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Benjamin Moore Paints101 Paragon Drive

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©2006 Benjamin Moore. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Benjamin Moore and remains their property. Questions or concerns about the content of this course should be directed to the program instructor.

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Origins of Color and Pigments

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Presented By: Benjamin Moore101 Paragon DriveMontvale, NJ 07645

Description: Provides an overview of the origins and evolution of color pigments by looking at historical civilizations and time periods.

To ensure the accuracy of this program material, this course is valid only when listed on AEC Daily's Online Learning Center. Please click here to verify the status of this course.

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The American Institute of Architects · Course No. AEC130 · This program qualifies for 1.0 HSW/LU hour.

AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES).Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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How to use this Online Learning Course

• To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard.

• To print or exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize the full-screen presentation and display the menu bar.

• Within this course is an exam password that you will be required to enter in order to proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to remember or write down this exam password so that you have it available for the test.

• To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the end of the course.

• For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.







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Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• define pigment and list the other key components of paint

• list the properties and variables with modern high quality pigments

• explain the categories of pigment and identify organic and inorganic pigments, and

• describe the impact of culture and economy on the popularity of colors.







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The Journey Begins

Evidence left behind by a human desire to communicate, tell stories, and to express cultural identity gives us a glimpse at the early use and creation of pigments.

Creating color was, and still is, an art. Its history is one of discovery, wealth, power, religion, trade and science.

Today’s modern technology has expanded the palette and the quality of pigments to meet the growing demand for color…so the story continues.







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Terminology

Pigments are organic or inorganic particles of suspended colored material which are insoluble in the application medium.

Dyes are colored compounds soluble in liquid which penetrate and stain a surface.

Lake is a generic label for any dye based pigment.

Colorants are pigments suspended in a vehicle.

Resins/Binders are the glue which holds the pigment particles together and provide the film integrity and adhesion.

Solvents are used to aid in the spreading and application of the pigment and resin.







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Categories of Pigments

Pigments are classified as Organic and Inorganic.

Sources of pigments include:

• Plants and animals

• Minerals and clays

• Synthetic chemistry







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Organic Pigments

Organic pigments, natural and manufactured, have a carbon base backbone. Natural organic pigments are derived from plant and animal sources. The purity and properties of these natural pigments is dependant on the origins and processing of the raw material.

Modern pigments, whose origins came from the coal tar dye industry, are manufactured from complex hydrocarbons and are considered organic in scientific terms.

Examples include:• Indigo• Madder Red• Cochineal• Phthalo Blue







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Inorganic Pigments

Mined from the earth’s crust, inorganic pigments are insoluble compounds composed of minerals and clays. In today’s industrial society, inorganic pigments are manufactured synthetically.

Examples include: • Ochre• Sienna• Titanium• Iron







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Earth’s Pigments

Nature has provided a basic palette since the beginning of time.

The original pigments on man’s palette, Red Ochre, Yellow Ochre, Black and Calcite White, have been discovered on the walls of caves dating back to 15,000 B.C.

Did you know (DYK): Early man used a hollow tube to blow paint onto the walls.







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Is White a Color?

White has been used by artists throughout history to prime a canvas, to add highlights and to lighten a space.

Chalk, the first known white pigment, is composed of calcium carbonate whichoriginated from sea fossils that settled on the ocean floor over a millennia.

Since then, white pigment has been createdfrom other sources such as Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide.

DYK: Zinc oxide melted with copper forms brass.







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Today’s White

The discovery of Titanium Dioxide led to the creation of a pigment with exceptional properties of opacity and stability, making it the preeminent source of white pigment in the world.

Today, it is one of the most expensive pigments and critical components used in paint.

Benefits include: • Light reflection• Hide and Opacity• Tint strength

DYK: Titanium white is used in such common items as toothpaste and candy.







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Creating a Blueprint with Black

Black, the absence of all light, gives mystery to form and shape. Charcoal has been used throughout history by artists to communicate, sketch, outline, and build on their visions.

Created by fire, black pigment has remained a constant over time. Burning of natural materials such as wood, bones, and various plant oils resulted in forms of black pigments.

Soot dust, gathered from the burning of natural gas, is the source of today’s black pigment.

DYK: 92% of carbon black pigment is used as filler for rubber.

Charcoal self-portrait by Pablo Picasso







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The Oldest Colors of Earth

Gathered from the earth’s crust, red and yellow ochre have provided classic pigments used continuously throughout history.

Rich in iron minerals, the spectrum of ochrescan range from brown and yellow to red and violet.

Today, ochre colorant is used in the formulations to tint many of the historical paint colors.

DYK: Early man traveled the earth to find red ochre/hematite for use in burial ceremonies.







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Life, Love and Power

The color Vermillion was discovered along with 20 other pigments in the ancient city of Pompeii which was destroyed in 79 A.D. Vermillion, the synthetic version of cinnabar, was one of the most brilliant reds. Its existence and extensive use resulted in the creation of equally brilliant hues.

Vermillion was, and is still, seen as a symbol of wealth and prestige. Today, vermillion can be compared to the red carpets of Hollywood.

DYK: Natural cinnabar mined in China is the original Chinese Red pigment.







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To Dye for Red

Textiles of crimson, (a red that tended toward purple), and scarlet (a brighter red hue), were available only to those of power and wealth.

Madder Red made from the roots of the madder plant, and Kermes, a term used for dyes created with insects, were the richest of the reds until the discovery of the New World.

DYK: Venice controlled the bulk of the imports from the East which included kermes, giving the dyers of Venice a monopoly in producing the much desired red cloth.







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Cochineal Trade

As Spanish Conquistadors searched for gold, they discovered the red dye of the Aztec upon their arrival in Mexico in 1519. The prized red pigment, sourced from harvesting the female cochineal insect, became a major financial resource of the Spanish Empire. Cochineal not only became the dye choice of Europe, but also became a major source of global trade.

Today, cochineal, which is carminic acid, is used in dyes for food and cosmetics, and has seen a resurgence due to the demand for natural products.

DYK: The wild cochineal insect is one-third the size of a ladybug and 70,000 insects were needed to make one pound of dye.







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Blue Jeans

In Western society, the importance of blue expanded in the 11th century. Blue became associated with the Virgin Mary sparking a new interest and demand for the color in textiles and art. The source of blue dye was from the indigenous woad plant of Europe and from the indigo plant imported from the East. The pigment used for art came from Lapis and Azurite.

Blue’s meaning and influence in fashion, politics, and social structure continues through today.

DYK: The word “jean” comes from the Italian word “genoese” which means “from Genoa”. This is the same city from where Levi Strauss would source the original canvas used for his famous blue jeans.







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The Blue “From Beyond the Seas”

Lapis Lazuli, the first stone to be used in jewelry by the Ancient Egyptians, was synonymous with beauty, style, and riches of the Nile.

Lapis and natural ultramarine joined azurite as being one of the only sources of blue colorfast pigments till the 19th century.

The value of ultramarine was equal to that of gold during the Renaissance thus creating a demand for an affordable replacement for the much desired color.

DYK: The best Lapis Lazuli is mined in the Hindukush Mountains of Afghanistan.







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The Search for Ultramarine

Given the high market demand for a brilliant, economical blue pigment, leading chemists were challenged to create alternatives. Their initial research resulted in two pigments: Cobalt and Prussian Blue.

Cobalt became a source of blue, green and violet pigments. Prussian Blue’s benefits included affordability and availability quickly making it a popular choice among artists.

Still, neither Cobalt nor Prussian Blue, matched the brilliance of the natural ultramarine stones.

DYK: The word Cobalt originates from the German word “Kobalt” which means “goblin”.







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Synthetic Ultramarine

Lapis was replaced on artist’s palettes overnight in 1828.

Blue deposits left on lime kilns in a glass factory near Palermo, Italy, in 1787, provided clues to the chemical properties needed to synthetically create the much desired ultramarine pigment.

Mass production of the pigment fulfilled the demand for an affordable ultramarine.

DYK: The Mayans and Ancient Egyptians created synthetic colorfast blues, Mayan Blue and Egyptian Blue, respectively.







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Today’s Phthalocyanines

In the 1930’s, a bright blue crystalline synthetic pigment was discovered and given the name Monastral Blue. It is also commonly known as Phthalo Blue.

Valued for its properties of light fastness, tinting strength, covering power and its resistance to the effects of alkaline and acidic materials, Phthalo Blue became, and still is, the standard in the paint, dye and printing ink industries.

Phthalo Green, also a member of this family, is created by a variation in the salts during production.

DYK: At the heart of the chemistry of the Phthalo pigments lies copper, linking them to the earliest blues and greens of antiquity.







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Nature’s Neutral

Malachite is the best of the natural ores and perhaps the oldest known source for green pigment.

It is a natural carbonate of copper and it is related to azurite.

Although Malachite was a stable pigment used until the 18th century, the search for a brighter hue continued.

DYK: Malachite was used by Egyptian women for eye shadow.







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Green Earth

Terra Verde, also known as green earth, was commonly used for the underpainting of flesh tones in medieval paintings.

Created from unspecified green clays, a great variety of hues were created.

Except for its application in glazes, Terra Verde fell out of use due to its lack of hiding properties.

DYK: The color green is the most restful to the human eye.







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Yellow, Asia’s Purple

Naples Yellow is a synthetic reddish yellow pigment which dates back as early as 500 B.C.

Due to its great opacity and stability, Naples Yellow was used extensively by the Dutch Master Painters.

DYK: In China, yellow is viewed as the color of emperors. Additionally, yellow is known as the color of royalty in many Polynesian cultures.







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Why is There a Cow in the Picture?

The mystery of the ill-smelling golden yellow pigment, imported by the Dutch from India, was solved in 1883, a century after its introduction.

The formula revealed that the pigment, Indian Yellow, was obtained from the urine of cows fed exclusively on mango leaves.

The production of Indian Yellow, was discontinued in the early years of the 20th century due to laws prohibiting cruelty to animals.

DYK: Yellow is the color of intelligence, optimism, and memory.







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The Least Glamorous of Pigments

The origins of Umber and Sienna can be traced back to the famous clay deposits in the Italian cities of Umbria and Sienna.

Umber and Sienna along with Van Dyke Brown, were popular in creating shadows in the paintings of Renaissance artists.

Today, brown is emerging as “the new black” gaining a new respect in design.

DYK: Many paint colors are toned with umber pigment along with black.

The city of Umbria







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The Color of Royalty

Purple has been significant throughout history. It holds attributes of two powerful colors: red and blue.

The original purple pigment created by the Phoenicians in 1600 B.C. was known as TyrianPurple, Royal Purple, or Purple of the Ancients. The color ranged from deep scarlet to crimson to shades of amethyst and violet. The more intense the color the more it was desired.

The recipe for the favored purple was lost with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and scarlet red became the symbol of royal status.

DYK: It took over 10,000 mollusks to create one gram of dye.







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The Mauve Period

William Henry Perkin, a young chemist, discovered mauve in 1859. The color, resembling the ancient Tyrian Purple, not only caused a fashion sensation, but also led to the beginning of the synthetic organic pigment industry.

Today, synthetic dyes and pigments are used for a number of industries including printing, paints, textiles, plastics, paper, foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

DYK: There are over 4,000 synthetic organic dyes and 336 pigments on the market today.







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The Story of Orange

Two orange dyes created from nature came from the gardenia plant and from annatto seeds.

Chrome pigments discovered in the first half of the 19th century provided the stable, bright yellow and red pigments needed to create orange.

The first “true orange” pigment, Cadmium Orange, arrived in 1846 when major deposits of Cadmium were discovered in the United States.

DYK: The formulation for the warm orange color of the famous Stradivari Violin is still a mystery.







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Pigments of Today

Pigments today have evolved from the modern sciences which began in the Renaissance to today’s innovations.

Technological advances in resins and the new direction of waterborne pigments are leading the way into the next generation of paints.

The development of a complete acrylic system is answering the demand for lower VOC’s, Eco friendly coatings and an unlimited color selection.

Molecular structure of ultramarine blue

Please remember the exam password PIGMENT. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online examination.







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Properties and Benefits of Quality Pigments

Desirable properties of quality pigments include:

• Tint strength

• Lightfastness

• Hiding power

• Chemical resistance

• Abrasion resistance







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Trends

Today the craftsmanship of the artist to create his/her materials is rare given the convenience of prepackaged media.

What has remained true is the continued search for color and its meaning.

Shifts in society, economy and cultures move color in design and popularity. Tracking these shifts and understanding their importance is how a color forecast is generated.

A renaissance for natural materials, a return to human craftsmanship and efforts toward conservation are the current trends of today.

Reflecting these trends, today’s palette is one of sophisticated and complex hues offering unlimited and endless possibilities.







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Course Summary

Throughout history, human desire to communicate, tell stories, and to express cultural identity, gives us a glimpse at the need for early use and creation of pigments.

Creating color was, and still is, an art. Its history is one of discovery, wealth, power, religion, trade and science.

With continuing improvements in modern technology, the palette and the quality of pigments will expand to meet growing demand.

The continuing search for color pigments has impacted world economics and cultures throughout history. Color has been used to express cultural beliefs, reflect wealth, and to drive technical innovation.







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Course Summary

It has been shown that color has evolved throughout history. However, what has remained constant is the continued search for color and its meaning.

Color forecasts can be generated by tracking color trends and understanding their importance. Trends stem from shifts in society, economy and cultures.

Today’s color trends are returning to a renaissance for natural materials, human craftsmanship and efforts toward conservation. Reflecting these trends, today’s palette is one of sophisticated and complex hues offering unlimited and endless possibilities.







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Course Evaluations

In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page.

http://www.aia.org/education/ces/AIAB086302







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©2006 Benjamin Moore. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Benjamin Moore and remains their property. Questions or concerns about this course should be directed to the instructor.

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