tactics of rule the new imperialism 1870-1914

TACTICS OF RULEThe New Imperialism 1870-1914

SUPERQUIZSection III - 13 questions (32.5%)

Part 1

New imperialism

• Europeans reshaped their empires during the late 19th century

• Prior to the _______s, Europeans used ____________ expansionism to gain territories for their empires– ________________ campaigns of conquest and occupation

replaced the old system in Asia and Africa– The term “_________________________” distinguishes this brand

of imperialism from prior versions• New imperialism was founded upon the same ideological

tenets as the imperialism of the mid 19th century– The liberal _______________ mission appeared during the

beginning of new imperialism– The system of expansion soon lost touch with its philosophical roots

1870 piecemeal

Systematic

civilizing

NEW IMPERIALISM

Four characteristics of new imperialism:

• European nations officially adopted imperialism for the first time in the 19th century– Expansionist __________ replaced empires governed primarily by _________– European governments had previously sponsored imperialism _________ it had

already occurred– The state replaced _____________________& _________________as the holder

of imperial initiative• New nations entered the world of imperialism

– _____________,_________, and _____________entered into the European arena– The ________________________and __________also emerged as global powers– ______________’s longstanding superiority in global sovereignty started to fade

• The more competitive environment changed the political strategies of nations engaging in imperialism– Nations sought explicit ____________________________________and

_________________________________ instead of informal influence

states traders

Missionaries merchants

Germany Italy BelgiumUnited States Japan

Britain

political conquestterritorial occupation

AFTER

New Imperialism’s Mission

• New imperialism defined its own ideological mission– This brand of expansion created an unbreachable

________between imperialists and colonial subjects– _______________ ideas of a liberal empire were gradually

abandoned– Europeans retreated from the ______________ goals of

the early and mid 19th century– This imperialism

• abandoned ____________ guidelines • saw Europe rise to the ___________ of its global power

GAPuniversalist

civilizing

moralapex

Causes of the New Imperialism:Multiple factors

• New imperialism materialized from multiple factors– Technology– Nationalism– Economics– Politics– Culture

• Significant changes in the second half of the 19th century allowed the system of expansion to come into being

• Most of these changes occurred in ___________EUROPE

Technology• By the late 19th century, Europeans had access to technologies

that redefined imperialism– Steamships, industrial weaponry, quinine, and gunboats all played a

role in prior European expansion• Gunboats: armed steamboats• 2 examples of the power of technology

– The opening of China and – the conquest of Burma

• The second industrial revolution of the late 19th century increased the power of technology– The speed, vigor, and extent of conquests increased as a result– Ironclad warships were equipped with steam turbines

• These boats spread the superior weaponry of Europe across the world

• The ____________ simplified military mobilization logistics• ____________ eased the construction of roads• Modern _____________ reduced the danger of living in the

tropics

telegraphDynamite

medicine

Nationalism…• Created new _________________within imperial powers to

conquer the world– term must be understood in the ______________ sense

• developed in new ways– During the early 19th century, nationalism encompassed

_______________and ________________ ideas• Assoc. w/ liberal and democratic _________

– Within the era of new imperialism, nationalism shifted to an _______________and _____________version• Assoc. w/ the mass politics of the __________

• included emotional appeals to ____________and_________– It challenged the liberal policies of the mid 19th century– The possibilities of societal _____________ and the __________

individual trumped these liberal policies– Imperial domination became the marker of ___________ and a sign of

national _____________

incentives

romantic liberal

aggressive exclusive

LEFT

RIGHT community history

progress rational

prestigevigor

BROADEST

NATIONALISM• contributed to the rise of a new

economic and political order of nation states– Germany experienced a national

_____________ that transformed it into one of the most formidable European powers

– The rise of ______________and the appearance of the ________________and _________ as industrial giants rearranged the global balance of power• These events affected the stakes of

empire

unification

Germany

United States Japan

NATIONALISM• The __________ experienced a substantial

challenge to their global sovereignty– They had not experienced such an obstacle since the late

18th century– __________ was put on the back burner as a third-rate

power• Britain and France had to go on the political and

economic defensive– hoped that an expansive __________ would compensate for

the loss of political and economic _________________

• Germany, the United States, and Japan responded by creating their own _____________________

British

France

empire

dominance

colonial empires

Economics• Imperial nations viewed colonies as– markets for industrial goods– sources for raw materials and cash crops – investment grounds for excess capital

• The rise of ________ and the ______________as major industrial powers upset the previous economic balance– By 1890, both the U.S. and Germany exceeded British

__________&___________production– Germany outsold Britain in

• Latin America, • the Ottoman Empire, and • China

iron steel

Germany United States

ECONOMICS

• An industrial economic ____________ existed from _______ through the ______s– The idea that colonial markets could serve as

___________ against the vacillations present in global commerce caught on

– Western nations abandoned ____________ policies in the _____s and _____s• __________________policies gained strength• These strategies advocated

– trade ______________in the domestic market and – the establishment of colonies as protected economic spheres

depression1873 1890

buffers

free trade1880 1890

mercantilist

barriers

ECONOMICS

• A new wave of industrial ____________ ushered in fears of _____________ in the domestic market– Industrial overproduction resulted– Europeans viewed empire as an outlet for capital and

good surpluses

capitalismsaturation

Economic rationales alone do not account for new imperialism

• Governments often pursued imperialism when economic ________ outweighed economic _______

• Colonies did serve as great markets for European industrial goods in the late 19th century– In 1890, INDIA served as the source of _______of British industrial goods and

_________of British investment capital• European nations traded far more with __________________than with

their own colonies– Britain traded more with ________________and the _______ than with its

___________ or _____________ colonies– _______________ was the largest overseas investor and trader in the era of

new imperialism• The most industrialized and economically powerful nations did not

always take the lead in imperialist expansion– _____________ accumulated the world’s second largest empire, but– ___________ far outpaced France as an industrial producer

costs benefits

1/3 1/4

Independent countriesLatin America U.S.

African Asian BRITAIN

FranceGermany

• The primacy of nation-states brought ________ and ______ ambitions to the forefront

• Imperialist actions followed political motives just as much as economic motives– Seizing territorial expanses preempted other nation-states’ empires

• ______________sought to build a strong German _________ to combat Britain’s global power– Wilhelm II ruled Germany from _____to______– Britain depended on its naval dominance in

• North Africa, • the Ottoman Empire, • and China

• Italy sought a colonial empire in East and North ____________ to achieve status as a great global power

Politics

territorial strategic

Kaiser Wilhelm II

1888 1918

navy

Africa

Culture• Nation-states in the late 19th century utilized imperialism to assist the

process of __________________– Imperialism fully unified a country’s citizenry– Loyalties shifted from the local community to the ___________community

• This process initially met resistance– The loss of _______________was a particularly hard idea to accept– National leaders enticed citizens with ideas of ________

• Empire represented the ___________ property of the nation– In theory, empire transcended __________________

• IN THEORY: Peasants and workers along with upper class elite were _______________ to colonial subjects

• In reality, _________

– Empire also served as • the nation’s ________________ that contrasted with • the weak _________________colonies

• Imperialism and imperial ___________ united nation-states– Race hierarchies replaced hierarchies of ___________

state buildingnational

regional identityempire

symbolicsocial class

superiorNOPE!

masculinityeffeminate

racismclass

Proud Brits!• British troops attacked and

looted the _______ capital of _________ in __________– This capital is currently located in

southern _____________– This expedition responded to the

ambush of a British military force sent in 1896 to force ______________________ from the Edo king

• Photograph shows British officers surrounded by treasure including– Benin bronzes – seized from the royal compound

• Stolen objects ended up in ___________and_________ art museums

EDOBENIN 1897

Nigeria

trade concessions

American European

3.01 LISTING (pp. 78-80)

• 1. What are four features of “new imperialism”?

• -European nations adopted imperialism as an official policy

• -A new group of nations began to imperialize• -Nations sought explicit territorial occupation and

political conquest• -Europeans began to see a clear, gap between them

and the colonized people, no longer seeking to “civilize” rather just to control.

3.01 LISTING (pp. 78-80)

• 2. What five new nations emerged as imperialist powers in the “new imperialism” period?

• -Germany• -Belgium• -Italy• -US• -Japan

3.01 LISTING (pp. 78-80)

• 3. What three technologies helped spread European influence abroad in the 20th century?

• -steamships• -industrial weaponry• -quinine to treat malaria

3.01 LISTING (pp. 78-80)

• 4. What forces were at play with the new nationalism and imperialist struggle?

• -economic factors• -political motives• -cultural incentives

The Scramble for Africa

• Chambers, et al. (Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt,

Theodore K.Rabb, Isser Woloch, and Lisa Tiersten) consider the scramble for Africa to be the most remarkable chapter of the expansion of Europe in the late 19th century

• _______ European states split up Africa from _____to_____

• Only – Abyssinia (ETHIOPIA)– Liberia remained independent

Seven1880 1912

The starting line: The Berlin Conference

• German Prime Minister _____________ presided over the Berlin Conference–lasted from _____ to ______–originally summoned to settle control

of the _______ River between • the Belgians • the Portuguese

Otto von Bismarck

1884 1885

Congo

`

• The _____________ came to establish the ground rules for European colonization of ____________– Many European

governments disliked the haphazard settlement of African territory seen up through the mid-1880s

The Berlin Conference

Bismarck

Berlin Conference

Africa

The Berlin Conference: a turning point in European diplomacy

• Africa endured bloodshed and suffering even as Europeans settled their continental disputes

• ___________ diplomatic shrewdness contributed to European cooperation at the Berlin Conference– The bulk of African territories went to _________and

__________ to compensate for their loss of _____________ in Europe

– This ceding of territories also refueled the _____________________________________

– ____________ foreign policy thus had a major impact on the scramble for Africa, even though the country held few African colonies

•Bismarck’s

Britain Francedominance

Franco-British imperial rivalryGermany’s

Lines of European influence in Africa had been long drawn

• The political discussion served to ratify the principle that European __________________– ensured the claim to the land beyond the coast – if authority could be established

• The Berlin Conference did legitimize some new claims in central Africa– _________and_____________gained control of parts

of central Africa– The discussion primarily extended European control

from existing coastal settlements into Africa’s interior

coastal settlement

Belgium Leopold II

The Berlin Conference centralized power in Africa, a traditional decentralized political

landscape• Africans experienced a shift in political lines that redrew

__________ and __________groups– Some new European colonies encompassed more than

_________ African political units• Artificial implementation of the “_________” designation

reconfigured African ethnic and cultural ____________– Many modern-day tribes are the result of the Berlin

Conference– Christian missionaries did attempt to _____________ related

language dialects• These attempts strengthen cultural bonds between otherwise

disparate groups

polities ethnic

300tribe

identities

standardize

Extended European abolition of slavery and the slave trade to Africa

• Explorers such as _____________________had unsuccessfully campaigned against the slave trade in East Africa in the mid 19th century

• Europeans enforced abolitionism in their new role as formal _____________

• Abolitionism stemmed from both – humanitarian purposes– as a politically expedient pretense

for conquest• African slavery still existed underground until

the early 20th century

• ______________ replaced slavery

– European colonizers even utilized this forced labor themselves

David Livingstone

colonizers

Forced labor

The wars of conquest• The conquest of Africa came only through bloody

wars of conquest that lasted from the _______s to the first decade of the 20th century

• Europeans enjoyed several advantages during these armed conflicts– Coastal African footholds and longstanding commercial

connections provided a steady stream of ___________and local __________ of operations

– Divisions between local communities also left African communities open for European Expansion• The British used the subdued _________ against the

_____________overlords» The British then conquered the Nupe soon after

1880s

supplies bases

NupeFulani

Europeans’ enormous technological advantage, especially in weaponry

• The second ______________________magnified the already existing arms gap between Europeans and Africans

• Africans acquired ______ in the late 19th century• By this time, Europeans had rapid-firing

___________________and_________________• Breechloaders were also called ___________ rifles• Europeans tested most of the weaponry used in

_________________during the colonial warfare of the late 19th century

industrial revolution

rifles

breechloaders machine gunsrepeating

World War I

The Battle of Omdurman

• The Battle of ________________– in __________– exemplifies the arms _______

• This ________skirmish saw Anglo-Egyptian forces use – hand-driven _____________machine guns and – field artillery

• Only ________Anglo-Egyptians died, with another ________ wounded

• In stark contrast, ___________ Sudanese soldiers died, with another _________ wounded

Omdurman1898

gapSudan

Gatling

49382

11,00016,000

African Resistance

• If Africans gained equal firearm technology, they normally resisted European invasions

• Islamic _________ ruler ___________in French West Africa fended off French troops from the mid _____s to the late ____s

• French West Africa occupied modern-day __________________________________________________

• ______________________was the most critical component of European conquest of Africa

Malinke Samori Touré1880 1890

Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and the Ivory CoastAdvanced weaponry

Dark Horses: New imperial nations• European nations besides Britain and France

created substantial African empires• _____________entered as a major African power

following the Berlin Conference– ______________established his claims in the Congo at

the political roundtable• European powers did extract ____________and_________

rights in the region

– Belgian domination of the __________________took over _____years• This area of land is now known as the

__________________________________• The Congo Free State is ______times larger than Belgium

BELGIUM

King Leopold II

Free trading shipping

Congo Free State10

Democratic Republic of the Congo76

The dark horses: New imperial nations

• ___________ also inserted itself into the scramble for Africa– __________________claimed a few

African _____________ for Germany during the Berlin Conference• These 4 areas were the most

active areas for German missionaries and Traders:– South West Africa (NAMIBIA) – East Africa (TANZANIA)– Cameroon, and – Togoland (TOGO)

GERMANY

Otto von Bismarckprotectorates

German Belligerence: Morocco• The ascension of _______________ to

power in ________forced _____________ from power

• Germany initiated an aggressive ____________________

• strategies made Germany an active threat to both imperial– Britain – France

• The _________________of _____ - ______ erupted from German protests of the ___________________ power split in the region

• Germany wanted a sphere of influence in ______________

Wilhelm II1888

Bismarck

Foreign policy

Moroccan Crisis1905 1906

Franco-Spanish

Morocco

German Belligerence: Agadir

• The __________Incident of _________developed from a German __________arriving in the port of Agadir in ____________

• Wilhelm II sent this boat to intimidate the ______• Both the ____________________and the

____________________had _____________ resolutions• France retained effective control of Morocco through

both incidents• These incidents highlight the _____________ of the

post-Bismarckian government inGermany

AGADIR 1911gunboat

MoroccoFrench

Moroccan CrisisAgadir Incident diplomatic

belligerence

The Agadir Incident: 1911

Portugal• The Portuguese expanded

their holdings on Africa’s _____and__________coasts– West African coasts:

_____________________– East Africa coast:

_______________________

• These led to prolonged wars of resistance, especially in the _____________ Valley

west southeast

Angola

Mozambique

Zambezi

Italy• Italy experienced ________________from its colonization of

Africa– The new country sought to increase its international standing by taking

territory in _______ Africa (HORN OF AFRICA)– in ________, the Italians seized

• Eritrea• Somaliland (Somalia)

• in _______,King _________________Abyssinian troops resisted Italian encroachments – at the Battle of _____________– _____________-man army armed with

• European breechloaders, • field artillery, and • a few machine guns

• Italy did successfully establish a protectorate in ____________ Libya in __________

humiliation

east1889

1896 Menelik II’sAdowa

100,000

TRIPOLI, 1912

The has-been’s resurgence: France• ________and___________expansion in Africa

overshadowed all other European expansion • France dominated _______Africa and ________ Africa

– The British : French Empire as a mere ________________• France expanded in every direction from __________

– To the east, France eliminated British and Italian influence• The growing indebtedness of rulers served as the excuse for

the declaration of ___________ as a French protectorate in 1881

• To the west, France moved on _____________– ______ gained a small realm of control within the country– The French successfully kept the ___________ out of Morocco– By _______, the French established the sub-Saharan territory of

__________________________

French British

West Northsandbox

Algeria

TunisiaMorocco

SpainGermans

1895French West Africa

The has-been’s resurgence: France• The French claimed part of __________ in eastern Africa• In 1896, France conquered _________________

– A __________ plantation economy thrived based on forced labor of the indigenous peoples

• France established the ________________in central Africa in __________– This area of land is currently known as the

_____________________• The 1900 invasion of the region of Lake _______ united

French interests in North Africa and West Africa with central African land holdings

• Chad and French Congo combined in _________ to form __________________________________

SomalilandMadagascar

sugar

French Congo1897

Chad

1911

Republic of the Congo (NOT the DRC)

French Equatorial Africa

The long-time favorite: Britain

• British imperialists had long envisioned a railway that connected __________to______

• To span the British African Empire• _____________________announ

ced plans for a ___________and ___________________from Cairo to Cape Town in ________

• Caricatures appeared of this South African ___________ magnate following his announcement

Cape Town Cairo

Cecil John Rhodesrailroad

telegraph line1892

mining

The long-time favorite: Britain

• The British moved to consolidate their hold on ________&______ in the 1880s– The French lost joint control of

_______in the 1870s and 1880s• France and Britain had previously

shared ______________ control over Egypt

• The French had financed the construction of the ____________

• Egypt became a British protectorate in ________

Egypt Sudan

Egypt

financial

Suez Canal

1882

British used Egypt as a base to expand into Turco-Egyptian-controlled Sudan

• The suppressed millenarian jihadist _____________state then fought against the British– This power had previously tried to overthrow Egyptian rule during the

__________• Armies of the Mahdi attacked ___________ in _______

– MAHDI means ____________________– Khartoum served as the Egyptian capital of ______________– A _______-month siege followed

• General ____________________________________Anglo-Egyptian troops faced annihilation

• The general gained his nickname from his previous role in suppressing the ________________Rebellion

– The Mahdi established an ________________ state centered at nearby ___________________

• The British launched a new campaign to retake Sudan in _____– In ______, Lord _____________ led the famed battle at Omdurman

MAHDIST

1880sKhartoum 1885

The Guided OneSudan

10Charles “Chinese” Gordon

TaipingIslamic

Omdurman1896

1898 Kitchener

Charles “Chinese” Gordon

Khartoum: Gordon’s last stand

Kitchener avenges Gordon’s death

BRITISH EAST AFRICA and BUGANDA

• British Sudanese expansion linked Egypt with British colonies in southeast Africa:– ____________________in 1888– now known as

________________• ___________ became a

British colony in 1894– Now known as _____________

British East Africa

KenyaBuganda

Uganda

the British Gold Coast• The British simultaneously

expanded from trading forts purchased from – the Netherlands and – Denmark

• The British defeated the ____________, gaining control of _________

• The _______________ expanded into Nigeria from ________to __________

• ________________led this British-chartered company

Sir George Goldieof the

The Royal Niger Co.

AsanteGHANA

ROYAL NIGER COMPANY

1886 1899Geroge Goldie

Expansion from British Cape Colony

• The _______________ War of _____to_____ allowed the British to expand north

• _____________led British expansion in this region

Anglo-Zulu 1878 1879

Cecil Rhodes

The British Wedge

• The British created a wedge between German ______________ Africa and German _________Africa– German South West Africa: modern-day ______________– German East Africa incorporates parts of – Mozambique, – continental Tanzania, – Rwanda, and – Burundi

• British territories also approached the southern border of the __________________

• This expansion similarly threatened independent _______________republics that were located north of the Cape Colony

South West EastNamibia

Congo Free State

Afrikaner

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

“The Colossus of Rhodes”

“We must find new lands from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave labor that is available from the natives of the colonies. The colonies would also provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods produced in our factories.” ~CECIL RHODES

“Remember that you are an Englishman, and have consequently won first prize in the lottery of life”

"I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race...If there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible...”

Discovery of Diamonds and Gold Leads to Boer War

• The 1860s discovery of diamonds and the 1880s finding of gold in the _____________ republics led to _________________ encroachment– British colonies surrounded the Afrikaner republics by

_______• British citizens soon overran the independent African states

• The Afrikaners declared war in ________– British forces quickly occupied the major Afrikaner cities

• The Boer War still lasted until ________

– Skillful _________________ resistance allowed the Afrikaners to draw out the war• The rest of Europe watched Britain make slow progress across the

Afrikaner republics

AfrikanerBritish

1890

1899

1902guerilla

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900

The BoersThe British

The Boer War• The British began targeting ______________– Homeless Afrikaners gathered together in areas

known as ________________________• Disease and starvation killed at least _____________

men in these areas• Approximately _____________men died throughout

the Boer War

• The advent of the Boer War inspired ________________feelings in the British– As the war dragged on, British citizens and

politicians grew ________________

farmhouses

concentration camps20,000

75,000

patriotic

disillusioned

A Future British Prime Minister

British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

The Boer War1899-1902

• The Boers fought an irregular, guerilla style war against the British army. The Boers depended upon their knowledge of the land, hit-and-run tactics, and help from the local people to wage war.

• H. H. Kitchner was the general of the British army. He employed brutally harsh tactics to suppress the Boers.

• Total War• Scorched Earth Policy• Concentration Camps (first use of this term)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg

The Boer War

• The result of the Boer War was that the Cape Colony and the three Dutch states were combined to form the Union of South Africa.

• The agrarian Boer landscape was devastated by the British scorched earth tactics.

• The population of Boers and black South Africans was devastated by the war and the internment camps.

The Union of South Africa

• British victory in the Boer War allowed the _______ establishment of _________________________

• _________________’s ambitions became partially fulfilled– The British implemented Afrikaner policies of

________________– These regulations appeased ___________minorities– __________________ of white and black Africans

became standard practice in South Africa

1910Union of South AfricaCecil Rhodes

apartheidAfrikaner

segregation

Unsportsmanlike conduct: Intra-European conflict in Africa

• ________________ clashes increased in number by the turn of the 20th century

• The amount of European expansion present throughout Africa as well as the heightened tension in Europe contributed to these skirmishes– The _______________represented one such

conflict– The Afrikaners possessed ____________ weapons

Intra-European

Boer War

German


• Britain and France fought – at Fashoda – on the Nile River – in 1898

Kitchener

The FASHODA CRISIS

• The conflict was the inevitable meeting of French and British expansion– The French expanded from _____to______Africa– The British expanded south from _________ and

north from _________________• French forces heading east from the _______

met British troops going south from _____________________

west eastEgypt

Cape ColonyCongo

Omdurman


• The _____________ affair in France caused the French government to back down from conflict with Britain

• The French recognized British control of the ___________ in exchange for the British recognition of ______________________

Dreyfus

NileFrench West Africa

The Dreyfus Affair

• The _______Egyptian revolt fought against British and French financial influence– ____________instigated the revolt– ________________headed the British South

Africa Company

1882

Ali PashaCecil Rhodes

A trackside perspective: Why Britain acquired Egypt

• ___________________(1841 – 1917) – the first British

Commissioner of the __________________

– First Earl of _________– the British Agent and

___________________after Britain’s 1882 colonization of Egypt

Evelyn Baring

Egyptian Public Debt Office

Cromer

Consul General

Evelyn Baring, Earl of CromerConsul General of Egypt

Cromer ruled Egypt with an iron fist

• He reorganized Egypt – financially, – judicially, and – administratively

• These actions saved Egypt from _________________–He successfully defended Egypt from other

European powers

bankruptcy


• Egyptians disliked Cromer’s ______________ways–Cromer often subordinated Egypt to

___________interests• ____________-class Egyptians could not

receive higher ____________• Cromer feared that education would lead to

____________________sentiment• _____________ had followed this pattern

autocratic

BritishMiddle

education

nationalistIndia


• Cromer engaged in agricultural experiments to promote the growth of Egyptian __________

• These successful tests provided British industries with raw materials

cotton

WORKBOOK BREAK…

Cromer: Admired in the West

• The West greatly admired Cromer• The London Times – called him __________________________– after his death in ________________

• In the excerpt, Cromer explains – why the British took over Egypt

• According to Cromer, – no other European power could have done the

same

The Maker of Modern Egypt1917

3.01 LISTING (pp. 78-80)

• 5. What two areas of Africa remained free after European imperialism of 1880-1912?

• -Abyssnia (Ethiopia)• -Liberia

3.02 IDENTIFY (pp. 79-80)

Germany

France


Great Britain

U.S.Germany

Japan


U.S.Germany

Germany

Great Britain


France

Germany


Italy

FranceGreat Britain

3.03 DEFINITIONS (pp. 78-83)

gunboats

BerlinConference

Scramble for

Africa

3.03 DEFINITIONS (pp. 78-83)

Battle ofAdowa

MoroccanCrisis

Agadir Incident

3.04 TRUE OR FALSE (p. 80-82)

T F 1. At the Berlin Conference the European powers drew lines of partition to divide up African territory.

• 1. False—the lines had been drawn long before the conference. At the conference they ratified the idea that a claim to coastal lands gave a country claims inland as well.


T F 2. The Berlin Conference decentralized power in Africa.

2. False—it centralized power in a previously decentralized political landscape.


T F 3. The Berlin Conference extended the European abolition of slavery and the slave trade to Africa.

TRUE


T F 4. Advanced European weaponry was used for the first time in World War I.

• 4. False--The weaponry used in World War I was first tested in the late 19th century colonial wars.


T F 5. Europeans benefitted from the divisions between local African communities.

TRUE


T F 6. Even when Africans had access to equally advanced technology, they were easily

defeated by the Europeans.

• 6. False—in the rare cases where Africans had access to technology they were often able to thwart European conquest.

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 1. In Africa, the Europeans faced _________ resistance from the indigenous peoples.

• little • much

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 2. Europeans _________________ _________ the divisions between local African communities.

• Benefitted from• Fought against

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 3. Otto von Bismarck was _________ imperialistically aggressive than Kaiser Wilhelm II.

• more • less

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 4. ___________ was discovered in South Africa in 1886.

• diamonds • gold

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 5. In the nineteenth century, Germany was working to build up a strong __________ to challenge Britain’s global power.

• army • navy

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 6. The Congo Free State was 70 times _________ than Belgium.

• larger • smaller

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82)

• 7. The gap in weaponry between the Europeans and the indigenous Africans was _____________ new.

• completely • nothing

3.06 QUESTION/ANSWER (pp. 80-81)

• When did the Berlin Conference take place?

• 1884-85


• Who presided over the conference?

• German Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck


• Was the leader an effective one?

• Yes, he was diplomatically shrewd and his leadership fostered cooperation amongst the powers present


• What was the purpose of the conference?

• To sort out the conflict between the Portuguese and Belgians over control of the Congo and to lay ground rules of colonization


• The bulk of the African territories were given to what two powers?

• Great Britain, France


• Whose claims to the Congo were legitimized at the conference?

• King Leopold II of Belgium


• How was the African map redrawn?

• It consolidated previously separate polities and ethnic groups in new European units.


• What motivated the abolitionist push at the conference?

• Humanitarianism and the fact that it was politically expedient as a justification for conquest.


• 1._________________________managed to enlarge its _________________________holdings on the West African coast and to establish Portuguese East Africa on the Southeast coast of Africa.

• 2. _________________________sought to stake a territorial claim in East Africa but were defeated by King _________________________II’s troops.

PortugalAngolan

ItalyMenelik


• 3.Italy was able to successfully declare a _________________________in Tripoli in 1912.

• 4. ___________clearly dominated West Africa and _________________________Africa, expanding out in every direction from _____________________where they had been entrenched since 1830.

ProtectorateFrance

NorthAlgeria


• 5. Britain sought to build a _________________________from _________________________to _________________________that would span their African Empire.

• 6. The British and French shared financial control over _________________________until the French were edged out in the 1870s and 1880s. The British claimed it as a protectorate in 1882.

railwayCape TownCairo

Egypt

3.08 DATING (pp. 82-85)

1912

1881

1897

1900

1911

3.08 DATING (pp. 82-85)

1878-1879

1910

1898

1905-1906

1896

3.09 FINISH THE SENTENCE (pp. 83-84)My name is Earl. Each of the following sentences about the Earl of Cromer

needs to be completed.

• 1. Evelyn Baring’s title was…

• the first Earl of Cromer.



• 2. He was the first British Commissioner of…

• the Egyptian Public Debt office.



• 3. After Egypt became a British colony in 1882, he became the…

• British Agent and Consul General.



• 4. Egyptians disliked several things about Cromer including…

• his autocratic ways and willingness to subordinate the interests of Egypt for those of Britain.



• 5. Cromer’s primary agricultural objective was…

• promoting the growth of Egyptian cotton and providing British industries with raw materials.



• 6. After his death he was called the…

• “Maker of Modern Egypt”.



• 7. In 1882, Cromer called the class of pure Egyptians “ignorant” since they…

• had been a subject race for so many centuries.



• 8. Cromer called the foreign occupation of Egypt…

• “inevitable” or at least “nearly inevitable”.



• 9. The question Cromer addressed in his article is whether…

• Great Britain was the best power to control Egypt.

tactics of rule the new imperialism 1870-1914

Documents

brand of imperialism

world of imperialism

centurythis imperialism

sponsored imperialism

prior versionsnew imperialism

new imperialismeuropeans

european nations

european governments