origin formation and adoption of the constitution vol 2 george ticknor curtis 1858
TRANSCRIPT
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7/29/2019 Origin Formation and Adoption of the Constitution Vol 2 George Ticknor Curtis 1858
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Transcriber's Note:
This is the second volume of a two volume set, begun inHistory of the Origin, Formation, andAdoption of the Constitution of the United States, Volume I.
The index at the end of this volume, Volume II., includes links to entries for both volumes. Anindex jump-table has been added for the convenience of the reader.
Multiple-page footnotes, repositioned to the end of the text, have resulted in numbered pageswith no contents (visible in html version only).
Remaining transcriber's notes are at the end of the text.
HISTORY
OF THE
ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ADOPTION
OF THE
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
STATES;
WITH
NOTICES OF ITS PRINCIPAL FRAMERS.BY
GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS.
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IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOLUME II.NEW YORK:HARPER AND BROTHERS,
Franklin Square.1858.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, byGEORGE T. CURTIS,in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
CONTENTS
OF
VOLUME SECOND.
BOOK IV.
FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.
CHAPTER I.
Preliminary Considerations.Organization of the Convention.Position of the States.Rule ofInvestigation.
Page
Explanation of the Author's Plan 3,4
Preservation of Republican Government 5-7
Nature of American Freedom 7-9
Its Dependence upon the Union 9,10
Intention of the Framers of the Constitution 11
Hamilton's Purposes 11
The Confederation officially condemned 11,12
Purposes of the States 12
The declared Objects of the Convention 13
Nature of the previous Union 14,15
General Purpose of the People 16
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Powers of the Convention 17
Opposite Views of the Members 18
Presence of Slavery in the States 19,20
The Slaves in some Form to be considered 20-22
How they were regarded under the Confederation 21
Complex Relations of the Subject 22
All the States but one represented in Convention 23
[iv]
Absence of Rhode Island 24,25
Application of the Minority of Rhode Island 25,26
Position of the States in Convention 27,28
Reserved Authority of the People 28,29
Present Importance of the Process of forming the Constitution 29
Cautions to be used in Interpretation 30
CHAPTER II.
Construction of a Legislative Power.Basis of Representation and Rule of Suffrage.Powersof Legislation.
Randolph's Outline of a Constitution 32
Referred to Committee of the Whole 32
Idea of a National Government 32-35
Rule of Suffrage in the Legislature 35
First Parties in the Convention 36
Representatives in one Branch to be chosen by the People 37
Representation of the People 39-40
States in some way to be represented 40,41
State Legislatures to choose the Members of the other Branch 41
Ratio of Representation as between the States 42-44
Basis of the Representative System 44-49
Rule of Suffrage in the Senate 48
Consequences of Numerical Representation 49,50
Powers to be conferred on the Legislature 50
Control of State Legislation 51-55
Population of the States 55
CHAPTER III.
Construction of the Executive and the Judiciary.
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Of how many Persons the Executive to consist 56
Negative to be given to the Executive 57
Mode of choosing the Executive 59
Purpose and Necessity of a Judiciary 60
To be made supreme 65
Its Jurisdiction 65
Tenure of the Judicial Office 67
[v]
Note on the Judicial Tenure 69
CHAPTER IV.
Admission of New States.Guaranty of Republican Government.Power of Amendment.Oath to support the New System.Ratification.
The Union destined to be enlarged 75
Jefferson's Measure for the Admission of New States in 1784 76
Want of Power in the Confederation 77
Power to be supplied in the Constitution 78
Guaranty of State Governments to be provided 79
Necessity and Utility of the Guaranty 80-83
A Mode of Amendment to be provided 84
Oath to support the Constitution 84
Mode of Ratification 84-86
Report of the Committee of the Whole 86
CHAPTER V.
Issue between the Virginia and the New Jersey Plans.Hamilton's Propositions.Madison'sView of the New Jersey Plan.
General Character of the Virginia Plan 89
Difficulties and Obstacles in its Way 91
The chief Cause of Opposition 92
The counter Plan by the New Jersey Members 92
Referred to a Second Committee of the Whole 92
Argument of Patterson in its Support 93
Hamilton interposes 94
The Nature of the Issue pending 95
Hamilton's Leading Principles 95
He states the Courses open to the Convention 96
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Explains the Principles on which Government must be founded 96-98
Objects to the New Jersey Plan 98,99
Not satisfied with the Virginia Plan 99
His Views of what must be done 99,100
Introduces his own Plan 101
It must be judged by the Issue pending 101-106
Madison examines the New Jersey Plan 106
Explains its Effect on the smaller States 107
Declares the Representation to be the great Difficulty 108
The States must be represented proportionally 109
The Virginia Plan again adhered to 109
[vi]
Note on the Opinions of Hamilton 110
CHAPTER VI.
Conflict between the National and Federal Systems.Division of the Legislature into TwoChambers.Disagreement of the States on the Nature of Representation in the Two Branches.Threatened Dissolution of the Union.
Different Magnitudes of the States 116
Inequalities in other Respects 117
The Majority and Minority of States 117,118
Views of New York 118-121
Luther Martin's Opinions 121
Position of Connecticut 122
Nature of the Question between the Larger and the Smaller States 122-125
Advantages of a National System 127
Difficulties attending it 128
Dangers of adhering inflexibly to Theory 129
Division of the Legislature into Two Chambers 130
Origin of the Division in England 130,131
Practical Advantages of the Separation 131,132
Why resisted by the Minority 133
Defect in the Virginia Plan 133
Mode of electing the Members 134
Rule of Suffrage for the House 135
Madison's View of the Interest of the Small States 136
Hamilton on the Consequences of Dissolution 136,137
Evil Results of a perfect Theory 137
Purpose of a Senate 138
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Necessity for a distinct Basis 138-140
Irreconcilable Differences 140
Proposition of Compromise rejected 141
Disagreement on the Senate 141
Consequences of a Failure to form a Constitution 142-144
CHAPTER VII.
First Grand Compromises of the Constitution.Population of the States adopted as the Basis ofRepresentation in the House.Rule for Computing the Slaves.Equality of Representation ofthe States adopted for the Senate.
Appointment of a Committee of Compromise 145
[vii]
Representation adjusted by the Committee 146
Character of the Compromise 147
How treated in the Convention 147,148
Apportionment of Representatives re-arranged 148,149
Objections to the Plan 149,150
Representation of the Slaves 150
Combined Rule of Numbers and Wealth 151
Test Question respecting the Slaves 153
Necessity for their Admission into the Basis of Representation 154-162
The Difficulties only to be adjusted by Compromise 162
Form of the Compromise 163,164Equality of Vote adopted for the Senate 165,166
Value of this Feature of the Constitution 166,167
Population of the Slaveholding and Non-slaveholding States compared 168
CHAPTER VIII.
Powers of Legislation.Constitution and Choice of the Executive.Constitution of theJudiciary.Admission of New States.Completion of the Engagements of Congress.Guaranty of Republican Constitutions.Oath to Support the Constitution.Ratification.Number of Senators.Qualifications for Office.Seat of Government.
The General Interests of the Union to be provided for 170
Constitution, Laws, and Treaties to be Supreme 170
Appointment and Powers of the Executive 171
Re-eligibility of the Executive 172,173
Tenure of the Office 173
Right of Suffrage in Choice of the Executive 174
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Appointment by Electors 175
Construction of the Judiciary 176
Admission of New States 176
Completion of the Engagements of Congress 176
Guaranty of Republican Governments 177
Future Amendments 177
Oath to Support the Constitution 177
Ratification 177
Objects of a Popular Ratification 177-184
Constitution to be submitted to the Congress 185
[viii]
Number of Senators 186
Qualifications for Office 186
Property Qualification 187
Seat of the National Government 189
General Pinckney's Notice respecting Slaves and Exports 189
Resolutions sent to Committee of Detail 190
CHAPTER IX.
Report of the Committee of Detail.Construction of the Legislature.Time and Place of itsMeeting.
Power confided to the Committee of Detail 193
Their Draft of a Constitution 194
Right of Suffrage 194
Foreign-born Inhabitants 195-196
Immigration to be encouraged 197
Qualifications for Voting 198-202
Power of Naturalization 199
Qualifications for Office 203-210
Spirit of the Constitution 211
Ratio of Representation 212-214
Money Bills 215-222
Qualifications of Senators 223,224
Number of Senators 224-226
Method of Voting in the Senate 226-228
Vacancies in the Senate and House 229
Powers of the Senate 229-240
Senatorial Term 240-242
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Disqualifications of Members of both Branches 242et seq.
Parliamentary Corruption 242-244
Executive Influence 244-256
Time and Place for Elections 257
Pay of Members 258,259
Impeachments 260-262
Quorum of each House 262
Separate Powers of each House 262-263
President of the Senate 263
Enactment of Laws 264
President's Negative 265-268
Seat of Government 268-277
[ix]
Session of Congress 277,278
CHAPTER X.
Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.The Powers of Congress.The GrandCompromises of the Constitution respecting Commerce, Exports, and the Slave-Trade.
General Principles of the Powers of Legislation 279,280
Limitations 280
Exports and the Slave-Trade 281
Fitness and Unfitness of a Tax on Exports 282
Variety in the Exports of the United States 283
Impracticability of such a Tax 284
The Slave-Trade Controversy 285et seq.
How adjusted 289et seq.
Restrictions on the Revenue and Commercial Powers 289
Regulation of Commerce 291et seq.
Settlement of the Revenue and Commercial Powers 295et seq.
Proposition of Compromise 301
Arrangement of the Compromise 303
Value of the Compromise 307
Benefits of the Revenue and Commercial Powers 309
CHAPTER XI.
Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.The Remaining Powers of Congress.Restraints upon Congress and upon the States.
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Purpose of the Revenue Power 318-322
Preference of Ports prohibited 323,324
Duties, &c. to be equal 325
Commerce with the Indian Tribes 325-328
Uniform Rule of Naturalization 328
Coining and Regulating Value of Money 328
Standard of Weights and Measures 328
Post-Offices and Post-Roads 328
Power to borrow Money 328-330
Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court 330
Rules as to Captures 330
Offences against the Law of Nations 331
Counterfeiting 332
[x]
War Power 332
Raising and supporting Armies 333
Navy 334
Power over the Militia 334-338
Necessary and proper Laws to execute the Specific Powers 338
Patents and Copyrights 339
Power over Territories 341-358
Admission of New States 358
Restraints upon Congress 359
Suspension of the habeas corpus 359
Bills of Attainder 360
Ex post facto Laws 360et seq.
Titles of Nobility 362
Gifts and Emoluments from foreign Princes 362
Restraints upon the States 362et seq.
Obligation of Contracts 365
State Imposts 369
Tonnage Duties 370
Other Restraints 371
CHAPTER XII.
Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Supremacy of the National Government.Definition and Punishment of Treason.
Principles of the National Supremacy 372
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Preamble of the Constitution 373
Supremacy effected through the Judicial Power 374
Ratification 375
Meaning and Operation of the Supremacy 376-381
Its Effect on the Growth of the Country 381-384
Definition and Punishment of Treason 384-387
CHAPTER XIII.
Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Election and Powers of the President.
Election of the President, why not made directly by the People 388
Origin of the Plan of Electors 389
Choice of President and Vice-President 390-395
[xi]
Succession of the Vice-President to the Presidency 395-398
Mode of filling the Vacancy when there is no Vice-President 398
Mode of choosing the Electors 398,399
Opening of the Votes of the Electors 399,400
Modifications of the Mode of Election made by the Amendment 400,401
Contingency, for which no Provision is made 401-403
Qualifications for the Presidency 404
Salary of the President 404-407
Question of a Cabinet, or a Council 407-409
Powers of the President 409et seq.Executive Power 412,413
Pardoning Power 413,414
Treaty-making Power 414-417
Appointing Power 417,418
To give Information on the State of the Union 419
Power to convene Congress 419
CHAPTER XIV.
Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.
Formation of the Judicial Power.
Scope of the Judicial Power 421-431
Its Purposes 431-445
CHAPTER XV.
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Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Effect of Records.Inter-State Privileges.Fugitives from Justice and from Service.
Intimacy of the Relations between the People of the States 447
Difference between the Confederation and the Constitution 447,448
Privileges of Citizenship in all the States 448
Effect of Records 449
Fugitives from Justice 449,450
[xii]
Fugitives from Service 450-467
CHAPTER XVI.
Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Guaranty of Republican Government andInternal Tranquillity.Oath to support the Constitution.Mode of Amendment.Ratification
and Establishment of the Constitution.
Signing by the Members of the Convention.
Purpose of the Guaranty of Republican Government 468
Meaning of the Guaranty 469
American Sense of a "Republican" Government 471
Amendment a Conservative Element 473
Distinction between Amendment and Revolution 473-474
Settlement of the Mode of Amending the Constitution 474-477
Restrictions on the Power of Amendment 477,478
Oath to support the Constitution 478
Establishment of the Constitution provided for 479-485
Signatures of the Delegates 485-487
The Issue presented 487
BOOK V.
ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.
CHAPTER I.
General Reception of the Constitution.
Hopes of a Reunion with Great Britain.
Action of theCongress.State of Feeling in Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, South Carolina, Maryland,and New Hampshire.Appointment of their Conventions.
Public Anxiety 491
Rumors about the Bishop of Osnaburg 492
Scheme of the Tories 493,494
Publication of the Constitution 495
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Its Friends and Opponents 495,496
[xiii]
Position of the People 497,498
Reception of the Instrument in Congress 499
Action upon it 500
Reception in Massachusetts 501
Reception in New York 502-504
Reception in Virginia 505,506
Jefferson's Opinion 506,507
Course recommended by Jefferson 508
Washington's Exertions 509
Patrick Henry's Course in the Legislature 510
Debate in the Legislature of South Carolina 511
Action of the Legislature of Maryland 512
Luther Martin's Address 512-514
State of Opinion in New Hampshire 514
The real Crisis anticipated 515
Chances for the Constitution 516
Uncertainty of the Result 517
CHAPTER II.
Ratifications of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut, withoutObjection.Close of the Year 1787.Beginning of the Year 1788.Ratification of
Massachusetts, the Sixth State, with Propositions of Amendment.
Ratification of Marylandwithout Objection.South Carolina, the Eighth State, adopts, and proposes Amendments.
Delaware ratifies unanimously 518
Prestige of Philadelphia 519
James Wilson in the Convention of Pennsylvania 520
His Defence of the Constitution 521-524
Ratification of Pennsylvania 524
Position of New Jersey 524,525
Ratifies the Constitution 526
Position of Georgia 526
Ratifies the Constitution 527
Convention of Connecticut 527,528
Her Adoption 529
New Aspect of the Subject 529,530
Convention of Massachusetts assembles 530
[xiv]
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7/29/2019 Origin Formation and Adoption of the Constitution Vol 2 George Ticknor Curtis 1858
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Nature of her Opposition 531
Value of her State Constitution 532
Parties in her Convention 532,533
Samuel Adams and the Opposition 533,534
The Federal Leaders 534
They recogniz