CH 26 IMPERIALISM

What is imperialism?1870-1914 were biggest yrs By 1914, Euro/US/Japan controlled most of world

1 country taking over another in order to control their govt, trade, culture, etc

Gave larger country more access to:Raw materialsNew marketsPower/prestigeCoaling stations

Didn’t always start out to take over though….

Types of Control

Settlement Colonies: ex. Australia (GB)People settling in an area together

Dependent Colonies: ex. India (GB)Euro govt ruling a non-Euro area

Protectorate: local ruler still had “control”, but Euro really made all decisions

Sphere of Influence: an area of land where a country had a special interest

NationalismCountries thought they would be more respected if they had more land/colonies

Also wanted access to the natives of the colonies to add to their military to make stronger

Rivalries among powerful nations was HUGE by 1914

Natives often hated powerful nations that made them colonies

Leading to world conflict…

$$ ReasonsIndustrialization started it (raw materials)Were able to produce so many new products that countries needed new places to sell their goods (new markets)Some wanted to just sellChange habits? Ex. Suit/tie in Africa

Rapid pop. Growth….estimated that pop doubled from 1800-1900Rise in pop/not enough jobs in Euro started to encourage emigration elsewhere (NA, SA, Aust)

Reasons (Culturally)“White Man’s Burden” poem by Rudyard Kipling

Many people thought that non-Western people (Euro/NA) were uncivilized/primitive

They said that by changing their way of life and them, they were “helping” or “fixing” themNew beliefs, values, etc

Missionaries: religion, teachers, medical care

French in North Africa1830: Algiers, however they were not welcomed & fought for about 40 years

1881: Fr took mil action vs. Tunis (sm country to east of Algiers) for little/no reason—and took it over as a protectorate

1904: Fr made agreement w/ Spain, Italy, & GB to take over Morocco as long as they left Egypt (GB) & Libya (Italy) alone.

Spain was allowed a sphere of influence in N. Morocco to trade only

1909 Morocco became a Fr. protectorate

GB in North Africa1854: Fr. Company started to build the Suez Canal in

Egypt (connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea)

Cost Egypt HUGE amount of $$ Egyptian leaders led extravagant lifestyle Egypt in BIG debt Decided to sell stock in canal to make $$

GB wanted control of canal, allowed Egypt to get out of debt somewhat More direct route to colonies in Australia, NZ, India 1875: GB bought the stock of the canal to gain control

Tension exists b/c Egypt didn’t want to be under foreign control, but GB was actually mostly in charge for years

Fashoda CrisisSudan: Egyptian colony south of Egypt (both GB & Fr

wanted control bc the Nile went through it) GB wanted to build dams to control water flow & irrigation Fr wanted more colonies

Al-Mahdi (Sudan ldr) led revolt vs Egypt for indep They were doing well, gaining control in several cities GB decided to stop them, & invaded—quickly won a large portion of

the Madhi army

Fr decided to jump in too—bringing troops in from the Congo Fr & GB met around an area known as Fashoda

Both Fr & GB prepared for war vs each other—until Fr realized they couldn’t defeat GB & backed off, gave up Sudan

GB & Egypt ended up controlling the area together GB had more power though

Euro in Sub-Saharan AfricaWEST AFRICA

Ctr for slave trade until early 1800sTrade chgd to palm oil, feathers, ivory, rubber, etcTried to push their way inland to gain more control—met

w/ resistanceSamory Toure led fight vs Fr. in Senegal—failedGB gained control of Gold Coast (Ghana), kingdom of

AshantiFr/GB/Ger/Spain/Portugal all had claimed almost all of

W.AfricaException: Liberia—was settled in 1847 by a large group

of former slaves from the US (US helped them to keep their indep)

Euro in Sub-Saharan AfricaCENTRAL/EAST AFRICA

King Leopold II (Belgium) took over the Congo—acting as a private citizen, not being imperialistic for his country Only about the $$ Sold raw materials to the point almost depleted (rubber was #1) Used slave labor Others MAD at how he was treating everyone, so turned the colony

over to Belgium in 1908

Euro nations split E. Africa into colonies too Famine: most cattle died due to a disease that came from Euro cattle Natives starved, and could no longer resist Euro expansion

Dr. David Livingstone: a missionary that disappeared in central Africa brought attn to the area Journalist Henry Stanley searched for him (NY Herald)

Euro in Sub-Saharan Africa SOUTH AFRICA (started in 1652: Dutch)

GB took over in early 1800s—Cape Colony largest city/region BOERS: were Dutch decendents, spoke own lang (Afrikaans), left S.Africa when GB

took over Est. 3 new colonies: Natal, Orange Free State, & Transvaal Fought with the Zulu tribe (ldr Shaka) over the lands for yrs, finally defeating them

w/ GB help RHODES: GB businessman moved to S.Africa for better weather (often sick) & built

up the diamond industry Northern colony of Rhodesia named after him (Zimbabwe)

BOER WAR: fight over opening diamond mines in the region Boers didn’t want Rhodes to mine in their new colonies 3 yr fight before GB won, allowing Rhodes to mine in Transvaal In order to keep the peace after, GB supplied Boers w/ $$ to rebuild, keep using

their lang/culture, etc 1910: united Cape Colony & 3 Boer regions into South Africa.

Wrote a constitution that was racially segregated, allowing non-whites NO VOTING RIGHTS

Start of racial segregation in S.Africa

Effect of Imperialism on AfricaPaternalism: Euro controlled ALL aspects of life

Governed like a parent would make decisions for a childBENEFITS:

New crops/ways of farmingEuro meds for longer & healthier livesRds & RR build all over Improved commun.Break down tribal barriers (some places)Alliances (although Euro nations took advantage of! Trick

them into doing what they wanted)Many Africans never assimilated to Euro culture & continued

to live as they always had for as long as possible.

Expansion in AsiaINDIA

Brit East India Comp controlled through trade, treated as a private colony thru mid 1850sGB govt took direct control

GB controlled 3/5 of Indian subcontinent, rest was Indian states run by a prince in each

GB wanted all the landTreated Hindu/Muslim = but didn’t try to stop their religious

issuesTreated those that opposed them harshlyGB kept order & stopped much violenceBuilt rds/rr/hospitals/schools/etc & tried to help improve

farming

Expansion in AsiaMany GB families moved to India permanentlyWhile living next to Indian fam, had very little/No

contact w/ each otherGB “superior” they feltEduc system developed by GB was VERY impt to

IndiaIdeas for self rule began in late 1800s/Nationalismcut ALL ties w/ GB & be independent?Keep some of GB ideas?Get rid of GB gradually?

Scared the Muslims (minority) bc GB had protected them

Expansion in AsiaJAPAN

Not in control of other nation, but used Western ideas to chg

Meiji Restoration: 1868: a group of samurai overthrew ldr & put the emporer back in pwr Convinced him that they needed more western/modern ways

(social/govt) All required to go to school Could decide what kind of job they wanted to do 1899: Const says that those that own a lg amt of prop can

vote Emperor had supreme pwr, but rarely used it 2 house national assembly—Diet Small group controlled acting under the name of the emperor

Expansion in AsiaJapan indust. Quickly

Bought equip from western countries, gave to indiv to start bus. Sent students/ldrs to western nations to learn as much as possible Was 1st country in Asia to industrialize Cities linked by RR & phones Prod goods to sell to other countries

Textiles: silk & cotton $ from exports pd for imports

Bought raw materials: iron ore & oil (make steel, build ships)

Sino-Japanese War Scared of other nations coming to imp. them, so began to imp too China had always controlled Korea, but Japan wanted it—defeated

China Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) ended the war, China giving Korea indep.

Japan gained control of Taiwan & several small islands & part coast of Manchuria

Japan also got trading rights in China Known now as a WORLD POWER

Imperialism in SE Asia Spices, tea, tin, oil from hereGB:

Burma: eastern border of IndiaSingapore: tip of peninsula along 1 of most impt trading routes; also became a naval base

FRANCE: Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam were very unstable—became French Indochina (indep 1950s)

DUTCH EAST INDIES: Indonesia—islands betw. E. Asia mainland & Australia

Largest islands were Java, Sumatra, Borneo

US Imperialism in PacificSome nat. resources—but wanted mostly for coaling station & mil base

SAMOA: GB/Ger/US all had rts to diff parts of Samoa—made very tense

1899: treaty to split up terrGB gave up bc dealing with Boer WarUS got portion that became known as Amer SamoaGerm got portion that became known as Western Samoa

US Imperialism in PacificHAWAII

Pearl Harbor was perfect for US naval baseRich soil, good rain, mild climateAmer arrived in 1865: set up sugarcane & pineapple plantations

US initially took over by force pretty much, until Queen Liliuokalani stepped upShe didn’t want foreigners there; very nationalistic!US aimed ships at coastline until she gave up—didn’t want

native HI to be killed

US officially took over in 1898 (state 1959)

US Imperialism in PacificPHILIPPINES

Span-Amer war going on (1898), US forces attacked Spanish @ Manila Bay, PhilSp fleet there was weak, US won in only a few hours—later

attacked on landCame under US control in only a few months

Some Phil. Welcomed the Amer, some wanted indepEmilio Aguinaldo led rebels vs. Amer using guerilla tactics Went on for 3 yrs, US finally defeated rebels in 1902

US Imperialism in Pacific

GUAMAlso taken from Spain @ about the same time as the Phil

WAKE ISLANDGave US a chain of islands from the West Coast, thru Pacific, to Asia

Imperialism in Latin AmerECON IMPERIALISM

US/Euro imported many goods from L/A bananas, coffee, cigars, wool, beef, etc

Foreign countries/businesses invest $ into factories, ranches, plantations, mines, etcForeign bus didn’t keep $ in L/A tho, sent back to home

countryL/A nations had to borrow $ from other US/Euro to help

make improvements to their country (military, industry, etc) Couldn’t always repay loans tho Loan countries often pressured them for repayment w/ military

threats

Imperialism in Latin AmerSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

CUBA: Sp. Colony, wanted indep—rebellion failed US worried b/c bus. there & felt they should be free USS Maine (in Havana Harbor) there to protect Amer. people/bus

exploded was initially thought to be Sp. Fault Sp. Didn’t want war, but also refused to leave Cuba US decl war w/ Sp in April 1898….defeated Sp in Philippines in May

1898….headed to Cuba in July 1898 US was unprepared to fight in Cuba—Rough Riders had no horses & wool

uniforms Dec 1898: Treaty of Paris Sp gave up Cuba, US got Guam, Puerto

Rico, & Philippines US stayed in Cuba for a few years: built infrastructure & helped get a

stable govt set up Constitution incl Platt Amendment Cuba couldn’t give up land to anyone

but US, US allowed to intervene in Cuba if govt starts to falter, Guantanamo Bay military base

Imperialism in Latin AmerPANAMA CANAL

Dist around S. Amer was 13,000 miles—needed shortcut!French company tried to build canal first—not enough men,

equipment, too much malariaColombia was in chg of Panama at the time, refused to allow

US to lease that portion of land, Panama wanted US to come in US helped Panama revolt vs Colombians, who in turn allowed US to

start canal in 1904

Canal officially opened 1914—huge accomplishment! New technology (power/steam machinery), increased heath care

(control/treat malaria)

Shortened the trip from NY to San Fran by 8,000 miles!!Ships traveling thru canal pd a toll

Imperialism in Latin AmerROOSEVELT COROLLARY

Defend any indep nation in the western hemisphereEnsure that all loans to L/A nations were repaid to Euro

nations (even if that meant taking over the loans by the US)Many L/A hated the idea of the US forcing them to repay &

“taking care” of them, but still counted on the US to do so several times

US didn’t want any Euro interference on this side of the Atlantic

Imperialism in Latin AmerMost were poor in MexicoForeign businesses controlled most of Mex. Natural

resources Many revolts/rebellions, power turned over to many diff people many

times Amer concerned about bus interests in Mex during unrest

Wanted Pres. Wilson to send in troops, but he didn’t want a war—wait & see Veracruz: Important port where several Amer soldiers were arrested

(quickly released) Marines took over port & cut off supplies (helped rebels)

Pancho Villa: fought vs Mex govt, attacked large land owners Went into the US (NM) & killed a dozen Amer (no one is 100% why)

Wilson sent troops to capture Villa, but didn’t give Mex a heads up/ask permission which caused tension

Threat of war between US/Mex US w/drew troops 1917 to avoid war (focus on WWI)