osmoregulation –the active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids so that homeostasis is...
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• Osmoregulation– The active regulation of osmotic pressure of
body fluids so that homeostasis is maintained
• Excretory systems– Help maintain homeostasis by regulating the
concentration of body fluids
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• Principal waste products of animal metabolism– Water– Carbon dioxide– Nitrogenous wastes
• Ammonia (excreted mainly by aquatic animals)• Urea• Uric acid
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Osmo-regulationin fishes
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• Terrestrial vertebrates– Must conserve water– Endotherms have high metabolic rate– Produce a large volume of nitrogenous
wastes– Conserve water through efficient kidneys and
other adaptations
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Excretory organs in terrestrial vertebrates
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• Vertebrate kidney– Functions in excretion and osmoregulation– Is vital in maintaining homeostasis– Its structure and function are adapted to the
lifestyle of the animal
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The human urinary system
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Structure of the kidney
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Structure of the nephron
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Detailed view of Bowman’s capsule
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General regions of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
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Filtration membrane of the kidney
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Movement of water, ions, and urea through the renal tubule and collecting duct
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Concentration of the filtrate as it moves through the nephron
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• Urine volume is regulated by ADH– Released by the pituitary gland in response to
an increase in osmotic concentration of the blood
– ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
– As a result, more water is reabsorbed
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Regulation of urine volume by ADH
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• Aldosterone andatrial natriuretic peptide work antagonistically– When blood pressure decreases, cells of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, which leads to production of angiotensin II
– Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release, which raises blood pressure