The Victorian Era, 1870 - 1914:Victorian Politics

AP European HistoryAndrostic2012-2013

1. Why did the Europeans think of themselves as civilized and other peoples non-civilized?

Study Guide – Section 70, #1, Palmer pg. 562

The “Civilized” WorldEurope had unparalleled power, prosperity, and peaceTremendous progress

Science, economics, and philosophicalLife expectancy roseDeath rates and infant mortality declined

Tremendous differences between Europe and the rest of the worldTopics

France United Kingdom Germany Divided Socialism Modern Liberalism

Study Guide – Section 70, #1, Palmer pg. 562

France

Fall of the Second Empire At the Battle of Sedan,

during the Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III is captured

He then abdicates the throne

Paris Commune is then declared

1. What were the major problems was the Third

Republic in the years 1871 to 1914?

Study Guide – Section 73, #1, Palmer pg. 587-590

Paris CommuneThe Paris Commune [Communards] was elected on March 28 and established itself at the Hôtel de Ville.

The Communards

Paris City Hall Destroyed

Communard Casualties

French Third Republic Very unstable and

divided Weak president with a

strong Senate Divided between

monarchists and republicans

Problems Little love for the

government Lots of scandals

Study Guide – Section 73, #1, Palmer pg. 587-590

Scandal – Boulanger Affair Popular commander of

the army removed by the government on suspicion of monarchist (Bonapartist) tendeancies

Revealed splits in the government

Scandal – Dreyfuss Affair 1894, Capt. Alfred

Dreyfuss, an Alsatian Jew, accused of spying for Germany

Little evidence Anti-Semitic evidence

Split the country Honor of the Army vs. Truth of the issue

Emile Zola – J'Accuse 1899, pardoned by the

government, even fought in WWI

Ferry Laws*Only the State could grant degrees.*Free education in public primary schools.*Religious instruction was excluded from the State school curriculum.*Unauthorized religious orders [Marists, Dominicans, and Jesuits, who were eventually expelled from France] were forbidden to teach.*Authorized Catholic orders could NOT teach in French public schools.*State improved training of teachers.

They created a deep division between Church and State!

United Kingdom

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India

2. Describe the British government during this period

and their steps toward universal suffrage.

Study Guide – Section 73, #2, Palmer pg. 591

The Two “Great Men”

*William Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister1868-18741880-188518861892-1894

*Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister18681874-1880

Reforms Reform Bill of 1867

Expanded suffrage by 88%, but not to farmers

Eliminated “rotten boroughs”

Reform Bill of 1884 Expanded suffrage to

farmers Added 6 million voters

Also created public education, reformed the civil service, mandated secret ballots, and legalized labor unions

Study Guide – Section 73, #2, Palmer pg. 591

Rise of the Labour Party Founded in 1900 Voice of the labor unions in

Parliament Will replace the Liberal party

after WWI as one of the two major parties.

Ideology Government intervention to help

the people Progressive taxation and

inheritance taxes Minimum wage Unemployment insurance

3. How successfully did Great Britain deal with the Irish

problem by 1914?

Study Guide – Section 73, #3, Palmer pg. 592-595

The Irish Question The Irish were treated

horribly by English landlords

Potato Famine 1914, Ireland granted

Home Rule Had their own

parliament, but still subject of the queen

Except for Ulster (Northern Ireland)

Study Guide – Section 73, #3, Palmer pg. 592-595

Germany

Organization Government

Universal suffrage, but Princes had the most

power Dominated by Prussia

and Otto von Bismarck, who manipulated the Reichstag to maintain the system

Kultrurkampf Bismarck worried about

Catholics giving allegiance to Rome, and not the state

Recognized only civil marriages

Kicked out the Jesuits Government would

control education of the preists

The Pope and Bismarck eventually made peace

Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597

4. In what direction did Germany seem to be moving under William II in the years

before 1914?

Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597

Bismarck Removed from Power In 1890, Bismarck is

forced to retire by Kaiser Wilhelm II

“Dropping the Pilot” The Kaiser took a much

more aggressive foreign policy, and tolerated the Socialists

Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597

1. Describe the origins and history of

a. The First International, and  

b. The Second International.

Study Guide – Section 74, #1, Palmer pg. 605-606

Divided SocialismTrade Unions

Prior to 1871, unions were forbiddenBritish workers were more organized - didn’t create a political partyContinental workers needed one

Revolutionary Socialism

First International, 1864 - 1872

Second International, 1889 – 1914

Russian Social Democratic Party

Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" (in Russian), short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries. The banner bears the party's motto "В борьбе обретешь ты право свое" ("In struggle you take your rights"), and the globe bears slogan "земля и воля" ("land and freedom") expressing agrarian socialist ideology of the party

Study Guide – Section 74, #1, Palmer pg. 605-606

3. What reasons are suggested for the decline in the

revolutionary mood of the working class by 1914?

Study Guide – Section 74, #3, Palmer pg. 606-608

Revisionist Socialism Revolutionary Socialism

weakened Unions and rise in

standard living limited its appeal

A new form of socialism emerged, Revisionist Socialism

Revisionist Socialist Beliefs

Groups Fabian Society Syndicalism Georges Sorel

Study Guide – Section 74, #3, Palmer pg. 606-608

2. Describe the major demands of feminists in the nineteenth

century. What forms did their campaigns take? What

successes had they achieved by 1914?

Study Guide – Section 74, #2, Palmer pg. 608-609

1. What is meant by new liberalism? How did it differ

from classical liberalism?

Study Guide – Section 76, #1, Palmer pg. 625-626

• 2. How did nineteenth- and

twentieth-century developments in biology and psychology affect the older view of human beings as rational animals? What were the implications of these views?

Study Guide – Section 76, #2, Palmer pg. 626-627

3. Why did late nineteenth century philosophies glorify

struggle? How were they strengthened by actual

historical events?

Study Guide – Section 76, #6, Palmer pg. 626-628

End of Classical LiberalismClassical liberalism

Liberty of the individual person – Locke et al.Opposed all imposition thought – religious tolerance; laissez-faireConstitutionalism; individual dignityProgress would make everybody better

New liberalismWelfare stateGovernment action to help the workers; justify individual dignityWhy?Rise of big business – monopolies and trustsTrade unions & socialist partiesGovernment had to intervene

The “Liberal” idea of mans' ability to rationally see their way through problems and concerns broken

Study Guide – Section 76, #1, Palmer pg. 625-626Study Guide – Section 76, #2, Palmer pg. 626-627Study Guide – Section 76, #6, Palmer pg. 626-628

Summary Politically throughout Europe, governments had to

balance the rise of more voters and the demands they had Socialism split between radicals and Revisionists, with

the trade unions dominating Classical liberal ideas are dropped by “liberals” in favor

of more progressive ideas, while conservatives take up classical “liberal” ideas