internal iliac arteries + veins
Innervated = branches of hypogastric plexus
pg 648
![Page 14: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bladder: Internal Anatomy
3 Layers Mucosa = transitional epithelium & lamina propria Detrusor Muscle: smooth muscle
Inner/Outer longitudinal, Middle circular
Fibrous Adventitia = CT Parietal peritoneum on superior surface instead
trigone
pg 662
![Page 15: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Urethra Drains urine from bladder to outside Female = short tube Males = long tube
Prostatic, Membranous, Spongy (penile) portions Also carries semen
Internal Urethral Sphincter Between bladder + urethra Thickening of detrusor (smooth muscle)
External Urethral Sphincter Within urogenital diaphragm Skeletal muscle = voluntary control urination
External Urethral Orifice Males = end of penile urethra Females = anterior to vaginal opening, posterior to clitoris
![Page 16: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Urethra: Female vs. Male
pg 662
![Page 17: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Micturition = Urination Emptying bladder
Stretch receptors in bladder respond when bladder full
Parasympathetic signals detrusor muscle to contract and internal urinary sphincter to open (also inhibits sympathetic pathways that would prevent urination)
Other brain receptors can inhibit urination by relaxing detrusor, and keep external urinary sphincter closed
Voluntary contraction of abdominal wall muscles increases abdominal pressure
Voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
See pg 663
![Page 18: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Digestion System Alimentary Canal
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine
Accessory Organs Teeth, Tongue Salivary Glands Gallbladder Liver Pancreaspg 5
![Page 19: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Food Processing Activities Ingestion: taking food into mouth Propulsion: food moves through gut
Swallowing + Peristalsis
Mechanical Digestion: breakdown of food Chewing, Churning, Segmentation
Chemical Digestion: chemical breakdown Enzymes
Absorption: Digestive end products into blood
Defecation: Removal of waste products
![Page 20: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Alimentary Canal Wall
Internal = Mucosa + Submucosa Epithelium Lamina propria:
contains MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Muscularis mucosae Submucosa = CT w/elastic fibers, nerves, vessels
Middle = Muscularis Externa Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Creates sphincters
Outer = Serosa or Adventitia
![Page 21: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Innervation of Alimentary Canal 2 Plexuses: Myenteric & Submucosal
Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, Visceral Sensory fibers
Enteric Nervous System 100 million neurons in walls of alimentary
canal = internal system Within above plexuses Independent reflex arcs Controls glandular secretion, peristalsis,
segmentation Autonomic Nervous System speeds up or
slows activity controlled by enteric system
![Page 22: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stomach “J” shape Cardiac Region
Junction esophagus Cardiac sphincter
(Gastroesophageal) Fundus (“dome”)
Under diaphragm Body
Large, middle part Pylorus
Distal portion Pyloric sphincter
Greater Curvature Lesser Curvature
Pg 624
![Page 23: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Internal Anatomy of Stomach
Mucosa Rugae: mucosal folds
allow expansion Many intrinsic glands
Goblet cells Gastric glands
Typical Submucosa Muscularis externa
Oblique layer Circular layer
Pyloric sphincter Longitudinal layer
Serosa
pg 624
![Page 24: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Function of Stomach Temporary storage of chyme Breakdown begins
Churn, segmentation Pepsin proteins
Absorption H2O, electrolytes
Alcohol, other drugs
Stays about 4 hours Hold from1.5-4 liters
![Page 25: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Small Intestine: Parts + Functions Parts
Duodenum = proximal (5%) Jejunum = middle (~40%) Ileum = distal (~55%)
Majority of enzymatic digestion Bile: emulsifier (gallbladder, liver) Enzymes (pancreas)
Almost all nutrient absorption Segmentation
Moves chyme around to increase contact with intestine walls
Food takes about 3-6 hours to move through 2.7- 6 meters
![Page 26: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Small Intestine: Internal Features
Intestinal flora: produce vitamin K Simple columnar epithelium w/many
modifications for absorption Lymph tissue in submucosa Muscularis externa has 2 layers Some parasympathetic innervation from
vagus Arterial supply:
Superior mesenteric Rt (cranial) pancreaticoduodenal
![Page 27: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Small Intestine: Modifications of epithelium for absorption
Length Increase surface area
Plicae circularis Transverse ridges of mucosa Increase surface area Slow movement of chyme
Villi Move chyme, increase contact Contain lacteals: remove fat
Microvilli: Increase surface area
Modifications decrease distally
pg 629
![Page 28: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Small Intestine Duodenum:
short, straight Mostly retroperitoneal
Jejunum & Ileum: highly coiled Fewer modifications Hang by mesentery in
peritoneal cavity Mesentery Arcades
Arteries + veins Nerves Store fat
Pg 614
![Page 29: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Large Intestine Cecum Vermiform appendix Colon
Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid
Rectum Anal Canal
pg 631
![Page 30: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Large Intestine
Functions: Absorb water and electrolytes Form, store and expel feces from body
Internal Features: Intestinal flora No intestinal villi or modifications for absorption Many goblet cells Simple columnar epithelium except lower half of anal canal Significant Lymph tissue in mucosa & submucosa Muscularis mucosae has 2 layers
Some parasympathetic innervation from vagus
![Page 31: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Colon: External Features Taeniae coli
3 longitudinal strips thickening of
longitudinal muscle maintain muscle tone create haustra
Haustra saclike divisions
Epiploic Appendages fat-filled pouches significance unknown
pg 631
![Page 32: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cecum + Vermiform Appendix Cecum
sac-like, blind pouch
Ileocecal valve raised edges of mucosa prevents feces going
back into ileum
Vermiform Appendix same layers blind tube opens into
cecum masses of lymph tissue
pg 631
![Page 33: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Colon Ascending colon Right side Hepatic flexure
(= right colic flexure)
Transverse colon Across cavity
Descending colon Left side Splenic flexure
(= left colic flexure ) Sigmoid colon
Enters pelvis “S” shape
pg 631
![Page 34: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Colon: Function
Absorb H2O and electrolytes
Some digestion by bacteria Mass Peristaltic Movements (2-3x day) Moves through in 12-24 hours 1.5 meters
![Page 35: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Rectum + Anal Canal
Rectum descends into pelvis no teniae coli longitudinal muscle layer
complete rectal valves
Anal Canal passes through levator ani
muscle releases mucus to lubricate
feces Internal anal sphincter
involuntary, smooth m. External anal sphincter
voluntary, skeletal m. Stratified squamosal
epithelium at lower halfpg 632
![Page 36: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Defecation Reflex
Stretching of rectum wall initiates reflex Spinal cord - parasympathetic signals
sigmoid colon + rectum to contract + anal sphincter to relax (involuntary)
If not ready-reflex ends- rectum relaxes Reflex initiated again until you go! Contraction of abdominal muscles,
levator ani + diaphragm assists defecation (voluntary)
![Page 37: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Liver Largest gland (3 lbs) Location
Upper Right Quadrant Mostly under ribcage
Highly vascular Some functions
produce bile pick up glucose detoxify poison, drugs make blood proteins many others
pg 610
pg 635
![Page 38: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Liver: External Features
pg 635
Diaphragmatic surface Right lobe (larger) Left lobe Falciform ligament Fissure between
Visceral surface Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe Both part of left lobe
![Page 39: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Liver: Visceral Surface
Hepatic Vein (into inferior vena cava) Porta Hepatis
Hepatic Artery (from abdominal aorta ) Hepatic Portal Vein
Carries nutrient-rich blood from stomach + intestines to liver
Portal system = 2 capillary beds! Hepatic Ducts (carry bile)
pg 636
![Page 40: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Gallbladder Muscular sac Between right +
quadrate liver lobes Bile is stored +
concentrated Bile: breaks down fats
= emulsification Bile
Produced by liver Stored in gallbladder
pg 610
![Page 41: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Gallbladder continued
Mucosa & lamina propria Simple columnar epithelium Expandable mucosal folds
Smooth muscle layer Thick connective tissue
Covered by serosa in places
![Page 42: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Bile Ducts
Cystic duct carries bile from gallbladder
Hepatic duct carries bile from liver
Common Bile duct joins cystic and hepatic carries bile into duodenum pg 628
![Page 43: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Movement of Bile
Bile secreted by liver continuously
Hepatopancreatic (Vater) ampulla common bile + main
pancreatic duct meet and enter duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi around it
closed when bile not needed for digestion
Bile then backs up into gallbladder via cystic duct
When needed gallbladder contracts, sphincters open
pg 628
![Page 44: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Pancreas Retroperitoneal Gland
Exocrine digestive enzymes
Endocrine hormone insulin hormone glucagon
Location curve of duodenum extends to spleen
pg 639
![Page 45: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Ducts of Pancreas
Main Pancreatic duct joins common bile
duct enters duodenum Hepatopancreatic
(Vater) ampulla Accessory
Pancreatic duct enters duodenum in
other location
pg 628
![Page 46: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Spleen Largest lymph organ Highly vascular Function
remove blood-borne antigens (immune)
remove and destroy old/damaged blood cells
stores blood platelets In fetus: site of
hematopoiesis
pg 639
![Page 47: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Arterial Blood Supply to Abdominal Viscera
All branches of Abdominal Aorta Anastomoses
Left + Middle colic Left + Right gastric Left + Right gastroepiploic Cranial + Caudal pancreaticoduodenal Deep Iliac Circumflex + Adrenolumbar
STUDY HAND OUT! MUST KNOW WHAT SUPPLIES WHAT!!
![Page 48: Organs of Abdomen](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdd21d4a7959cb298b4569/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Names give hints!
Hepato = liver Pancreatico =
pancreas Cystic = gallbladder Gastro = stomach Splenic = spleen Adreno = adrenal gl Lumbar = lumbar
region
Epiploic = membrane-covered
Mesenteric = mesentery
Duodenal = duodenum
Ileo = ileum Colic = colon Rectal = rectum