U.S. Imperialism: 1870-1914U.S. Imperialism: 1870-1914The Urge to ExpandThe Urge to Expand Countries rushed to establish overseas Countries rushed to establish overseas

empiresempires U.S. had little interest in expanding after Civil U.S. had little interest in expanding after Civil

WarWar Primary concerns were:Primary concerns were: Rebuilding South, Rebuilding South,

Settling West, Developing industrySettling West, Developing industry Major expansionMajor expansion: 1867 purchase of : 1867 purchase of AlaskaAlaska from from

RussiaRussia Bought by Sec. of State Seward for Bought by Sec. of State Seward for $7 million$7 million Worth it when first Worth it when first goldgold & later & later oiloil were were

discovereddiscovered Industrial expansionIndustrial expansion will lead to will lead to colonial colonial

expansionexpansion

An Imperial EraAn Imperial Era European countries were responsible for European countries were responsible for

ImperialismImperialism Gaining colonies served Gaining colonies served 2 economic 2 economic

purposespurposes provided more provided more raw materialsraw materials provided provided new marketsnew markets to sell goods to sell goods

Colonies were established to protect new Colonies were established to protect new markets from competition from other markets from competition from other industrialized nations.industrialized nations.

Areas of Areas of AfricaAfrica, , AsiaAsia, & , & Pacific IslandsPacific Islands were quickly claimed.were quickly claimed.

Why Expand???Why Expand??? Economic growth made expansion necessaryEconomic growth made expansion necessary U.S. had surplus of food & manufactured U.S. had surplus of food & manufactured

goodsgoods We needed new marketsWe needed new markets

U.S. needed to compete for colonies to U.S. needed to compete for colonies to maintain its economic & military strengthmaintain its economic & military strength

One supporter, One supporter, Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. Mahan, wrote a , wrote a book supporting American expansion: book supporting American expansion: The The Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryInfluence of Sea Power Upon History Believed U.S. needed protect its economic Believed U.S. needed protect its economic

interests in foreign marketsinterests in foreign markets Best way to do that was to Best way to do that was to build a strong navybuild a strong navy

Josiah StrongJosiah Strong:: supported expansion in supported expansion in order to spread democracy & Christianity order to spread democracy & Christianity to inferior peoplesto inferior peoples

Frederick Jackson Turner:Frederick Jackson Turner: believed believed that America’s vanishing frontier that America’s vanishing frontier necessitated our expansion to prevent necessitated our expansion to prevent unrest.unrest.

U.S. Action it the PacificU.S. Action it the Pacific U.S. showed strong interest in Samoa & U.S. showed strong interest in Samoa &

HawaiiHawaii Both would serve as naval bases & Both would serve as naval bases &

commercial ports. Both were in U.S. commercial ports. Both were in U.S. control by 1900.control by 1900.

Movement For War Against SpainMovement For War Against Spain U.S. avoided war in late 1800s: growing naval U.S. avoided war in late 1800s: growing naval

strengthstrength U.S. citizens & leaders confident in the nation’s U.S. citizens & leaders confident in the nation’s

powerpower Resulted in Resulted in jingoism jingoism – exaggerated national exaggerated national

pridepride U.S. had economic investments in CubaU.S. had economic investments in Cuba

Upset at brutal tactics Spain used to rule CubaUpset at brutal tactics Spain used to rule Cuba Some Americans wanted to annex CubaSome Americans wanted to annex Cuba

American journalists reported the atrocitiesAmerican journalists reported the atrocities Used a style of reporting called Used a style of reporting called yellow yellow

journalismjournalism Reporting helped anti-Spanish feelings grow in Reporting helped anti-Spanish feelings grow in

U.S.U.S. Would lead to the Would lead to the Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War in in

18981898

Protection of Interests in CubaProtection of Interests in Cuba To protect American interests, To protect American interests, Pres. Pres.

McKinleyMcKinley sent the sent the U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine to to HavanaHavana Mysteriously exploded in Feb. 1898; killed Mysteriously exploded in Feb. 1898; killed

266 men266 men U.S. journalists blamed Spain; wanted U.S. journalists blamed Spain; wanted

revengerevenge Pres. McKinley gave in to public opinionPres. McKinley gave in to public opinion Congress declared war on Spain in April Congress declared war on Spain in April

18981898 Quickly defeated Spain in the Quickly defeated Spain in the PhilippinesPhilippines Fighting also in CubaFighting also in Cuba

““Splendid Little War”Splendid Little War” Most famous battle was the Most famous battle was the Battle of Battle of

San Juan HillSan Juan Hill led to Roosevelt’s led to Roosevelt’s Rough Rough RidersRiders ““splendid little warsplendid little war” was over in less ” was over in less

than 4 monthsthan 4 months Cubans were given their independenceCubans were given their independence U.S. gained U.S. gained PhilippinesPhilippines, , GuamGuam, & , &

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico U.S. emerged from the Spanish-U.S. emerged from the Spanish-

American War as a leadingAmerican War as a leading world world powerpower

Challenge of an EmpireChallenge of an Empire***U.S. debated over colonization******U.S. debated over colonization***

Ultimate QuestionUltimate Question: What to do in the Philippines?: What to do in the Philippines? Many believed we should make the Philippines a Many believed we should make the Philippines a

U.S. colonyU.S. colony Others fought Others fought colonialismcolonialism w/ the following w/ the following

argumentsarguments Constitution had no provision about itConstitution had no provision about it Fear that an overseas empire would involve us Fear that an overseas empire would involve us

in war w/ other powersin war w/ other powers Length of distance b/t Philippines & U.S.Length of distance b/t Philippines & U.S. Would involve U.S. closely in Asian affairsWould involve U.S. closely in Asian affairs Although the Filipinos resisted, U.S. made Although the Filipinos resisted, U.S. made

Philippines part of our empire until after WWIIPhilippines part of our empire until after WWII

Imperialism EQ’s 1Imperialism EQ’s 11.1. Discuss 2 reasons why the U.S. had no Discuss 2 reasons why the U.S. had no

interest in expanding after the Civil War.interest in expanding after the Civil War.

2.2. Explain the 2 economic purposes for Explain the 2 economic purposes for gathering colonies.gathering colonies.

3.3. What was the main cause of the Spanish What was the main cause of the Spanish American War? American War?

4.4. Discuss the results of the Spanish Discuss the results of the Spanish American War.American War.

5.5. Explain the views of Alfred T. Mahan, Explain the views of Alfred T. Mahan, Josiah Strong, and Frederick Jackson Josiah Strong, and Frederick Jackson Turner.Turner.

Asserting Power: Rivalry vs. ChinaAsserting Power: Rivalry vs. China Annexation of Guam & Philippines increased U.S. Annexation of Guam & Philippines increased U.S.

interest in Asia, esp. in Chinainterest in Asia, esp. in China China had been divided into China had been divided into spheres of spheres of

influenceinfluence Restricted U.S. trade w/ ChinaRestricted U.S. trade w/ China

U.S. proposed equal trade for all nations w/ China: U.S. proposed equal trade for all nations w/ China: called called Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy--No one else interested--No one else interested

Chinese tried to expel all foreigners in 1900 Chinese tried to expel all foreigners in 1900 Boxer Boxer RebellionRebellion U.S. sent help to stop the rebellionU.S. sent help to stop the rebellion

Feared European powers would divide China like Feared European powers would divide China like AfricaAfrica U.S. proposed Open Door Policy again stressing that U.S. proposed Open Door Policy again stressing that

China remain independentChina remain independent Accepted the second timeAccepted the second time

U.S. & everyone else could freely & equally trade U.S. & everyone else could freely & equally trade w/ Chinaw/ China

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal Since 1500s, Americans & Europeans had longed Since 1500s, Americans & Europeans had longed

for canal to connect the two oceansfor canal to connect the two oceans U.S. especially wanted itU.S. especially wanted it

1) would shorten the length of the trip from east 1) would shorten the length of the trip from east to westto west

2) would reduce cost of merchant shipping2) would reduce cost of merchant shipping

3) would eliminate heavy expense of maintaining 3) would eliminate heavy expense of maintaining two separate naviestwo separate navies

1901, U.S. signed a treaty that gave us sole right 1901, U.S. signed a treaty that gave us sole right to build, operate, & defend a canal in one of two to build, operate, & defend a canal in one of two placesplaces Nicaragua Nicaragua or or PanamaPanama

U.S. decided on Panama, then controlled by U.S. decided on Panama, then controlled by Colombia Colombia

Problems for the CanalProblems for the Canal Tried to negotiate w/ ColombiaTried to negotiate w/ Colombia

Offered to pay $10 million up frontOffered to pay $10 million up front $250,000 as an annual rent thereafter$250,000 as an annual rent thereafter No deal; Colombians held out for more moneyNo deal; Colombians held out for more money

Panamanians were upset; wanted their Panamanians were upset; wanted their independenceindependence U.S. helped Panama plan a U.S. helped Panama plan a revoltrevolt Sent a warship to make sure the revolt was Sent a warship to make sure the revolt was

successfulsuccessful Panama declared its independence in 1903Panama declared its independence in 1903 Treaty was negotiated w/ PanamaTreaty was negotiated w/ Panama

Provisions were the same offered ColombiaProvisions were the same offered Colombia Canal zone ended up being widerCanal zone ended up being wider

Problems continued……….Problems continued………. Before construction, the Before construction, the mosquito problemmosquito problem

had to be solvedhad to be solved Carried Carried malariamalaria & & yellow feveryellow fever Solved by draining swamps, cutting brush, paving Solved by draining swamps, cutting brush, paving

muddy roads, destroying marshes, spraying muddy roads, destroying marshes, spraying insecticide everywhere, & putting screens on insecticide everywhere, & putting screens on windowswindows

Canal construction began in 1906 & was Canal construction began in 1906 & was completed in 1914completed in 1914

Next 7 years 43,400 workers labored on the Next 7 years 43,400 workers labored on the canalcanal

Cost 5,600 livesCost 5,600 lives About 40 miles longAbout 40 miles long Minimum depth is 41 ft.Minimum depth is 41 ft. Minimum width is 300 ft. Minimum width is 300 ft. Takes 7-8 hours to travel through the canalTakes 7-8 hours to travel through the canal

U.S. Foreign Policy: Early 1900’sU.S. Foreign Policy: Early 1900’s****T.R. believed we had a superior T.R. believed we had a superior

civilizationcivilization**** Gave us the right to lead in world affairsGave us the right to lead in world affairs Was fond of the West African proverb, Was fond of the West African proverb,

""Speak softly and carry a big stick, Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go faryou will go far""

Considered the Considered the CaribbeanCaribbean a a sphere of sphere of influenceinfluence

Believed the U.S. should be active in the Believed the U.S. should be active in the affairs of the Western Hemisphereaffairs of the Western Hemisphere The beginning of a new policy in the Americas The beginning of a new policy in the Americas

called called Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy: : use U.S. power use U.S. power to keep peace & prevent wrongdoing to keep peace & prevent wrongdoing

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary 1904, Roosevelt announced his new 1904, Roosevelt announced his new

policypolicy said U.S. had the right to exercise said U.S. had the right to exercise

""international police powerinternational police power" over Latin " over Latin America countries that couldn't or didn't take America countries that couldn't or didn't take care of their own affairscare of their own affairs

Became known as the Became known as the Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary Was added on to the Was added on to the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine of of

1823 (said the W. Hemisphere was no longer 1823 (said the W. Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization)open to European colonization)

Told European nations to keep out of Latin Told European nations to keep out of Latin America for any reason.America for any reason.

Dollar Diplomacy: TaftDollar Diplomacy: Taft**Pres. Taft modified America's foreign policy****Pres. Taft modified America's foreign policy**

Believed Believed American investmentAmerican investment abroad would abroad would bring stability to troubled regionsbring stability to troubled regions

Would also Would also add power & profitadd power & profit to the U.S. w/o the to the U.S. w/o the use of forceuse of force

U.S. followed this new policy in Asia & Latin AmericaU.S. followed this new policy in Asia & Latin America Taft encouraged U.S. bankers to replace European Taft encouraged U.S. bankers to replace European

bankers as the major lenders to the countries in bankers as the major lenders to the countries in Latin AmericaLatin America

U.S. didn't want to give the European nations any U.S. didn't want to give the European nations any reason to send troops to the Americasreason to send troops to the Americas

Overall goal of "Overall goal of "Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy" was to reduce " was to reduce the chance of armed intervention by European the chance of armed intervention by European nations nations

Moral Diplomacy: WilsonMoral Diplomacy: Wilson****Pres. Wilson had little interest in foreign Pres. Wilson had little interest in foreign

diplomacydiplomacy**** World affairs would leave him no choice (World affairs would leave him no choice (WWIWWI)) Believed U.S. had mission to lead the worldBelieved U.S. had mission to lead the world Goal of Goal of Moral DiplomacyMoral Diplomacy was to make the U.S. was to make the U.S.

the “the “conscience of the worldconscience of the world”” condemned colonialismcondemned colonialism spread democracy & promoted peacespread democracy & promoted peace

Result of 3 DiplomaciesResult of 3 Diplomacies U.S. kept ships & troops in Asia & Latin AmericaU.S. kept ships & troops in Asia & Latin America American business interests spanned the globeAmerican business interests spanned the globe U.S. was resented & despised by Latin American U.S. was resented & despised by Latin American

nationsnations U.S. was a powerful part of the world communityU.S. was a powerful part of the world community Meant the U.S. could not ignore the war in Meant the U.S. could not ignore the war in

Europe that had started in 1914Europe that had started in 1914

Imperialism AssignmentImperialism Assignment1.1. Who was Queen Liliuokalani? Explain the role Who was Queen Liliuokalani? Explain the role

of sugar in the acquisition of Hawaii. Why was of sugar in the acquisition of Hawaii. Why was Queen Liliuokalani removed from power?Queen Liliuokalani removed from power?

2.2. Explain specific economic reason for Explain specific economic reason for Imperialism.Imperialism.

3.3. DefineDefine: imperialism, protectorate, Anglo-: imperialism, protectorate, Anglo-Saxonism, Pan-Americanism, yellow journalism, Saxonism, Pan-Americanism, yellow journalism, jingoism, Platt Amendment, Rough Riders, jingoism, Platt Amendment, Rough Riders, Sphere of Influence, Open Door Policy, Boxer Sphere of Influence, Open Door Policy, Boxer Rebellion, Great White Fleet, Hay-Pauncefote Rebellion, Great White Fleet, Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Roosevelt Corollary, Dollar Diplomacy.Treaty, Roosevelt Corollary, Dollar Diplomacy.

4.4. Identify Significance:Identify Significance: Panama Canal, T.R., Panama Canal, T.R., Spanish American War, Foraker Act, Jose Marti, Spanish American War, Foraker Act, Jose Marti, Clara Barton, Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Clara Barton, Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, Josiah Strong, Matthew C. PerryLodge, Josiah Strong, Matthew C. Perry