origin of air pollution control regulating primary emissions from victorian times
TRANSCRIPT
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ORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROLORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
REGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMESREGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMES
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CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTIONCONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION
Legislative Extramurality, zoning, timing Fuel controls
Technical Chimney heights Combustion controls – burn your own smoke Filters, traps etc
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BURN YOUR BURN YOUR OWN SMOKEOWN SMOKE
Benjamin Franklin advised Boulton and Watt
Smoke as waste fuel (lost profit)
Early attempts to control engine smoke ~1800 Manchester
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LANCASHIRE BOILERLANCASHIRE BOILER
…and its skilled operation
RAKE IT OVER
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EMERGING SANITARY ACTSEMERGING SANITARY ACTS
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19th C PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM19th C PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM
Huge transitions - portrayed heroically as individual determination: e.g in UK Chadwick, Farrar
Preoccupation with sewers, housing, but smoke clauses
Focussed on key professionals
Sanitary or smoke inspectors weak and subordinate to Medical Officer...focus on organic disease
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SANITARY OFFICERSSANITARY OFFICERS
1823 early inspectors in ManchesterPolice Commissioners rarely found
attentive and sober inspectors
Town Improvement Clauses Act 1847 authority to appoint a Medical Officer of Health
and an Inspector of Nuisance
1870's IoN and MOoH- throughout the country
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INSPECTOR OF NUISANCEINSPECTOR OF NUISANCE Inspectors point out of nuisances and
maintain a journal report to Health Committee
Day to day implementation of sanitary policy 1880's councils
IoN a good man endowed with common sense
Lack of status and requisite skills attracted men who had failed in
other walks of life PROFESSIONALIZATIONPROFESSIONALIZATION
P. BRIMBLECOMBE Origins of smoke inspection in Britain (circa 1900) Applied Environmental Science & Public Health 1, 55-62 (2003)P. BRIMBLECOMBE Emergence of the sanitary inspector, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health,182-195 (2003)
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PROFESSIONALIZATIONPROFESSIONALIZATION
Prof. Corfield 1885 lecture on Frontinus Blyth 1890 appropriate examination and
assistantship MacMahon 1899 status of a sanitary officer ought
to be that of a professional Smoke inspectors Specialization
key characteristic of the development of Public Health in the late 19th C
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WOMEN AND UNIFORMSWOMEN AND UNIFORMS
Women gain equal number of certificates ~1900
Concern about clothing long dresses in abattoirs (屠畜場 ) buttons not brass (militaristic?)
Role beyond factories: could not climb ladders
Marriage and family
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0
50
100
150
200
250
KC KC SI SI LU NHS Bed
FailPass
EXAMINATION SUCCESS EXAMINATION SUCCESS 1899-1909 1899-1909
Male 62% Female 70%
only 3 fails!M
FM/F
M
F
M
F
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BEDFORD COLLEGEBEDFORD COLLEGELadies College in Bedford SquareLadies College in Bedford Square
Sanitary Course criticized for being too theoretical
Taught microscopy and bacteriology!
Models of hygienic sanitary appliances, Models of hygienic sanitary appliances, England, 1895England, 1895
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=3883
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NBNBFAMOUS BEDFORD GRADUATES FAMOUS BEDFORD GRADUATES from SANITARY INSPECTION COURSEfrom SANITARY INSPECTION COURSE
Deputy Chief Factories Inspector Hilda Martindale
Head of Hygiene Battersea Polytechnic Hilda Bideleaux
Head of the School of the Domestic Economy Tokyo Sumi Miyakawa (Japan)
First woman factory inspector/MP Kerstin Hesselgren (Sweden)
KERSTIN KERSTIN HESSELGRENHESSELGREN
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WOMEN AND HEALTH VISITINGWOMEN AND HEALTH VISITING
Were not allowed to belong to Sanitary Inspectors Association
Health visitor role probably led to a reduction of status in early 20th C
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ICONOGRAPHYICONOGRAPHY
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COAL SMOKE ABATEMENT SOCIETY 1899-2011COAL SMOKE ABATEMENT SOCIETY 1899-2011
Sir William Blake Richmond also Octavia Hill
NSAC, NSCA, NSCA&EP, EP(UK)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15924233
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DEVELOPING ROLES IN LOCAL DEVELOPING ROLES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
1883- Sanitary Inspectors Association of Public Sanitary Inspectors
1910- Sanitary Officers 1921 Sanitary Officer formally recognised on passage
of the Public Health (Officers) Act
1950s- Public Health Inspector 1970s- Environmental Health Officer
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POST WWIPOST WWI
Burning Bings- advocacy Taylor, John (1914-1992)
Smoke Menace (1937) Gas and electricity
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LO-NOx BURNERLO-NOx BURNER Key effect of temperature
on the formation of NOx. Surface combustion/radiant
tile burners produce levels 60-70% less NOx.
John Joyce John Joyce of Bowin Technology, Australia, pioneered use high temperature steel mesh
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LOW NOLOW NOXX FURNACE FURNACE
Controlling temperature: mixing of fuel and air is suppressed at the initial stage of combustion, and combustion progresses
gently.
SURF THOSE SOUND WAVES!
AIR
FUEL
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SCRUBBINGSCRUBBING
Fine stream of water absorbs waste gases
Expensive as you need an alkaline solution to absorb SO2
2NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2O
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NEW ZEALAND SUGAR COMPANY NEW ZEALAND SUGAR COMPANY CHELSEA WORKS IN CHELSEA WORKS IN AUCKLANDAUCKLAND
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SEAWATER AS A SCRUBBING FLUIDSEAWATER AS A SCRUBBING FLUID
Mid 20th C used the alkalinity of seawater as a cheap alternative
2NaHCO3 + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2O + CO2
But lowers plume buoyancy
CHIMNEY HEIGHT
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SCRUBBING WITH LIMESTONESCRUBBING WITH LIMESTONE
CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)
Can oxidize calcium sulphite to gypsum
CaSO3(s) + ½O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CaSO4·2H2O(s)
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch08/final/c08s13.pdf
Problem is that very large quantities involved…
s=solidg = gasl=liquid
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WELLMAN-LORD PROCESSWELLMAN-LORD PROCESS
Regenerative
In scrubber
Na2SO3(aq) + SO2(g) → 2NaHSO3(aq )
In Heater2NaHSO3(aq ) → Na2SO3(aq) + SO2(g)
SO2 - is converted to elemental sulphur, sulphuric acid or liquid SO2.
aq=aqueousg = gasl=liquid
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FUELSFUELS
Methanol – logic of a new fuel for automobiles
Low volatility fuels Zero Pollution Vehicles Hybrid power cars
Leonardo di Caprio, Billy Crystal,
Harrison Ford and Susan Sarandon
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Hydrocarbon CO NOx
gra
m/m
ile
gasoline
CNG
LPG
ALTERNATE ALTERNATE FUELSFUELS
g/mile H/C CO NOx
gasoline 3.1 42 6.2
CNG 0.5 8.6 2.1
LPG 0.45 1.0 1.1
Data gathered in the late 1980s…
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GASES – LPG, NPGGASES – LPG, NPG
Low molecular weight compounds Sealed in a pressurised tank Wide adoption and especially for
fleets of buses
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CATALYTIC CONVERTERSCATALYTIC CONVERTERS Three-way catalytic converter: platinum or rhodium on
a ceramic or metallic base. Oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water and/or reduces oxides of nitrogen to nitrogen and oxygen gas.
Conflicting chemical reactions require a lambda probe to measure the residual oxygen in exhaust and adjust engine fuel-air ratio
Works at a fairly high temperature, so cold starts or stop start driving are a problem.
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FUEL VOLATILITY FUEL VOLATILITY ANDAND REFORMULATIONREFORMULATION
Summertime commercial gasoline volatility reduced because VOC drives smog chemistry
Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline blended to burn cleaner and reduce smog-precursors, particularly carbon monoxide
RFG uses oxygenates MTBE and ethanol.
Only mandated in severe ozone areas
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ASIA – MOTORCYCLES as in ASIA – MOTORCYCLES as in SOURCES LectureSOURCES Lecture
Traditionally 2-stroke engines lots of organic matter and particles – with organic material
Electric power Air power
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LEAN BURNLEAN BURN
Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex lean-burn engine can achieve complete combustion with an air-fuel ratio as 25:1 whereas conventional engines require 14.7:1 and give 3% better fuel economy at 40km/h http://www.derestricted.net/cyborgr/info/
Engines mix more air with the fuel when full power is not needed, resulting in better fuel economy.
Engines fail strict NOx emission standards Lean mixtures won’t ignite easily: use stratified-
charge approach and air-fuel ratio varies through cylinder