oromiya national regional state bishoftu city...

Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments

& Safeguards

I

E1844v3

Oromiya National Regional state

Bishoftu City Administration

Sanitary landfill construction

project

Environmental & Socio-Economic

Impact Assessments &

Safeguards

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Table of Contents

Executive summary .................................................................................................. 1

Background to the EIA study ............................................................................... 1

Objectives of the EIA study .................................................................................. 1

Analyses of Alternatives ....................................................................................... 2

Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project ......................... 3

Air Pollution Impacts ............................................................................................. 4

Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources ..................................... 4

Public Health and Safety Impacts ...................................................................... 4

Hazardous and Loss of Amenity .......................................................................... 4

Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard ...................................................................... 5

Mitigation Measure for Air Pollution Impacts .................................................... 6

Mitigation measure for Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife .......................... 6

Mitigation measures for Public Health and Safety Impacts ........................... 6

Mitigation measures for Hazardous and Loss of Amenity ............................... 6

Mitigation measures Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard ................................. 7

Environmental Management and Monitoring plan ............................................ 8

Conclusion and recommendation ........................................................................ 8

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ............................................................. 9

1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9

2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework ............................................ 11

2.1. Policy Framework ......................................................................................... 11

2.2. Legal Frameworks ............................................................................................ 15

2.3. Institutional Set up ........................................................................................ 16

3. Baseline environmental conditions .................................................................. 16

3.1. Location and Climatic conditions ............................................................. 16

3.2. Geology and soils ........................................................................................ 17

3.3. Water Resources of the city ....................................................................... 17

3.4. Liquid Waste Management ........................................................................ 19

3.5. Public Health Situation ................................................................................ 19

3.6. Existing Solid Waste Management Practices ........................................... 20

3.7. Public health situation ................................................................................. 26


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3.8. Impacts of Current Solid Waste Disposal .................................................. 27

3.9. Impact on Water Resource ........................................................................ 27

3.10. Bird Strike Hazard ........................................................................................ 28

4. The Proposed Solid Waste Landfill Project ...................................................... 28

4.1. Brief Description of Landfill Project ............................................................ 28

4.2. Environmental requirement of Landfill projects ...................................... 29

5. Analyses of Alternatives ..................................................................................... 29

5.1. Alternative sludge treatment sites ............................................................. 29

6. Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project ................... 32

6.1. Beneficial /Positive impacts of the project .............................................. 32

6.2. Positive impacts of the landfill project ...................................................... 33

6.3. Adverse impacts of the landfill project and proposed mitigation

measures .............................................................................................................. 34

6.3.9. Impacts Due to Traffic load ..................................................................... 42

7. Environmental Management and Monitoring plan ...................................... 43

8. Conclusion and recommendation .................................................................. 44

1. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment .............................................................. 45

1.1. Abbreviated resettlement plan ................................................................. 45

2. Sub project land needs ..................................................................................... 45

2.1. Land needs ................................................................................................... 45

3. Census survey of displaced persons ................................................................ 46

3.1. Methodology ................................................................................................ 46

3.2. Results ............................................................................................................. 46

3.4. Affected assets with partially affected households ............................... 46

3.5. Socio economic features of affected peoples’ livelihoods .................. 46

4. Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance ............. 47

5. Consultation with displaced people ............................................................... 47

5.1. Needs assessment ........................................................................................ 47

5.2 .Priorities .......................................................................................................... 48

5.3. The capabilities ............................................................................................ 48

6. Procedures for grievance redress .................................................................... 48

7. Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................... 48


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8. Institutional responsibilities and arrangement for implementation ............ 49

8.1. Budget ........................................................................................................... 49

8.2. Methodology ................................................................................................ 50

9. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................. 53


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Acronym

ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EPA Ethiopian Protection Authority

EPE Environmental policy Ethiopia

ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

F EPA Federal Environmental Protection Authority

HIS Improved Hygiene and Sanitation

I.C.A.O International Civil Aviation organization

MOH Ministry of Health

MOWR Ministry of Water Resources

NGO Non Governmental Organization

OP/BP Operational Policy/ Bank Policy

TOR Term of Reference

ULGDP Urban Local Government Development Project


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Executive summary

Background to the EIA study

Land filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid

wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been identified as a preferred

technology option for treatment and disposal of solid waste generated in

Bushoftu City. EIA study for the landfill project implementation is, therefore,

planned to guide and ensure Environmental Compliance of the project

activities at all stages (design, construction, operation and closure of the landfill)

of the project implementation. TOR requires the consultant to conduct

investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of the

liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures as per the

guidelines and procedures set out in the Urban Local Government Development

Project (ULGDP) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).

That the consultant will prepare the Environmental Management Plan and/or

other applicable documents as may be required as per the ESMF.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a basic tool for the sound assessment

of development proposals; to determine the potential environmental, social and

economic effects of a proposed development. The environmental assessment

process supports the goals of liquid waste management, environmental

protection and sustainable development and helps to; integrate environmental

protection and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an activity;

predict environmental, social, economic, and cultural consequences of a

proposed activity and plans to mitigate any adverse impacts resulting from the

proposed activity. It also provides opportunities for the involvement of

stakeholders in the review of the proposed activities.

Objectives of the EIA study

The EIA study has the objective of ensuring and supplementing the proper

achievements of the overall objective of the landfill project. Accordingly, the EIA

study will have the following specific objective;

Assesses the prevailing solid waste management practices and related

environmental problems

Tries to highlight environmental impacts due to existing disposal practices

Assesses potential impacts of the proposed landfill project implementation

Proposes possible mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse

environmental impacts

Proposes environmental management plan for the land fill construction

and operation


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To conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the

construction of liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation

measures.

To prepare Environmental Management Plan for the project

implementation

Project Description and location

The Sanitary land fill Project is found in Bishoftu City, Easter shewa Zone, of

Oromya National regional state. The project areas are situated at the City of

Bishoftu, which is the nearest city of the capital city of the country, Addis-Ababa.

In addition, the project area is located between latitude of 08°44’ N and

longitudes of 38°59' E. The land area of the city is estimated at 11, 000 hectare. It

has moderate climatic condition with temperature ranges between 16oC to 24 o

C; and average rainfall of 860mm. The major rainy season lasts from July to

September. The total area of the sanitary landfill of Bishoftu city is 10 hectares

including damping bed, leachate pond, Guard house, runoff collecting pond

and others. However, the actual size of the damping bed that will

accommodate the solid waste is 6 hectares and the leachate pond is 0.2

hectare.

Description of the proposed sanitary landfill

Solid waste treatment in landfill involves both physico-chemical and biological

processes. The solid waste has to be sorted out into hazardous and none

hazardous material before receiving for treatment.

The solid waste dumped is compacted in layers, followed by soil cover for every

cycle. The covered waste pile is then left to decompose and stabilize. The land

filled waste undergoes five distinct phases of decomposition as either aerobic or

anaerobic decomposition. In the process of decomposition several gaseous

products are generated as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and hydrogen

that escape into the atmosphere. Also some carboxylic acids like acetic acid,

Butric acid are generated and get out along with the leachate generated.

Analyses of Alternatives

The location of a landfill is a primary determinant of the extent to which a landfill

poses an environmental risk.

Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental

management tool. The aim is to avoid the need for impact mitigation and

ongoing management by selecting a site where natural barriers protect

environmental quality and where there will not be adverse impact on existing

and future development.


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Golba site(existing site)(1.5km from flight route)

Qajima-1 (Godguada plain) (2.8km from flight route)

Qajima-2 (hillside) (2.9km )from flight route

The analyses for the alternative potential landfill sites are based on comparative

evaluation of expected significant impacts as illustrated in table-1-5. The check

list is rated as Positive (+) impacts or negative (-) impacts expected of the

project, depending on site specific conditions.

Therefore, Site-1: Qajima -1 :( Godguada) site is selected as the best site for

Sanitary landfill. It is found in a peasant association next to Kebele 03 in the south

– eastern direction. It is a depressed plain land surrounded by hills and mountains

in all directions. The site is bounded by hills and mountain ranges like; Godguada

Mountain to north –west and Gara Beru hill in the south and eastern sides. Just

on the other side of the Gara Beru ridge is the Ethiopian Air Force Base at about

2.8km distance. However, the Air force administration has confirmed that the site

is outside of the airplane runway corridor.

The plain land is an intensively cultivated crop field and partly used as livestock

grazing ground. There is no significant forest or tree cover; only acacia trees are

found dispersed here and there in the crop fields. The runoff water from the

surrounding hills does not have drainage outlet and seasonally stays ponding in

the flood plain.

Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project

Impacts on water sources

During construction excavated soil may get into water sources and cause water

quality deterioration and siltation problem. Spoil soils generate from ground

excavation for landfill, paving and grading for access roads and at material

production sites.

During operation phase of the landfill; ground and surface waters can be

contaminated by untreated leachate from landfill sites. Leachate percolates

through landfills as a result of infiltration and/or decomposition of the wastes. It

may cause serious water pollution if it is not properly managed.

The hydro geological characteristics of a site will have a critical bearing on the

need for and nature of measures to control leachate. If a landfill is located in an

area with permeable substrata, any leachate generated will rapidly pollute the

groundwater (and even surface water) unless an adequate barrier system is

installed.

The potential damage by leachate can also be more critical if the landfill is

located in a drinking water catchment, in a floodway subject to washout, or in a

high rainfall area. Surface water run-off from a landfill site can cause

unacceptable sediment loads in receiving waters, while uncontrolled surface


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water run-on can lead to excessive generation of leachate. Hence site selection

or locating a landfill plays important role for properly functioning plant.

Air Pollution Impacts

Landfills primarily produce methane and carbon dioxide which, if not contained,

can contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’. Unmanaged gas emissions also

represent a lost energy/fuel source. Landfill gas can also contain a variety of

corrosive, toxic or odorous components. Methane represents an explosion risk

which may occur on-site or off-site. So precautionary measures are essential

while dealing with landfill site operation;

Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources

The plot of land selected for the landfill has no significant vegetation cover, and

has already been cleared for crop production. Only few acacia trees are found

dispersed in the crop fields

Public Health and Safety Impacts

The workers engaged on the landfill operation may be exposed to

contamination and water born communicable diseases related to the waste.

Respiratory track infection can be posed due to odour problem at the site.

Significant odour problems could be caused by the operation of the landfill. The

major odour is due to the rotten organics, garbage and dead animals brought

to the site and are mainly felt during dumping of the waste. The unsanitary

conditions at a poorly managed landfill site can pose filth and odour problem in

the compound.

Odour can also be due to the release of decomposition products of organic

wastes. Gaseous products like methane and carbon Dioxide are produced due

to the anaerobic decomposition of the waste (organic material). These gases

are toxic substance for human health.

Hazardous and Loss of Amenity

Hazardous wastes pose the most significant management challenge given their

higher potential to cause harm as a result of their:

flammability

corrosively

potential to cause infection

Reactivity (violently reactive, oxidizing or explosive)

Toxicity.


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Landfills can also cause a localized loss of amenity due to litter, dust, odour,

noise, and vermin problems. Proximity to existing and proposed developments

and the strength and direction of prevailing winds will be key issues in this regard.

The potential hazards and amenity impacts from landfills include fire, birds, dust,

odour, pests, vermin and litter. Each of these potential impacts may occur on-

site or offsite.

Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard

Solid waste, Sludge and liquid waste treatment and disposal sites can attract

bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air

plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. Birds are attracted to feed on

the food available or generated due to the solid waste deposited. The solid

waste furnishes food material and litter for those organisms; pests, vermin and

other bigger wildlife, that in turn attract bird population to grow in the area.

During operation, birds, rats, dogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects may also

be attracted to (or breed on) removed and disposed fresh waste if left open

(uncovered). Insects will flourish if weeds and grasses have been allowed to

grow on the inside slopes of ponds. These serve as food for bigger mammals &

birds and encourage their habitation and growth in the premises. Bigger

mammals like hyenas can be attracted to feed on lower and smaller organisms

as well.

The proposed landfill site falls within the minimum distances considered to be

protection zones from waste treatment and landfill operations; 13-kms radius for

international Civil Aviation organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and

8-kms for Canada. However, it lies outside of the critical airport approach as well

as takeoff climb out area.

Impact Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measure Impacts on water sources

Leachate must be controlled within the landfill site, ensuring that neither

groundwater nor surface water is polluted. The design has to consider leachate

treatment facilities within the land fill design project and at the same location.

The treatment of the leachate should enable to prevent pollutants’ migration

into the water sources; either by percolation into ground water source or by

runoff into surface water body. A leachate treatment pond can stabilize the

pollutants by natural processes, while infiltration is avoided by use of proper

sealant material for the pond bottom. In addition, adequate side drainage

facility should be provided to avoid run on and runoff water from the landfill

areas.


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Mitigation Measure for Air Pollution Impacts

Landfill design, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the

following Environmental Goals:

Landfill gas must be controlled in such a way that:

it does not reach explosive concentrations

Greenhouse gas emissions are minimized

Landfill gas is sustainably utilized

Odorous emissions meet relevant environmental legislation

Airborne impurities, pathogens and toxins do not pose health risk to the

community.

Mitigation measure for Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife

The few trees removed due to the project should be compensated for the

owners in monitory terms, but also replacement trees have to be planted at sites

to be reserved as buffer zone around the landfill. Trees can reduce impacts due

to odor and smell in the premises of the landfill.

Mitigation measures for Public Health and Safety Impacts

To minimize such health hazards, proper safety and precautionary procedures

need to be followed. Measures include; training and awareness creation

programs for workers on safe waste handling and hazards protection measures,

provision of protective cloths and devices like gloves, goggles, protective cloths,

provision of adequate water and soaps for bathing, and adequate bathrooms

to enable them day to day bathing after work, their periodical health checkups,

vaccinations etc. The workers should have free health services and medical

checkups.

Condition maintenance in the landfill is essential for proper and effective

degradation of the pollutants. Monitoring and control of the landfill operation

and process adjustments is required to maintain good operating conditions.

Mitigation measures for Hazardous and Loss of Amenity

Landfill design, constructions, monitoring, management and remediation must

comply with the following Environmental Goals:

The waste type received should be checked before acceptance at the landfill.

Hazardous waste should be treated separately and should not be allowed for

direct disposal at municipal waste landfill

Unauthorized entry to the landfill site and to the waste tipping face needs

to be prevented.


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Vehicles leaving a landfill site must not distribute litter and site materials in

surrounding streets. Odours, dust, vermin, weeds and litter must be

effectively controlled on-site.

Noise emissions from the landfill operation must be kept to the minimum

and must comply with noise control requirements of the localities.

The landfill site must have adequate fire-fighting plans, equipment and

staff to effectively manage fire outbreaks at any part of the landfill site.

The level and nature of staffing the landfill site must be adequate for

environmentally responsible and safe management of the landfill.

Mitigation measures Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard

Therefore, strict monitoring of the landfill operation and site management

measures are required for the safety of the aviation activities in the premises.

Mitigation measures to be adopted for the project implementation should

endeavor to avoid and /or minimize the presence of these favorable conditions

for the birds not to be attracted to the site and for limiting their population

growth. The primary objective of the mitigation measures for limiting bird

attraction to the site should focus on reversing this situation, making the site

unfavorable for birds to inhabit it and breaking their food chain.

This entails upkeep of the sanitary conditions in the compound, creating noise

and movement disturbances, removal of grass and trees in the compound and

its premises etc.

The following are proposed measures to minimize bird population in the

compound;

The damped solid waste should not be left open for long and has to be

covered by soil material on a daily bases.

Clear the grass and any tree covers in the premises and avoid plantation

in the future. Grass heights should be kept as low as possible (below 20-

30cms), avoid grass growth at dike side walls.

The dispersal of hazardous bird and wildlife species has long been an

important component of any comprehensive wildlife control program.

Common dispersal techniques include pyrotechnics (brilliant display),

propane gas cannons, lasers and acoustic systems.

Arrange regular and frequent patrolling crew along the dikes surrounding

the landfill and in the compound in general by clamping hands or using

other sound producing devices to disturb the birds, not to settle and prey

in the area.

Install clearly visible sign posts and reflectors that are repellent to birds from

nearby areas


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In cases where the above mentioned measures fail to be effective; plastic

roofing would be used to cover the landfill. This can minimize bird species

that depend on waste and possible organisms in the compound. Most of the above mentioned measures are cost intensive and increase the running

cost of the project. Thus, strict daily cover application is imperative to minimize the

risk to aviation activity in the area.

Environmental Management and Monitoring plan The environmental management for the landfill will be a performance-based site

assessment and management to ensure landfill operators select the most

appropriate and innovative means of meeting the specified environmental

goals. Accordingly, the landfill Environmental Management will have to comply

with the following environmental goals;

Preventing or mitigating pollution of water by leachate.

Assuring quality of design, construction and operation

Assuring quality of incoming waste

Recording of wastes received

Minimizing landfill space used

Controlling gas emission

Maximization of recycling

Preventing unauthorized entry

Preventing degradation of local amenity

Preventing noise pollution

Arranging adequate fire-fighting capacity

organizing adequate staffing and training

Remediating landfill after closure

Conclusion and recommendation The currently selected site avoids most of the problems currently observed on the

existing disposal sites. The landfills design, construction and operation has to be

done to the satisfaction of the standard norms for environmental conservation,

public health and safety.

The operation and maintenances of the landfill should be strictly monitored and

appropriate measures be taken. Bird population has to be controlled by

employing the necessary mitigation measures.

So it is recommended that capacitating all the actors in the project

implementation is essential for the effectiveness and sustainability of the facility

provided. Well established environmental management plan and operational

guidelines have to be developed for the workers to follow.


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1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1.1. Introduction

1.1.1. Background to the EIA study

The guiding principle of sustainable development is to use scarce natural

resources more efficiently, and avoid the environmental impacts of waste

disposal .The waste management hierarchy to be advocated should, therefore,

recognize the following trend;

Avoiding waste

Re-using materials

Recycling and reprocessing materials

Waste disposal (if the first three are not possible)

Although we recognize that waste is best reduced or avoided at the point of

production or generation, we also recognize the need of reusing and recycling

those wastes that are generated. Inevitably, some waste will need to be

disposed of to landfill, which also needs to be carried out in an environmentally

effective and efficient manner.

The Bushoftu Municipality is committed to ensuring that this unavoidable waste

disposal is conducted in an environmentally responsible way. This includes

ensuring that project designers, contractors and operators are aware of the risks

that solid waste poses to the quality of air, water, and land and community

amenity. It also involves ensuring that these stakeholders take responsibility for

managing these risks in the most effective way possible by properly discharging

their respective responsibilities.

Land filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid

wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been identified as a preferred

technology option for treatment and disposal of solid waste generated in

Bushoftu City. EIA study for the landfill project implementation is, therefore,

planned to guide and ensure Environmental Compliance of the project

activities at all stages (design, construction, operation and closure of the landfill)

of the project implementation. TOR requires the consultant to conduct

investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of the

liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures as per the

guidelines and procedures set out in the Urban Local Government Development

Project (ULGDP) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).

That the consultant will prepare the Environmental Management Plan and/or

other applicable documents as may be required as per the ESMF.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a basic tool for the sound assessment

of development proposals; to determine the potential environmental, social and

economic effects of a proposed development. The environmental assessment

process supports the goals of liquid waste management, environmental

protection and sustainable development and helps to; integrate environmental


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protection and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an activity;

predict environmental, social, economic, and cultural consequences of a

proposed activity and plans to mitigate any adverse impacts resulting from the

proposed activity. It also provides opportunities for the involvement of

stakeholders in the review of the proposed activities.

1.1.2. Objectives of the EIA study

The landfill project is an environmental project by itself and has the objective of

environmental protection and conservation endeavors. It aims at minimizing the

adverse impacts that pollutants derived from solid waste could cause to he

natural environment and public health safety. The EIA study has the objective of

ensuring and supplementing the proper achievements of the overall objective of

the landfill project. Accordingly, the EIA study will have the following specific

objective;

Assesses the prevailing solid waste management practices and related

environmental problems

Tries to highlight environmental impacts due to existing disposal practices

Assesses potential impacts of the proposed landfill project implementation

Proposes possible mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse

environmental impacts

Proposes environmental management plan for the land fill construction

and operation

To conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the

construction of liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation

measures.

To prepare Environmental Management Plan for the project

implementation

1.1.3. Methodology of EIA Study

The EIA study followed standard procedures as per the EIA guidelines set by EPA,

and similar international guidelines.

Accordingly, Data collection, analyses of existing solid waste management

practices and its consequential impacts, analyses of alternative sites and site

selection for landfill construction, identification of possible impacts due to the

project and proposals for mitigation of adverse impacts have been made. Data

was collected both from primary and secondary sources; including site visit and

site investigation, consultation of relevant stakeholders, review of documents

and literature.


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2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework

The implementation of the project should be realized incompliance with the

available norms and standards, policy guidelines, legal and institutional frame

works. Projects to be implemented under the ULGDP should adhere to

acceptable environmental and social safeguards. The projects should, as far as

possible, not result in significant disturbance of sensitive ecological resources. It

should not result in involuntary resettlement and land acquisition and where this

is necessary, it is minimized by exploring all viable alternatives and where it is

unavoidable, compensation activities are prepared and implemented

2.1. Policy Framework

2.1.1. Environmental policy of Ethiopia

The environmental policy Ethiopia (EPE) of the Federal Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 (EPA/MEDAC

1997). It is based on the CSE which was developed through a consultative

process over the period 1989-1995.

The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and

deficiencies which, in the past, have led to serious environmental degradation.

It is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic

development strategy of the country, known as Agricultural Development-Led

Industrialization (ADLI), and other key national policies.

The EPE’s overall policy goal may be summarized in terms of the improvement

and enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and the

promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the

adoption of sound environmental management principles. Specific policy

objectives and key guiding principles are set out clearly in the EPE, and expand

on various aspects of the overall goal. The policy contains sectoral and cross-

sectoral policies and also has provisions required for the appropriate

implementation of the policy itself.

2.1.2. Sectoral Policies

Several detailed sectoral environmental policies are currently in various stages of

preparation, or are completed and endorsed. Some of the sectoral

environmental policies cover:

Soil husbandry and sustainable agriculture

Forest woodland and tree resources

Genetic species and ecosystem bio-diversity

Water, energy and mineral resources

Human settlement, urban environment and environmental health

Pollution from industrial waste and hazardous materials

Atmospheric pollution and climatic change


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Cultural and natural heritage

2.1.3. Water resource and sanitation policies and legislatives

Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (EWRMP),1997 deals with the

general water resources management policy and different sub sectoral

issues; Water supply and sanitation , irrigation development, & hydropower.

The policy, under section - 2.2.2 discusses the issue of environment, water

shade management and water resources protection and conservation issues.

The policy discusses the sanitation policy under the water supply and sanitation

sub sector. The policy among other issues emphasizes the adoption and

promotion of affordable and culturally acceptable low cost sanitation

technology options, setting of frameworks, coordination of efforts and

encouraging involvement of stakeholders both government and non

government institutions, the integration of water supply and sanitation, need for

setting frame works affirming the inseparable nature of water supply and

sanitation activities and need for decentralized approaches for sanitation

projects implementation and management are some of the guiding principles

indicated in the policy.

2.1.4. The Health Policy of Ethiopia

The health policy under its articles; Article 3.4 reads developing safe disposal of

human, house hold, agricultural, and industrial wastes, and encouragement of

recycling. Article 5.3 reads prevention of environmental pollution with

hazardous chemical wastes

Public health proclamation No 200/2000 was promulgated by the Federal

Republic of Ethiopia on 9th march 2000. The proclamation is meant to promote

the participation of the society in the health sector and enforce the objectives

of the health policy of Ethiopia. The proclamation under its part –II discuses

public health issues including; Food quality control, water quality control, waste

handling and disposal, Availability of toilet facilities, control of bathing places

and pools etc. The article which deals with waste handling and disposal further

elaborates that;

Any person shall collect waste in a specially designated place and in a manner

which does not affect the health of the society.

No person shall dispose solid, liquid or another waste in a manner which

contaminates the environment or affects the health of the society.

Any solid, liquid and other wastes generated from hospitals should be handled

with special care and their disposal procedures should meet the standards set

by the public health authorities.


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2.1.5. National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy for Ethiopia

The strategy is set as a road map which leads to 100% adoption of improved

sanitation and hygiene in Ethiopia. The 100% adoption of improved sanitation

and hygiene is defined from Ethiopia’s perspective as the process where people

demand, develop and sustain a hygienic and healthy environment for

themselves by erecting barriers to prevent the transmission of diseases, primarily

from faecal contamination. The strategy paper further elaborates that improved

sanitation and hygiene is about erecting physical and behavioral barriers to stop

contamination, and emphasizes that the primary barriers have the biggest

preventive impacts and concentrate on the safe management of faeces to

prevent contact with fields, fluids, fingers, feet, flies and food.

2.1.5.1. National Hygiene and On-site Sanitation Protocol

The protocol is designed to follow the national strategy for universal access

(100% hygienic and sanitized households) of hygiene and sanitation. It is

primarily concerned with the safe ‘On – site’ containment and management of

human excreta in the domestic, institutional and public context.

The objective of the protocol is described as to improve implementation of the

National Strategy for Hygiene and ‘on – site’ Sanitation improvement at Local

Authority level. The protocol gives a clear set of guidelines for all stakeholders

promoting Improved Hygiene and Sanitation (HIS), leading to better co-

ordination and clearer lines for responsibility at the national, regional, zonal and

woreda(district) levels.

Strengthen the integration of all programmes with an HIS components

within woreda development plans and the health extension services

program.

Provide the basis for a comprehensive budgeting and investment frame

work

Improve sector co-ordination with all HIS stakeholders working from one

set of guidelines

Define minimum standards and a frame work for information

management and monitoring to ensure adequate sub sector

performance evaluation.

The protocol will be applied in all aspects of Hygiene and sanitation promotion.

It will ensure that all development partners and NGOs adhere to the protocol

when promoting improved hygiene and ‘on-site’ sanitation in each locality.


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The protocol is a simple eight step guide to the improved Hygiene and on -site

sanitation program cycle. These steps are to be followed by all those engaged in

promoting Hygiene and on –site sanitation improvements in Ethiopia. The eight

steps are briefly outlined as Step; 1) Participatory situation analyses, 2)

Advocacy, 3) Inter-sectoral broad based planning(reflecting mandates), 4)

Human resource development, supervision, reporting, 5) Financing Improved

Hygiene and Sanitation, 6)HIS promotion, empowerment and enforcement, 7)

Access to hardware for latrines and 8) Monitoring and evaluation linked

Information management system

2.1.6. International Conventions, safeguard policies & Guidelines

There are several international conventions and guidelines regarding

environmental protection, water and sanitation issues. Some of those include;

2.1.7. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

The charter was adopted in June 27, 1981 and affirmed that equality of all

human beings to be respected and practically recognized.

The Human Rights Council also made an important legal statement:

“Emphasizing that international human rights law instruments, including the

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the

Convention on the Right of the Child, entail obligations in relation to access to

safe drinking water and sanitation." This statement clearly indicates that all

governments are bound by human rights obligations to ensure access to safe

drinking water and sanitation for all.

The charter reiterates that Recognition of the right to water and sanitation is a

useful resource for governments and civil society. It is therefore, absolutely

necessary to support words with actions, and to mobilize the expertise and

independence of United Nations human rights bodies in support of

implementation.

2.1.8. World Bank Safe guard Policies

There are 10 safeguard policy frameworks set for projects financed by the World

Bank fund, and are required to be met as regards to environmental and social

safeguards. These include; OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04

Natural Habitats, OP/BP 4.36 Forests, OP 4.09 Pest Management, OP/BP 4.11,

Physical Cultural Resources, OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples, OP/BP 4.12

Involuntary Resettlement, OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams, OP 7.50 Projects in

International Waters, OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas


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2.2. Legal Frameworks 2.2.1. Federal level proclamations

Environmental impact assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002 is

promulgated in December 2002

Environmental Protection Organs Establishment proclamation No. 295/

2002 was provided in October 2002.

Environmental pollution control proclamations NO. 300/2002 sets rules on

control of pollution, management of hazardous waste, chemical and

radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes, outlines

sectors that require environmental standard, environmental inspectors,

incentives, rights to appeal, Offences and penalty.

2.2.2. Land tenure and rural land administration

The Constitution of the FDRE states that the right to ownership of rural and urban

land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the state and in the

people of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the constitution indicates that land is a common

property of the nations, nationalities and the people of Ethiopia and shall not be

subjected to sale or to other means of transfer.

The right of private property is guaranteed by the constitution; under Article-40

the right of property, it is stated that every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the

ownership of private property. However, the government may expropriate

private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of

compensation commensurate to the value of the property

Rural land use and Administration Proclamation NO.456/2005 describes; the right

to hold and use rural land, acquisition and use of rural land, transfer and

duration of rural land use right, obligation of rural land users. Restrictions on rural

land use (land use planning and proper use of sloppy, galley and wetlands.

Proclamation No. 455/ 2005 specifically promulgated and provided provisions

for compensations. Proclamation NO455/2005 discusses on expropriation of land

holding, determination of compensation, base and amount of compensation,

displacement compensations valuation of property.

Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007, Regulation on payment of

Compensation for property situated on land holding expropriated for public

purposes. This regulation discusses the assessment of compensation for

properties, provision of replacement land and payment of displacement

compensation.


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2.3. Institutional Set up

At federal level the Ministry of Water Resources(MOWR), Ministry of

Health,(MOH), Federal Environmental Protection Authority ( EPA) hold the overall

responsibilities of water recourses management and environmental sanitation

issues; and for policy preparation and guidance. It is also expected that federal

level ministries and bureaus to provide technical support to regional water

bureaus and health institutions. At regional level there are respective bureaus

with delegated responsibilities and authorities to plan and implement projects.

For urban centers like Bishoftu city administration, development of social service

facilities is the responsibility of the city administration and municipalities.

Accordingly, the sanitation service in Bishoftu city administration is shared

among different departments and agencies;

Bishoftu Water Supply & Sewerage Authority

Bishoftu Sanitation, Beautification & Parks Development Work process

Bishoftu Health Bureau

Regulatory and law enforcement department

The sanitation, beautification and parks development agency undertakes both

service delivery and development works in the waste management, greening,

solid waste collection & disposal, liquid waste collection & disposal, tree

plantation.

Health bureau is responsible for health regulations, while malpractices and

illegal deeds as regards to environmental sanitation are controlled by the

regulatory and law enforcement department.

3. Baseline environmental conditions

3.1. Location and Climatic conditions

The Sanitary land fill Project is found in Bishoftu City, Easter shawa Zone, of

Oromya National regional state. The project areas are situated at the City of

Bishoftu, which is the nearest city of the capital city of the country, Addis-Ababa.

In addition, the project area is located between latitude of 08°44’ N and

longitudes of 38°59' E. The land area of the city is estimated at 11, 000 hectare. It

has moderate climatic condition with temperature ranges between 16oC to 24 o

C; and average rainfall of 860mm. The major rainy season lasts from July to

September. The total area of the sanitary landfill of Bishoftu city is 10 hectares

including damping bed, leachate pond, Guard house, runoff collecting pond

and others. However, the actual size of the damping bed that will

accommodate the solid waste is 6 hectares and the leachate pond is 0.2

hectare.


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3.2. Geology and soils

The Bushoftu area is mainly covered by volcanic rocks (about the 70% of the

studied area) and the sedimentary rocks consist of alluvial cover and lacustrine

sequences

3.3. Water Resources of the city

3.3.1. Surface Water resource

Major surface water source is the Wadeecha River and its tributaries coming

from the steep flanks of Mt. Sokoru and Mt. Yerer. Other major surface water

source is the crater lakes and seasonal ponds surrounding the city. These include;

Bushoftu Lake, Babo Gay Lake, Arsedi Lake and Hidha Lake. Seasonal ponds like

Cheleleka, Chafe Anan and small surface water storages are also considered as

water source potential of the area.

Most of these surface sources fall within the city catchments and receive runoff

from the surrounding hills and from the urban centers as well. Hence, they are

prone for pollution impacts generating from the urban areas. Lakes Bushoftu,

Arsedi, Babo Gaya and Chaleleka pond are found in the settled urban areas

while Hodha Lake is at about 7km from the center city.

These lakes have social, economic and cultural significance both at national

level and for the surrounding community in particular. They serve as recreational

and tourist attraction sites, as fishing ground. Moreove, Lake Arsedi has cultural

significance and is a place where Iretcha celebration takes place. Lots of visitors

and worshipers come to Bushoftu during the Iretcha celebration for prayer and

as visitors.

3.3.2. Ground Water

According to a geological survey report of the Bushoftu draft master plan study,

rock units of the area are classified as aquifers of moderate to high water

permeability and productivity in general. In particular, the highly weathered and

fractured basalts and those quaternary volcanic sediments are usually

described as best aquifer materials; and hence, they are defined as materials of

high permeability and productivity. Therefore, it could be concluded that there

is high groundwater potential around Bishoftuu town.

Areas with good ground water potential have been identified at; slightly

inclined flat surface located on the north and northwest of the town known as

Dambi and Qurqura, and along the flat surface of Chalalaka area; Shumbura

Meda and Garbi where the existing wells are located.

These potential water sources have to be protected from possible pollution

effects; and hence landfills should not be located in their premises and


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recharge zones. Site selection for the landfill project has to take this factor into

account

3.3.3. Water Supply Sources

Bushoftu city gets its water supply mainly from ground water sources. The major

existing boreholes are located in Shumbura Meda and in the Dambi plain, while

there are also numbers of privately owned boreholes dispersed at different

locations in the city. Table below shows the location, depth and yield of the

existing Bishoftu water supply sources.

Table 0-1: Water Supply Sources of Bishoftu

Location Depth Driled Year G.C

Altitude Yield (l/s) Local Name Easting Nothing

Shumbura Meda

500506 974375 76.5 1988 1922 5

Shumbra Meda

500893 973736 72.65 1988 1908 5

Shumbura Meda

501008 974271 70.67 1988 1910 15

Shumbura Meda

500426 943847 76.6 1988 1890 15

Shumbura Meda

501416 973736 76.15 1988 1908 15

Shumbura Meda

500788 973332 74.1 1988 1906 5

Dambi 492821 969251 116.3 2005 1905 5.3

Source: Bishooftuu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban

planning institute, April, 2009

Water quality assessment was made and reported in August 2009 by water

quality control laboratory of the Oromia Water Resources Bureau, for water

supplied in Bushoftu town. According to this report the quality of water sample

collected from a newly developed borehole at Kurkura No.1 site was found to

be unfit (contaminated) for potability from bacteriological quality points of view,

while the physico-chemical characteristic was within the accepted limit. Due this

fact water supplied in the city is disinfected by chlorination. Chlorination is also

helpful to prevent accidental pollution risks caused in the pipe system; and

hence residual chlorine has been a major yard stick to check the safety of the

water supplied as well. After chlorination all samples collected from different

locations in the system were found to be safe and fit for domestic consumption.


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The possible cause of pollution for the raw water source of the boreholes can be

the unsanitary situations in the city which is related to poor waste management.

3.4. Liquid Waste Management

The liquid waste in the town generates both from domestic, industries and

institutional establishments. Dry pit latrines are the dominant type of toilet, while

flush toilets are also available mainly in institutions and hotels.

There are 6 public toilets of which only 3 are functional. Though the municipality

has provided six public toilets, it is not yet adequate. The existing public toilets do

not meet the existing demand. Some of the existing public toilets are not giving

adequate service as they are out of service for long time. As a result open

defecation is also observed. The liquid waste generated in the town is disludged

and transported to disposal site by vacuum truck.

3.5. Public Health Situation

The health problem and disease causes among the city population are mainly

communicable diseases water and/or air born diseases. Major factor

contributing to these diseases is the poor waste management and pollution

impacts of both the air and water resources of the area.

Health facilities in the city include 2-Hospitals, 1- health center, 12 – Private clinics,

5-facory owned clinics, 16-farmacies.

Table 0-2: most prevalent diseases in Bishoftu City

Sr.

No.

Disease type Number

of cases

Percentage

of all cases 1 Intestinal Disease 5221 10.5

2 Lower respiratory tract infection

4856 9.7

3 Disease of UTI 4801 9.6

4 Arthritis and spondilities

402.3 8.1

5 Upper Respiratory tract infection

3990 8

6 Disease of GIT 3605 7.2

7 skin diseases 3415 6.8

8 Homicide, injuries purposely inflicted by others

3067 6.1

9 Disease of gum and teeth

2876 5.7

10 Gastrities and doudonitis

2410 4.8


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Others 11500 23.1

Total cases 49,764 100

Source: Bishoftu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban

planning institute, April, 2009

3.6. Existing Solid Waste Management Practices

3.6.1. Solid Waste Generation

The current city population is estimated at about 150,000 people in 2009. The

housing units in the city are over 33,000. According to information obtained from

the Bushoftu health bureau, the per-capita solid waste generation rate is

estimated at 0.186kg/c/d. The total daily solid waste generated from domestic

source is, therefore, estimated at 27,900kg/day.


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Table-1.3: Residential solid waste generation rate, Feb. 2005

Source: Bushoftu

Health bureau

The measurement made on samples collected from representative house holds

in the city demonstrate the solid waste compositions as described in table - 4.1

above. According to this data ashes and dust constitute 46.78%, food staff and

peelings 20.97%, leaves and grasses 10.21 %, metal and glasses 8.6%, while the

remaining components account for the balance.

In terms of bio-degradability and combustibility, the solid waste composition is

classified as 55.37% combustible, and 44.63 as none – Combustible waste; while

66.13 is bio-degradable & 33.87% is none-biodegradable.

On the other hand, the recently produced master plan study report of August

2009 makes the following estimates and projections.

There are also number of industries and establishments that contribute to the

solid waste production of the city including; Floor mills, leather factory

(tanneries), plastic factory, soap factory, dairy farms, abattoir. On the other hand

big institutions like the Ethiopian Air Force base, Defense Engineering College,

veterinary science college, Ethiopian management Institute, hospital and other

health institutions, big hotels and recreational sites etc contribute significant

volume of solid waste to be collected from the city. The quantity and

composition of solid waste from industrial sources vary according to their raw

material and byproducts obtained from the processing. The wastes from

industries and hospitals can contain hazardous material and require site specific

and factory specific investigation and decision, for the waste management and

Type /composition of solid waste

Rate of generation/cap/d

Percentage by weight

Ashes 0.043 23.12

Leaves & wooden branches(Chat)

0.009 4.84

Chewed and left over of sugar cane

0.008 4.30

Food staff & peelings 0.039 20.97

Dust,(soil material) 0.044 23.66

Textiles 0.008 4.3

Paper 0.005 2.69

Plastics 0.004 2.15

Metal & glass material 0.016 8.6

Grasses and leaves 0.010 5.37

Total 0.186 100


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treatment requirements. Some of the industries generate wastes that can be

directly accepted at landfills along with domestic refuses; while some that are

suspected of containing hazardous wastes may require special treatment

separately. The Bushoftu Hospital and some of the industries have such

arrangements and facilities for sorting and disposing hazardous substances. A

typical example is the incinerator plant used in Bushofu hospital compound

where substances considered as hazardous are collected and incinerated

separately. Even in such institutions having separate facilities for hazardous waste

handling, it is seen that plastic materials including gloves are burnt open air

contributing to air pollution effects. This may be due to awareness and

knowledge gap in identifying and characterizing waste types and can be

rectified with medium range training and orientation.

The master plan study identifies the abattoir in the city as generating significant

solid waste and liquid waste that threatens the environment and public health

safety. These institutions are disposing the waste haphazardly in the open air

environment. There are more than five slaughterhouses in the town, which have

different levels of slaughtering capacity. These include a municipal

slaughterhouse and four private commercial abattoirs

Some of the assessed abattoirs have characteristic waste disposal arrangements

as described in table below.

Generally all abattoirs produce large amount of solid wastes, use large quantity

of water and discharge effluent with high content of blood, fat, waste and

cleaning detergents. Emission of odour from liquid and solid wastes is significant

problem particularly where abattoirs are in the vicinity of residential areas. The

overview of the existing abattoirs is discussed briefly as in table below.

The waste disposal of all the abattoirs is done haphazardly and is causing

significant adverse impacts on the public health and social well fare. All of the

abattoirs are located in densely settled areas and/or expansion sites.


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Table 0-4: Abattoir waste management in Bushofu city

Name of

intitution

capacity Waste

generation

Disposal site Complaints

Municipal

Abatoir

30 cattle per day

and 1 sheep / goat

per week are

slaughtered

Solid & & Liquid

waste

Solid wastes like

offalis either disposed

in pitsor on open field,

burned, soled to

individual users,

o Aesthetic

problem

Odour problem

sources and soil

Pollution of water

sources and soil

Create ground for

vectors and

ELFORAAbattoir 10 cattle, 300 sheep

and 400 goats are

slaughtered per da

Solid & & Liquid

waste

Incineration, burying,

and selling to

individuals.

occasionally open field

disposal

Odour problem

sources and soil

Pollution of water

sources and soil

Create ground for

vectors and

Hashim Abattoir 400 sheep/goats are

slaughtered daily

Solid & & Liquid

waste

Open dump Odour problem

sources and soil

Pollution of water

sources and soil

Create ground for

vectors and

Alema

Farm(Poultry

and Pig

Slaughters)

1500 chicken and

5pigs are

slaughtered

Solid & & Liquid

waste

Septic tanks and pits

for solid waste.

Odour problem

sources and soil

Pollution of water

sources and soil

Create ground for

vectors and

cause health

problem

Source: Summerized From Bishoftu structural plan preparation project,

Oromia urban planning institute, April, 2009

3.6.2.Solid Waste Collection and Storage

The responsibility of solid waste collection and disposal is entrusted to the city

sanitation, beautification and parks agency. The agency is responsible for the

overall solid waste management in the city, while there are also private

entrepreneurs involved in the collection service provision. There are 4- micro-


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enterprises already engaged in the solid waste collection service provision. The

sanitation, beautification and parks agency estimates that about 20% of the

collection is done by the private entrepreneurs at present.

The collection operation seems to be on a better condition as compared to

previous years since the municipality has acquired additional track and Skip

transporter. However, open field disposal is still significant.

Open dumping has reduced on major streets and at densely populated areas.

This is due to the availability of additional communal solid waste collection

containers on the one hand, while the house to house collection is facilitated by

private waste collectors (youth associations) on the other hand. There are 4-

micro-enterprises in the 9-kebeles of Bishoftu city.

The micro-entrepreneurs collect the solid waste against payments made by

each house hold. The private operators charge 10 -15 Birr/ month for collection

and transportation of house hold refuse; and 40 – 50 birr/month for institutions.

They collect the waste from the houses and transport it to the communal

containers located in the premises of community settlement areas at each

kebele. At house hold level some of the dwellers use different dust bins and

plastic bugs, while the rest still store or dispose at road sides, street corners and at

back yards. There are 50 newly purchased communal type containers of which

30 have already been placed at transfer stations for temporary storage of waste

collected from each household. These containers have storage capacity of 7

m3 each.


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Fig-4.1: Solid waste containers/skips for

communal use

Fig-4.2: newly purchased skip transporter

Data collected in 2005 indicates that over 50% of the filled containers stay more

than 6-days before lifted and transported to disposal site. However, one

additional skip transporter has been acquired since then, and the rate of

emptying the containers is expected to have been improved. Master plan study

Report (Bishoftu structural Plan, Environmental Study Report of Bishoftu Town,

august 2009) also emphasizes that open field disposal is still significant.

Currently the city has 1- skip transporter, 3-dump trucks and one trailer type

tractor for transportation of the solid waste to a disposal site. It is estimated that

about 170m3 solid waste is daily transported using those trucks and machines.

Relatively the collection operation has shown improvements as compared to

other urban centers of Ethiopia, and to the previous situation in the Bushoftu

itself. The sanitation, beautification and park development agency has plans to

further improve the waste collection by re-enforcing the current trend of

involving private operators and by providing additional facilities. Awareness

creation programs are arranged for institutions and service providers like hotel

owners on proper waste management and sanitation promotion activities. It is

planned to raise the collection rate to 250m3/day during the coming fiscal year.


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3.6.3. Solid Waste Disposal

In spite of the significant improvement being observed as regards to the solid

waste collection operation; the disposal method and disposal facilities remain

unchanged and is still posing risks to both the natural and socio-economic

environment.

The waste collected is disposed on open field at a place called Golba in Kebele-

05, some 1.5km away from the center town. The disposal site is surrounded by

mountain ridges at distant location, but there are settlement areas, a church

and agricultural fields (crops, animal grazing, children play ground) just adjacent

to the disposed waste. The major problems associated with the disposal site are:

the site being crop field and grazing ground where children and farmers

frequently stay, has no fence, no soil cover, it is surrounded by housing areas and

religious sites, is planned future expansion area, nuisance and health hazard for

people living nearby, it is very close airport (takeoff and landing route), it falls in a

seasonal flood plain land etc.

Fig-4.3: Existing Golba disposal site is surrounded by; crop field, houses, church, and

animal grazing ground.

3.7. Public health situation

According Health center sources 80% of medical cases treated in the health center

are related to communicable diseases. Major Public health problems recorded in

the hospitals of the city include; diarrhea, amoebic dysentery and bacillary


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dysentery, Giardia, Ascariasis, etc. which are directly related to personal

hygiene and poor sanitation. It is also recorded that about 200 people were

affected by epidemics due to water contamination in Quraqure area in

November 2001 EC.

The most common diseases of the city population are those of water born and

water related communicable diseases. These diseases are related to personal

hygiene and unsanitary conditions of the living environment, the major being

the liquid waste mismanagement and lack of sanitation facilities.

3.8. Impacts of Current Solid Waste Disposal

Impacts due to the current solid waste management practices are those related

to:

Public health impacts

Bird strike risks

Water source pollution

Air pollution

Soil pollution and

Aesthetics

3.8.1. Public health Impacts

The surrounding community complains of the odor, health and safety risks to

animals, children and aesthetically debilitating situation created at such a close

proximity to the center town. The plastics spreading all over the grazing ground is

posing risks to the animal grazing. The odor poses significant health risks to the

surrounding dwellers and to the worshipers of the church. During the site visit it

could be observed that scavengers were busily sorting reusable material.

The odor emanating from the waste is affecting the health of the surrounding

community; leachate from the waste deposited forms stagnant water ponds at

downstream and is creating favorable ground for mosquito breeding. Moreover,

the leachate gradually percolates into the ground water sources and can have

potential for polluting the sources. Aesthetically the damping area is filthy and

odorous, to the extent that passerby people cannot bear breathing in the area.

Lots of scavengers including wildlife gather in the open damp areas, creating

risks to the surrounding dwellers and property

3.9. Impact on Water Resource

The leachate from the heaps of solid waste has created water ponding at

downstream side (fig- above). The leachate is highly polluted with the various


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pollutants extracted from the waste and can contain hazardous materials and

pathogens. The leachate gradually infiltrates to the ground water sources and

also spills into surface water sources at downstream side

3.10. Bird Strike Hazard

Solid waste disposal sites can attract bird population in the area and be cause

for bird strikes, collision and risk to air plane if located within takeoff and landing

routes. The current solid waste disposal site is located at about 1.5 kms distance

from the Debrezeit Air Force base where numbers of airplanes for training and/

or for mission flight are deployed. The disposal site falls within the minimum

distances considered to be protection zones from landfill or waste treatment

plant operations; 13-kms radius for international Civil Aviation Organization, (

I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and 8-kms for Canada.

The existing solid waste disposal site is only 1.5km away from the runoff route of

the air planes. There are number of birds coming to the site to feed on the

rubbish disposed. Several bird strikes have been experienced by the air force in

the premises, and the administration has been complaining of the site being

used as disposal for waste.

Waste disposal sites facilitate the survival of worms, insects, fish, frogs, crabs, etc.

which in turn attracts the various species of birds. On the other hand trees in the

surroundings serve as potential feeding, breeding and nesting grounds.

4. The Proposed Solid Waste Landfill Project

A properly designed landfill is required to receive and treat the solid waste

generated in the Bushoftu city; so as to avert the current environmental pollution

and public health risks associated to the existing problem of solid waste disposal.

The project work will involve construction of a standard landfill for solid waste

treatment and disposal; construction of access road to the landfill site and

access roads within the plant compound. In the process of implementation of

this project, both positive environmental impacts and negative impacts are

anticipated.

4.1. Brief Description of Landfill Project

Solid waste treatment in landfill involves both physico-chemical and biological

processes. The solid waste has to be sorted out into hazardous and none

hazardous material before receiving for treatment.


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The solid waste dumped is compacted in layers, followed by soil cover for every

cycle. The covered waste pile is then left to decompose and stabilize. The land

filled waste undergoes five distinct phases of decomposition as either aerobic or

anaerobic decomposition. In the process of decomposition several gaseous

products are generated as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and hydrogen

that escape into the atmosphere. Also some carboxylic acids like acetic acid,

Butric acid are generated and get out along with the leachate generated.

4.2. Environmental requirement of Landfill projects

There are five principal environmental management techniques which have to

be considered during implementation of a landfill project in order to achieve the

best environmental outcome:

Site selection - an appropriate location will have natural barriers and buffer

distances to help reduce environmental risk

Design and construction - including all aspects of the design and construction

of the landfill and associated infrastructure

monitoring - including all performance and quality monitoring and reporting

of air, water, noise and waste

Site operations management - including all operational measures required to

manage a landfill in an environmentally acceptable manner

Remediation and post-closure management - including the measures

needed to minimize the impact of closed landfills and ensure the beneficial

use of landfill sites after closure.

It is important to realize that environment protection is achieved through a

combination of good planning and an integrated and thorough approach to

design, operation and management. There is no substitute for selecting an

environmentally sound site and adopting ongoing management measures to

protect the environmental integrity of the site. Appropriate site selection for

landfill operation is, therefore, very essential for safe and sound environmental

protection endeavors.

5. Analyses of Alternatives

5.1. Alternative sludge treatment sites

The location of a landfill is a primary determinant of the extent to which a landfill

poses an environmental risk.

Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental

management tool. The aim is to avoid the need for impact mitigation and


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ongoing management by selecting a site where natural barriers protect

environmental quality and where there will not be adverse impact on existing

and future development.

Golba site(existing site)(1.5km from flight route)

Qajima-1 (Godguada plain) (2.8km from flight route)

Qajima-2 (hillside) (2.9km )from flight route

The analyses for the alternative potential landfill sites are based on comparative

evaluation of expected significant impacts as illustrated in table- below. The

check list is rated as Positive (+) impacts or negative (-) impacts expected of the

project, depending on site specific conditions. The assigned ratings of impacts

are as follows;

0 = No impact, 1= low impact, 2= Moderate impact, 3= High impact, 4 =

Unknown impact

Table 0-5: Comparative analyses of potential landfill sites

Assessment criteria Golba site

Qajima site-1

Qajima site-2

Accessibility & travel distance -2 -3 The land use is not compatible with the intended project use, and is also close to the industrial zone of the town, thus, rejected by the study team

Proximity to houses, cultural & historical sites -3 -2

Proximity to air port -3 -2

Natural barrier 2 3

Existing & planned Land use -3 -2

Ground water source & recharge areas -1 -1

Surface water discharges -2 -1

Flood plains, wetlands and flood routes -2 -2

Vegetations/forest cover -2 -1

Direction of prevailing wind towards sensitive areas

-3 -2

Aesthetics and noise pollution -3 -2

Proximity to existing or planned quarry where blasting is undertaken

-1 -1

Proximity to overhead electric line or buried cable etc

-1 -2

Proximity to Utility service lines, 2 1

Total -22 -17

Note: The grading of each assessment criteria is based on personal observations

and judgments.


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Site-1: Golba site

This site is found in Kebele - 05, it is surrounded by Libne Dingle Mt. to the South

West, Hora mountain to North –Eastern side (Fig- above). There are number of

settlements and condominium buildings under construction in the premises and

along the hill sides. It is a seasonal flood plain, fertile crop field and livestock

grazing ground. It is surrounded by forest covered hills. There is also a church on

the nearby mountain where Orthodox Christian worshipers frequently visit for

prayers.

Moreover, this site falls within the corridor of the air plane flight route (takeoff and

landing run way). It is only about 1.5km away from the run way and only 1km

from the city center.

The recent master plan study also does not consider this site as waste disposal

site and recommends shifting of the solid as well as the liquid disposal to other

sites.

Site-1: Qajima -1 :(Godguada) site

It is found in a peasant association next to Kebele 03 in the south – eastern

direction. It is a depressed plain land surrounded by hills and mountains in all

directions. The site is bounded by hills and mountain ranges like; Godguada

Mountain to north –west and Gara Beru hill in the south and eastern sides. Just

on the other side of the Gara Beru ridge is the Ethiopian Air Force Base at about

2.8km distance. However, the Air force administration has confirmed that the site

is outside of the airplane runway corridor.

The plain land is an intensively cultivated crop field and partly used as livestock

grazing ground. There is no significant forest or tree cover; only acacia trees are

found dispersed here and there in the crop fields. The runoff water from the

surrounding hills does not have drainage outlet and seasonally stays ponding in

the flood plain.


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Fig-6.2: Farmers’ houses at the age of the crop

fields

Fig-6.3: Consultation with a would be PAP

6. Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project The implementation of the landfill project can have both positive and negative

impacts on the environment; both natural and socio-economic environment.

The environmental issues of primary concern in relation to land filling and landfill

operations are:

Water pollution - i.e. discharges of pollutants to ground and surface

waters.

Air pollution - i.e. emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere

Land management and conservation

Hazards and loss of amenity

Bird strike Risks

Public health risks

These impacts and concerns are observed mainly during the operation and site

closure of landfills. However, impacts during construction of the land fill and

access road can also be caused to other environmental components and

properties in the Right – Of – Way of the project

6.1. Beneficial /Positive impacts of the project

The beneficial impacts associated with project implementation are largely

related to improvements in health conditions for the city residents and to the


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quality and safety of environmental resources (water sources, soil and air) by

improving the waste collection and treatment.

The positive environmental impacts attained from the liquid waste project

include:

Improved public health; minimizing health risks by improving sewage

collection and treatment;

Alleviation of odor and visual nuisances in the served areas;

Prevention of surface water and groundwater contamination by

stopping the discharge of untreated sewage into nearby streams/open

grounds;

Creation of new employment opportunities during the construction and

operation phase of the sewerage system.

Creation of opportunity for resource conservation and reuse.

The current liquid waste management practice has significantly degraded the

water resources within the city catchments and outside. Surface water courses

are heavily polluted with the waste discharges and have prohibited the water to

be used even during the rainy seasons when surface flow is in excess. Beside the

aquatic life expected to inhabit those river systems are damaged and are none

existent.

6.2. Positive impacts of the landfill project

The solid waste collection and storage within the city and at house hold level is

gradually improving in Bushoftu town. However, the disposal of the solid waste is

posing significant adverse impacts on the environment and as well on the public

health. The solid waste collected is haphazardly dumped at open field just about

1-km from the center town and is posing problems as described under section-4

above. The implementation of the landfill project will alleviate all those problems

and create conducive living environment in the city.

The city has high tourism potential and is gifted with numbers of tourist attraction

sites. Recent development of resorts and lake side recreational sites is attracting

more tourists in the area and more is expected in the future. The need for

standard sanitary infrastructure is, therefore, a prerequisite for the tourism trade

to grow. The implementation of the landfill can have significant contribution in

this respect.

However, land filling of waste can also pose adverse impacts to the

environmental resources and to socio-economic welfare of the community, if

not properly planned, designed, constructed and operated to meet the


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intended objectives. Major adverse impacts of solid waste landfill are discussed

under the following section.

6.3. Adverse impacts of the landfill project and proposed mitigation measures

The adverse impacts of implementing the landfill project can be caused both

during construction and operation phases. Construction phase impacts are

related to site clearance, excavation, material site development and spoil soils

disposal. Major impacts will be felt at the landfill site, along the access road to

the site and at material production sites. Operation phase impacts on the other

hand, are mainly observed in the premises of the landfill site and along the waste

haulage road route. These adverse impacts are manifested in the form of loss of

vegetation cover, soil erosion, loss of properties and crops, water source

pollution, air pollution, risks to public health and safety, Bird strike risks of air plane,

landscape & aesthetics problem. Hence, landfill design, monitoring,

management and remediation must comply with the respective migration

management plan to minimize the anticipated adverse impacts and o comply

with the desired environmental goals:

6.3.1. Impacts on water sources

During construction excavated soil may get into water sources and cause water

quality deterioration and siltation problem. Spoil soils generate from ground

excavation for landfill, paving and grading for access roads and at material

production sites.

During operation phase of the landfill; ground and surface waters can be

contaminated by untreated leachate from landfill sites. Leachate percolates

through landfills as a result of infiltration and/or decomposition of the wastes. It

may cause serious water pollution if it is not properly managed.

The hydro geological characteristics of a site will have a critical bearing on the

need for and nature of measures to control leachate. If a landfill is located in an

area with permeable substrata, any leachate generated will rapidly pollute the

groundwater (and even surface water) unless an adequate barrier system is

installed.

The potential damage by leachate can also be more critical if the landfill is

located in a drinking water catchment, in a floodway subject to washout, or in a


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high rainfall area. Surface water run-off from a landfill site can cause

unacceptable sediment loads in receiving waters, while uncontrolled surface

water run-on can lead to excessive generation of leachate. Hence site selection

or locating a landfill plays important role for properly functioning plant.

Proposed Mitigation measures

Avoid entry of spoil soil in to water body by timely carting and stockpiling at

designated disposal site. Site selection should avoid catchments where water

sources are located as far as possible.

Leachate must be controlled within the landfill site, ensuring that neither

groundwater nor surface water is polluted. The design has to consider leachate

treatment facilities within the land fill design project and at the same location.

The treatment of the leachate should enable to prevent pollutants’ migration

into the water sources; either by percolation into ground water source or by

runoff into surface water body. A leachate treatment pond can stabilize the

pollutants by natural processes, while infiltration is avoided by use of proper

sealant material for the pond bottom. In addition, adequate side drainage

facility should be provided to avoid run on and runoff water from the landfill

areas.

Detecting water pollution

Effective mechanisms must be developed for early detection of groundwater

and surface water pollution. Any detected groundwater or surface water

pollution needs to be speedily remediated.

6.3.2. Air Pollution Impacts

Landfills primarily produce methane and carbon dioxide which, if not contained,

can contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’. Unmanaged gas emissions also

represent a lost energy/fuel source. Landfill gas can also contain a variety of

corrosive, toxic or odorous components. Methane represents an explosion risk

which may occur on-site or off-site. So precautionary measures are essential

while dealing with landfill site operation; landfill design, monitoring, management

and remediation must comply with the following Environmental Goals:

Landfill gas must be controlled in such a way that:


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it does not reach explosive concentrations

Greenhouse gas emissions are minimized

Landfill gas is sustainably utilized

Odorous emissions meet relevant environmental legislation

Airborne impurities, pathogens and toxins do not pose health risk to the

community.

6.3.3. Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources

The plot of land selected for the landfill has no significant vegetation cover, and

has already been cleared for crop production. Only few acacia trees are found

dispersed in the crop fields

Proposed enhancement measures

The few trees removed due to the project should be compensated for the

owners in monitory terms, but also replacement trees have to be planted at sites

to be reserved as buffer zone around the landfill. Trees can reduce impacts due

to odor and smell in the premises of the landfill.

6.3.4. Impact on Land resource and Soil Erosion

Plots of land selected as a landfill will be removed from the stock of land

available in the area during the life of the landfill. This plot of land would have

otherwise been put for other productive uses as crop production, animal grazing,

afforestation etc.

The excavation operations both for the landfill, the access roads and other

facilities erection can expose the land surface to erosion effects.

Proposed mitigation measures

All land is valuable, and the impact of its use as landfill needs to be

sustainable. Proper care of a landfill as a valuable asset should result in

efficient remediation, enabling land to be used for other purposes

following closure. Land management and conservation goals include

diverting waste materials that can be re-used or recycled from landfills to

minimize the loss of capacity, and managing the site to ensure that

unsuitable wastes are not received and that the nature of wastes that are

received is known.

Landfill design, construction, management, monitoring, and remediation

must comply with the following;


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During construction phase; the land area disturbed should be limited

to the area of land that is essentially required for the facilities’ (the landfill

and access road) construction. Land area exposed to erosion

effects should be rehabilitated by grassing and vegetation cover. Proper

drainage should be provided to minimize soil erosion by runoff water.

All design, construction and operation activities must be carried out in

accordance with a quality system acceptable to the environmental

conservation goals and objectives.

The land fill must receive only those wastes that cause no harm to the

environment, and due diligence should be exercised in screening

hazardous material from incoming wastes.

The nature and quantity of all wastes received must be known and

recorded.

Landfill space must be used optimally, and valued as a scarce

resource.

Maximize recycling of material to minimize land size required

Operational and post-closure procedures must ensure that the former landfill site

can be used by the community for other beneficial purposes as soon as

practicable after land filling is completed

6.3.5. Public Health and Safety Impacts

The workers engaged on the landfill operation may be exposed to

contamination and water born communicable diseases related to the waste.

Respiratory tract infection can be posed due to odour problem at the site.

Significant odour problems could be caused by the operation of the landfill. The

major odour is due to the rotten organics, garbage and dead animals brought

to the site and are mainly felt during dumping of the waste. The unsanitary

conditions at a poorly managed landfill site can pose filth and odour problem in

the compound.

Odour can also be due to the release of decomposition products of organic

wastes. Gaseous products like methane and carbon Dioxide are produced due

to the anaerobic decomposition of the waste (organic material). These gases

are toxic substance for human health.


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Though there is no major settlement around the proposed landfill site, odour

generated from the site could be a major annoyance to few number of people

and housing units located some kilometers away from the site. The severity of the

odour nuisances could hinder the future development potential of the

neighboring land use. Odour will be realized by the nearby residents when

prevailing winds are towards their residences. The odour from the works will not

travel too far downwind but will definitely affect the surrounding properties.

Contaminated food ingestion may cause for the laborers engaged on the work,

if adequate hand washing is not practiced on regular bases.

Skin disease may be a problem among workers exposed to the waste with bare

hand and body.

To minimize such health hazards, proper safety and precautionary procedures

need to be followed. Measures include; training and awareness creation

programs for workers on safe waste handling and hazards protection measures,

provision of protective cloths and devices like gloves, goggles, protective cloths,

provision of adequate water and soaps for bathing, and adequate bathrooms

to enable them day to day bathing after work, their periodical health checkups,

vaccinations etc. The workers should have free health services and medical

checkups.

Condition maintenance in the landfill is essential for proper and effective

degradation of the pollutants. Monitoring and control of the landfill operation

and process adjustments is required to maintain good operating conditions.

6.3.6. Hazardous and Loss of Amenity

Hazardous wastes pose the most significant management challenge given their

higher potential to cause harm as a result of their:

flammability

corrosively

potential to cause infection

Reactivity (violently reactive, oxidizing or explosive)

Toxicity.

Landfills can also cause a localized loss of amenity due to litter, dust, odour,

noise, and vermin problems. Proximity to existing and proposed developments

and the strength and direction of prevailing winds will be key issues in this regard.


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The potential hazards and amenity impacts from landfills include fire, birds, dust,

odour, pests, vermin and litter. Each of these potential impacts may occur on-

site or offsite.

Proposed mitigation measures

Landfill design, constructions, monitoring, management and remediation must

comply with the following Environmental Goals:

The waste type received should be checked before acceptance at the landfill.

Hazardous waste should be treated separately and should not be allowed for

direct disposal at municipal waste landfill

Unauthorized entry to the landfill site and to the waste tipping face needs to be

prevented.

Vehicles leaving a landfill site must not distribute litter and site materials in

surrounding streets. Odours, dust, vermin, weeds and litter must be effectively

controlled on-site.

Noise emissions from the landfill operation must be kept to the minimum and

must comply with noise control requirements of the localities.

The landfill site must have adequate fire-fighting plans, equipment and staff to

effectively manage fire outbreaks at any part of the landfill site.

The level and nature of staffing the landfill site must be adequate for

environmentally responsible and safe management of the landfill.

6.3.7. Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard

Solid waste, Sludge and liquid waste treatment and disposal sites can attract

bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air

plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. Birds are attracted to feed on

the food available or generated due to the solid waste deposited. The solid

waste furnishes food material and litter for those organisms; pests, vermin and

other bigger wildlife, that in turn attract bird population to grow in the area.

During operation, birds, rats, dogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects may also

be attracted to (or breed on) removed and disposed fresh waste if left open


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(uncovered). Insects will flourish if weeds and grasses have been allowed to

grow on the inside slopes of ponds. These serve as food for bigger mammals &

birds and encourage their habitation and growth in the premises. Bigger

mammals like hyenas can be attracted to feed on lower and smaller organisms

as well.

The proposed landfill site falls within the minimum distances considered to be

protection zones from waste treatment and landfill operations; 13-kms radius for

international Civil Aviation organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and

8-kms for Canada. However, it lies outside of the critical airport approach as well

as takeoff climb out area.

Proposed Mitigation measures

The measures required to limit the number and population of the birds in the

premises of proposed landfill site needs knowledge of situations favouring the

habitation by the hazardous bird groups and species.

Reasons why the landfill site attracts many more birds than the adjacent areas

are because ;A) It creates a convenient foraging site for the birds; the food and

nuisance garbage create favorable condition for insects and worms, ,frogs

mullascs etc. which in turn attract other preys including birds. Grass and trees in

the compound serve as potential feeding, breeding and nesting grounds. B) It

serves as a stopover site for migratory birds. C) Complete close up and

protection of the site from any other disturbance from the outside. This

encourages the birds to come into the site from more disturbed adjacent

localities and safely spend some time in such calm and favorable environment.

Principal contributing factors for the bird presence and population growth in an

area includes;

Flowers for pollination

Earthworms, molluscs, ground and flying insects, ants, butterflies, bees, flies,

termites grasshoppers and crickets, larvae, caterpillars;

Food staff & peelings

Carrion(dead animals, here including discarded wastes of slaughter

houses);

Grain ( teff, wheat, maize, etc);

Grass and herb seeds

Roosting and perching features(e.g. trees, telegraph wires, buildings,

fence posts)


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Trees(as perches and feeding features);

Nesting sites.

Beehives

Wetland site

Frogs and toads and other aquatic organisms

Therefore, strict monitoring of the landfill operation and site management

measures are required for the safety of the aviation activities in the premises.

Mitigation measures to be adopted for the project implementation should

endeavor to avoid and /or minimize the presence of these favorable conditions

for the birds not to be attracted to the site and for limiting their population

growth. The primary objective of the mitigation measures for limiting bird

attraction to the site should focus on reversing this situation, making the site

unfavorable for birds to inhabit it and breaking their food chain.

This entails upkeep of the sanitary conditions in the compound, creating noise

and movement disturbances, removal of grass and trees in the compound and

its premises etc.

The following are proposed measures to minimize bird population in the

compound;

The damped solid waste should not be left open for long and has to be

covered by soil material on a daily bases.

Clear the grass and any tree covers in the premises and avoid plantation

in the future. Grass heights should be kept as low as possible (below 20-

30cms), avoid grass growth at dike side walls.

The dispersal of hazardous bird and wildlife species has long been an

important component of any comprehensive wildlife control program.

Common dispersal techniques include pyrotechnics (brilliant display),

propane gas cannons, lasers and acoustic systems.

Arrange regular and frequent patrolling crew along the dikes surrounding

the landfill and in the compound in general by clamping hands or using

other sound producing devices to disturb the birds, not to settle and prey

in the area.


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Install clearly visible sign posts and reflectors that are repellent to birds from

nearby areas

In cases where the above mentioned measures fail to be effective; plastic

roofing would be used to cover the landfill. This can minimize bird species

that depend on waste and possible organisms in the compound.

Most of the above mentioned measures are cost intensive and increase the

running cost of the project. Thus, strict daily cover application is imperative to

minimize the risk to aviation activity in the area.

6.3.8. Impacts Due to Accidental Fire

Fire accident can be caused either due to flammable materials brought along

with the solid waste or due to gasses (like methane) emitted from the landfill itself

as a decomposition product of the waste.

Fire accident should be prevented by taking the proper measures and

preparatory works in advance; these measures should include controlling type of

waste received at the land fill, preventing gas emissions from the land fill;

assuring quality of design, construction and Operation of the landfill, organizing

adequate fire-fighting capacity and providing adequate staffing and training for

the workers.

The design and construction of landfill should provide properly designed gas

release or collector pipe to minimize fire risk due to gas emission from the

decomposition of the waste.

All fuels or flammable solvents for operational use should be stored in an

appropriately ventilated and secure store. This store should be located on

unfilled land, and all flammable liquids should not be stored full tank, but with

provisions of open volume so that any release of raw or burning fuel would not

cause a fire in the filled waste,

6.3.9. Impacts Due to Traffic load

The traffic load will increase in the rural area where the landfill operates.

Numbers of trucks makes several trips to the plant every day. In addition, those

trucks share the same road route used by heavy trucks and machineries


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operating in the area. The dust pollution and noise disturbance can also pose

some adverse impacts to the workers and to, passerby road users.

Strict traffic regulations should be put in place and traffic signals posted at

critical locations along the route and within the plant compound. Bumpers and

speed breakers need to be constructed at the approach of, and within the

plant compound.

7. Environmental Management and Monitoring plan

The challenge in landfill management is to address environmental concerns by

achieving the environmental goals set out in sections above. The goals are

geared towards:

preventing water pollution

Minimizing public health impacts

Minimizing damages to flora and fauna resources

preventing air pollution

promoting responsible land management and conservation

Minimizing property losses

Preventing hazards and loss of amenity.

The environmental management for the landfill will be a performance-based site

assessment and management to ensure landfill operators select the most

appropriate and innovative means of meeting the specified environmental

goals. Accordingly, the landfill Environmental Management will have to comply

with the following environmental goals;

Preventing or mitigating pollution of water by leachate.

Assuring quality of design, construction and operation

Assuring quality of incoming waste

Recording of wastes received

Minimizing landfill space used

Controlling gas emission

Maximization of recycling

Preventing unauthorized entry

Preventing degradation of local amenity

Preventing noise pollution

Arranging adequate fire-fighting capacity

organizing adequate staffing and training

Remediating landfill after closure


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8. Conclusion and recommendation

The solid waste management in the town is poor. Waste disposal at open fields

and at lake shores have caused environmental pollution, public health problems

and aesthetic impacts in the town. Attempts are being made by the

municipality to improve the collection of Solid waste from domestic sources.

There are some improvements regarding the collection; communal storage

tanks/skips coverage is increasing, houses to house collection is better performed

by private/ micro enterprises. The participation of micro enterprises in collection

service provision is assisting the municipality regarding house to house collection.

The solid waste disposal, however, is posing significant adverse impacts to the

public health and safety as well as to the environmental resources. Both

household and industrial wastes are seen disposed at lakeshores, in open ditches

and open fields. The existing dumping site at Golba in Kebele 05 area is also

creating treats to public health and to aviation safety. The site is very close to the

flight route of the Debrezeit Air Force camp and falls within the takeoff/ landing

routes of the airplanes. The area is also being populated and new developments

including condominium houses are under contraction in the premises. The site is,

therefore, not suitable as waste disposal place.

The currently selected site avoids most of the problems currently observed on the

existing disposal sites.

The landfills design, construction and operation have to be done to the

satisfaction of the standard norms for environmental conservation, public health

and safety.

The operation and maintenances of the landfill should be strictly monitored and

appropriate measures be taken. Bird population has to be controlled by

employing the necessary mitigation measures.

So it is recommended that capacitating all the actors in the project

implementation is essential for the effectiveness and sustainability of the facility

provided. Well established environmental management plan and operational

guidelines have to be developed for the workers to follow.


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1. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment 1.1. Abbreviated resettlement plan

1.1.1. Brief description of the project

The projects to design the design of solid waste management in the form of

sanitary landfill. To date, MS Consultancy is providing the services of

experienced and capable engineering consultants for the preparation of the

project designs, specifications and bills of quantities, preparation of the bidding

documents, bid evaluation as well as the supervision and management of the

construction of the liquid waste treatment plant.

This is in response to the ULDGP the third phase of joint collaboration between

the World Bank and Ethiopian Government to support urban development, and

create a new fiscal instrument in the form of a specific purpose grant (SPG) to

urban local Government.

Cognizant of these facts, the socio economic feasibility study of this project

examined the construction of the sanitary landfill would result in the resettlement

of 89 people from the site. The site is located at Golba area of Bishotu town

Hence, as the RPF process require this is an abbreviated resettlement plan as the

affected population is lesser than 100.

In general, an overview of the identification/review RPF process proposed under

this RPF to address specifically land impacts and displacement/resettlement

needs at subproject level. These are

1. Environmental baseline assessment needs at subproject level

2. Land impact identified (.i.e. 10 -100 individuals affected)

3. Census of affected people and assets

4. Development of an abbreviated resettlement plan (ARP)

5. Review and approval of the ARP

2. Sub project land needs 2.1. Land needs

The construction of sanitary landfill requires about 10ha of land under current

implementation. In addition as the facility does not allow settlement of people

less than 500 meters, in addition sufficient buffer distance have to be provided.


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3. Census survey of displaced persons

3.1. Methodology

The study followed with Abbreviated Resettlement plan (WB) Methodology.

These are some procedures followed with establish the Methodology

1. Contact opinion groups /elderly/ from site

2. Identified the households to be affected

3. Conduct observation of records of Kebeles household sheet

4. Verify composition of households

5. Undertake estimate of plots

6. Undertake estimate of house construction

7. Undertake estimate of livelihood

8. Undertake estimate of trees/fences

9. Analyze quantitative/qualitative data

10. Submit findings to stakeholders

3.2. Results

Over all, the census revealed 36 households are affected. These give

compensation of house reconstruction, compensation of farming/grazing land,

compensation of livelihood, and some degree of assets.

The assessment was conducted for 15 days. The consultants have made use of

triangulation of methods to collect baseline data on heads and composition of

household.

Further, the FGD of informants (elderly from site) benefited to gain participatory

planning and implementation of the resettlement process. These farmers are

also in consensus to involve in some jobs as the construction process demands.

3.4. Affected assets with partially affected households

The inventory of households that can be affected by the project is annexed in

this report. The actual facility construction site is on farm land owned by these

household.

3.5. Socio economic features of affected peoples’ livelihoods

All of these farmers dwell on farming on the plot. Only some of households have

more sources of income that is working in the vicinity industrial zone and

construction activity. Moreover, some families are female headed households.


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In addition most of the households contain extended families.

The annual crop is Teff (900Br/ quintal)) and perennials are wheat (600Br quintal)

and beans (250). An average household produce five quintals of teff, three

quintals of wheat, and a quintal of bean every year.

The average household gets about 1000Birr from sale of Teff.

4. Description of compensation and other resettlement

assistance The compensation type, quantity, the eligible population, time and financial

framework of this ARP reveals to include the following items for 36 household

living in Gare Baru within three months of time compensation for land acquisition

and resettlement of people in the coming two to three years.

1. Compensation of land acquisition

2. Resettlement land development

3. Disturbance allowance

4. Compensation of house reconstruction

5. Compensation of livelihood restoration measures

These people are considered in 36households.

5. Consultation with displaced people Prior to conduct finalization of assessment of procedures of estimate and

determine affected household and assets, the consultation meeting with the

affected people unraveled key features of challenges attached to livelihood of

the present socio economic activities at Gare Baru. These are needs, priorities,

and capabilities of the local people with respect to the abbreviated

resettlement plan.

5.1. Needs assessment

The households’ needs assessment uncovered lack of adequate conditions of

improved farming practices. But currently the rain is good and they are

expecting a very good yield. The people need the government to do

everything possible to compensate their farmland, as far the land is required for

development activity by the municipality they expressed their willingness to

sacrifice their farmland.


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5.2 .Priorities

Findings from assessment of perceived accessibilities to basic services and

related problems marked water supply accessible.

5.3. The capabilities

In order to settle on the capabilities of these farmers with respect to resettlement

the World Bank standard Abbreviated Resettlement Plan is administered.

6. Procedures for grievance redress

These procedures required identifying legal arrangements for regulating tenure

and transferring titles to resettles at local level. To this end, the ARP has

undertaken the gathering of these legally binding documents from the City

administration.

7. Monitoring and evaluation

The financial and activities reporting system plays the significant role for the

smooth implementation of the abbreviated resettlement plan.

Thus, the City administration, the Kedida Kebele administration, the Gare Baru

community police office, and representatives of household heads, affected

households will seat together and evaluate the implementation progress every

15 days. It is expected the implementation phase lasts one month including

integration to host communities.

The project component that gives rise to compensation of land and

resettlement is the construction of sanitary landfill at GareBaru

The Sanitary landfill construction affects about 36 household, prioritization of

construction activity is as shown on the implementation plan,

The involvement of local people from the initial planning stage will reduce the

anticipated impact on social assets of the relocated households and land to be

compensated. These households have pledged to give some services for this

construction through providing labor and site security services.

Further, these efforts bring about sense of ownership among the local people;

minimize an abrupt social disintegration, and efficient and effective

implementation of the project with less socio economic, political and legal

impediments.


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8. Institutional responsibilities and arrangement for

implementation

The investigation identified the City administration, the Gare Baru kebele, and

administrations are the major institutions to implement the abbreviated

resettlement plan.

The City administration

Verify the estimate and procedures with the consultants

Submit the proposal to funding agency

Address the Gare Baru rural kebele on Abbreviated resettlement plan

The Gare Baru Rural Kebele

Contact the selected affected households

Engage in with these households and determine the affected household

and livelihoods

Set out the financial and time frame work of implementation

The Local Administration

Conduct the implementation with the household heads of affected

households

Submit timely progress report to stakeholders

Time Table (Tentative)

Activities/period 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week 5th week

1.Set up

committee/address

the Kebeles

2.Exceute

compensation

3.Claim registration

4.Uprooting of

holdings and

commencement of

works

8.1. Budget

As the land ownership is scattered, there is no need to provide the entire

affected households name, but only estimates of farm land for budgeting is

presented here, accordingly there is a need to compensate at least 13ha of for

early planning. Thus the amount of compensation money to be allocated is

2,340,000.00 Birr. But there is a genuine need to relocate the surrounding

residents in the coming years. And accordingly the total budget might reach

about 7 million Birr.


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The detail break dawn and assumptions in calculating the compensation is

shown in the following tables.

8.2. Methodology

As per the data obtained from Bishoftu Municipality, the compensation

package for land compensation is to calculate the productivity of land for 10

years, five years for Teff production and five years for wheat production. In

addition we have also considered other hidden costs in the compensation

package as shown in the table below. Further, we have considered the 38

households to be relocated in the long run, and cost of house construction for

average condominium is considered in the estimation of the compensation

costs.


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Table A: Total Cost & Template itemization of an Abbreviated resettlement Plan

budget

No. Item (break down and

detail as appropriate)

Ethiopian Birr USD %

A. COMPENSATION

A1 Compensation for land

acquisition

2,340,000

A2 Compensation for

destruction and damage to

crops

Not

expected

A3 Compensation for structures No structures

A4 Disturbance allowance Not

considered

Total compensation 2,340,000.00

B Resettlement: Phase:2 Long Term Resettlement

B1 Housing construction 3,800,000

Total Resettlement 3,800,000.00

C Additional mitigations

C1 Livelihood restoration

measures

C2 Vulnerable groups

C3 Coordination of additional

mitigations

C4 Grievance management

Total Additional mitigations 50,000.00 Estimated

D Implementation costs

D1 Surveying and asset pre-

identification

30,000.00

D2 Valuation 10,000.00

D3 Coordination and works

supervision

16,800.00

D4 Legal advice 20,000.00

D5 Monitoring 10,000.00

D6 Evaluation 10,000.00

Total implementation 96,800.00

E CONTINGENCIES% 100,000.00

GRAND TOTAL 6,737,800.00


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Table B: Estimation of Total Land Compensation Cost

Compensation Item

Area m2 Price of Teff for 5 year Price of Wheat for 5 year Total

Amount for

10 Yr Annual

Yield(Qntl) 5 Year

Production

5 Year Price Annual

Yield

5 Year

Production

5 Year Price

Total Land Area Intended for

Project 240000 480 2400 1,920,000.00 960 4800 2,400,000.00 4,320,000.00

Assumptions

*: Annual Teff yield is 0.002quintals/m2

: Annual Wheat yield is 0.004quintals/m2

: Price of Teff is 800 Birr/quintal

: Price of Wheat is 500 Birr/quintal

But the municipality expressed their frustration that they might not have the money to pay for all the area and

requested to reduce the area to the current project requirements. Accordingly the consultant rerouted and

delineated about 13ha of land, and this will reduce the compensation by about half and is estimated at

2,340,000.00 Birr.


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9. Conclusions and Recommendations

The Project executing parties: the City Administration, The Financer, the

Consultant, and other stakeholders should collectively work to minimize the

social impacts. And implement all the recommendations of the study team and

standard practices.

The public awareness creation and community participation is a key to

successful solid waste management system. Thus; community participation

should be considered as a core component by all stakeholders both during

valuation and compensation and post construction and monitoring stages.

oromiya national regional state bishoftu city...

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