The New Power Balance

The New Power BalanceChapter 27The Second Industrial Revolution1870-1914TransportationCommunicationSteelChemicalsElectricity

TransportationRailroadsMovement of goods and peopleEurope and US dominated RR production

Japanese RRUS and GB engineersTrained Japanese engineersBegan manufacturing their own equipment

India4th largest RR in the worldGB

Smoke and soot pollutionCommunicationOcean tradeIron and steel replace woodPropellers replace paddle wheelsEngines are more powerful and more efficientShip size increasesCanals shorten travel time

TelegraphSubmarine cablesConnect every country and most inhabited islandsAnnihilation of time and spaceSteelPre 19th CenturyOnly made by skilled blacksmithsSwords, knives, axes, watch springs

Bessemer ProcessAir used to create steel from iron Steel becomes cheap and abundant

Environmental EffectsMills took up town sized areas of landSmoke and pollution

ChemicalsSynthetic dyesAniline purple first produced in GBGermany: red, violet, blue, brown, black dyesBecame leading producer of dyes, drugs, and other chemical compoundsRuined indigo plantations of India

ExplosivesAlfred Nobel: dynamiteMining, RR, canalsWeapons

Environmental EffectsToxic byproducts dumped into rivers

Dress, 1862-1864, Musee McCord, M965.112.1.1-2. This dress could have been dyed with either natural dyes or aniline dyes or both.

ElectricityChanged lives more than any other innovation of 19th centuryReplaced steam enginesIncreased productivityAllowed work at nightElectricity in homes, street lampsThomas EdisonLightbulbFirst distribution network in NYCParis becomes the City of Lights

9Paris Lit Up by Electricity, 1900.The electric light bulb was invented in the United States and Britain, but Paris made such extensive use of the new technology that it was nicknamed City of Lights. To mark the Paris Exposition of 1900, the Eiffel Tower and all the surrounding buildings were illuminated with strings of light bulbs while powerful spotlights swept the sky.World TradeIndustrialized nations Western Europe and the USCreation of a middle classCanned/packaged foodsPre-made clothingCapitalist nations subject to booms followed by depression/recession

Nonindustrial nationsTied to global tradeProduction of raw materialsMigrationsEuropes population almost doubles from 1850-1914Non-European countriesInflux of European migrantsRussian persecution of JewsIndentured laborersChinese, Japanese, Indians

Irish potato famineLast peacetime famine of EuropeRefrigerationCanning Improved diet

Urbanization1851 Great BritainFirst nation with a majority of population living in cities

Cities laid out in grid form

Parisian alleys widened into grand boulevardsHaussmannization

SanitationIndoor plumbingSewage systemGarbage removal

EffectsEffectsEpidemics become rareDeath rates fall below birth ratesFamily size begins to be controlledInfanticide and child abandonment becomes rare

PollutionCoal and RR polluted airElectricity was cleanerCities become healthier

13Before and after Haussmanization in Paris

The Victorian Age1850-1910 (English speaking countries)Rules of behaviorFamily ideologiesSeparate spheresMen belonged to the workplaceWomen belonged to the homeMiddle ClassAt least one servantEntertaining at middle class homes

p. 72016Separate Spheres in Great Britain.In the Victorian Age, men and women of the middle and upper classes led largely separate lives. In Aunt Emilys Visit (1845), we see women and children at home, tended by a servant. The Royal Exchange, meanwhile, was a place for men to transact business.

p. 72017Separate Spheres in Great Britain.In the Victorian Age, men and women of the middle and upper classes led largely separate lives. In Aunt Emilys Visit (1845), we see women and children at home, tended by a servant. The Royal Exchange, meanwhile, was a place for men to transact business.Victorian Women Middle classWorking classWork until marriageStores, officesTeacher collegesChildrenVolunteer workNursingSocial workSocial causes (voting)Elizabeth Cady StantonSusan B. Anthony

Contributions to the home10 years oldTextile millsDomestic servantRental of spare bed/room

Emmeline Pankhurst Under Arrest

The leader of the British womens suffrage movement frequently called attention to her cause by breaking the law to protest discrimination against women. Here she is being arrested and carried off to jail by the police.19Socialism and NationalisimCharles DarwinEnglish botanist1831: The BeagleGalapagos Islands On the Origin of the Species (1859)Earth is older than previously thoughtNatural selectionSurvival of the fittestEvolution of species over time

Social DarwinismWestern technology proves Western superiorityDivisions of racesCivilizedSemi-barbarousBarbarianSavageWhites always at topJustification of imperialismSocialism and Labor Unionsideology[that] questioned the sanctity of private property and argued in support of industrial workers against their employers

Labor unions: industrial workers joined together to negotiate with employersBetter wages/working conditionsInsurance

Karl MarxThe Condition of the Working Class in England1845 with Freidrich EngelsCombined German philosophy, French Enlightenment ideals, British industrialismThe Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848)Das Kapital (1867)Scientific socialism

Das KapitalHistory = conflict between bourgeoisie (property owners) and proletariat (working class)Capitalist systemBourgeoisie takes surplus value of workersDifference between profit and wagesBelieved proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie and establish a classless society

Nationalism and LiberalismNationalismMost influential idea of 19th CenturyFrench Rev redefined people as citizens of a NATION and not subjects of a kingUnified and divided peoplesUsed to impose language, religion, customs

LiberalismSovereignty of peopleConstitutional government with parliamentGovernment ResponsePublic education, voting, etcKeep status quo

ItalyGiuseppe MazziniItalian liberal and nationalistWanted to unite Italian peninsulaFailed rebellionCount di CavourPrime Minister of Piedmont SardiniaFormed alliance with France and went to war w/ Austria

Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew SicilyCavour expanded Piedmont Sardinia into Kingdom of ItalyEventually annexed Venetia and Papal States by 1870

Giuseppe GaribaldiCount di Cavour

Map 27-1, p. 72730Map 27.1: Unification of Italy, 18591870.The unification of Italy was achieved by the expansion of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, with the help of France.GermanyTwo choicesUnite with PrussiaWestern half of Austrian EmpireGerman speaking areaLutheranUnite with AustriaNon-Germanic peoplesCatholicPrussian AdvantagesRhineland industryFirst army to use RR, telegraph, other modern technologies

Map 27-2, p. 72932Map 27.2: Unification of Germany, 18661871.Germany was united after a series of short, successful wars by the kingdom of Prussia against Austria in 1866 and against France in 1871.Otto von BismarckPrussian ChancellorGained Alsace and Lorraine from FranceFrance is NOT happyFrance and Germany will continue to fight over these two territories through WWIIEventually calls Berlin ConferenceWeakened middle class politicsGives vote to all adult malesReichstagSocial legislation

GermanyAt the center of EuropeMost powerful armyLeader in international relationsBismarckWanted to keep peace in EuropeIsolated France with Austria-Hungary and Russia

Other European PowersFrance and great BritainRussia and Austria-HungaryFranceNo longer dominant powerStagnating populationReligionBritainIrish rebellionNo longer dominant in industryPreoccupation with empire$$$$$$$$$$$$$Social and ethnic divisionsRussiaLargest Jewish populationPogroms (massacres)Elimination of serfdomRusso-Japanese WarDefeat of navyCauses Russian revolution (1905)West Meets EastTokugawa ShogunateMilitary government with samuraiShogun has power1600s: forbid foreigners from entering and Japanese from leaving

Matthew PerryUS naval commodoreJuly 8, 1853Edo Bay, Japan (Tokyo)First to breach Japanese isolationismUS demand that Japan open its ports to foreign tradeTreaty of Kanagawa

40Arrivals from the East.In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perrys fleet sailed into Edo (now Tokyo) Bay. The first steam-powered warships to appear in Japanese waters caused a sensation among the Japanese. In this print done after the Meiji Restoration, the traditionally dressed local samurai go out to confront the mysterious black ships.Meiji RestorationMeji = enlightened ruleCivil war overthrows TokugawaChange is as profound as that of French RevolutionNew JapanEmbraced any idea (foreign or domestic) that might strengthen the nation and prevent the West from changing societyWestern InfluenceGerman government structureBritish navyPrussian armyPostal serviceRR systemStudents to the WestClothing and partiesMeiji IndustryState owned enterprisesClothConsumer goodsZaibatsu (conglomerates)Bought govt enterprisesToyoda Sakichi founds Toyoda Loom WorksBecomes Toyota Motor Company

The Sewing Machine

The Japanese imported many innovations from the West after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Among the most popular were Western-style clothing and sewing machines. Sewing was a gendered activity in Japan as in the West, with the woman sewing and the man looking on.43

Map 27-3, p. 73044Map 27.3: Expansion and Modernization of Japan, 18681918.As Japan acquired modern industry, it followed the example of the European powers in seeking overseas colonies. Its colonial empire grew at the expense of its neighbors: Taiwan was taken from China in 1895; Karafutu (Sakhalin) from Russia in 1905; and all of Korea became a colony in 1910.

p. 731Japans New Army

After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the leaders of the new government set out to make Japan a rich country with a strong army. They modeled the new army on the European armies of the time, with Western-style uniforms, rifles, cannon, and musical instruments.45ChinaSelf Strengthening MovementReduction of government spendingElimination of corruptionEmpress Cixi opposes reformJapanese threatsSino-Japanese WarTaiwan and Korea to JapanBoxer RebellionAnti-foreign riotsCixi supported

p. 73547The Boxer Uprising.In 1900 a Chinese secret society, the Righteous Fists, rose up with the encouragement of the Empress Dowager Cixi and attacked foreigners and their establishments. In the Western press they were known as Boxers. These men are putting up a poster that reads Death to Foreigners!