ottoman, russia, and qing
DESCRIPTION
Ottoman, Russia, and Qing. (Oh my….). Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe?. Stagnant economy Lack of financial reserves Weak governing elites Tradition Powerful political groups with too much to lose Became too large to rule effectively (Middle East and N Africa). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ottoman, Russia, and Qing
(Oh my….)
Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe?
Stagnant economyLack of financial reservesWeak governing elitesTraditionPowerful political groups with too much to
lose Became too large to rule effectively (Middle
East and N Africa)
Regional power bases emerged in Arabia and Egypt ( ignoring imperial rule from Istanbul)
In Arabia, the Saud family took control of Mecca and Medina (embarrassing for Selim III who could no longer lead his people on traditional pilgrimage to Mecca)
Napoleon’s troops had invaded and controlled Egypt until 1801 (Ottomans unable to restore imperial control rise of Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) who , while still a part of the empire, consistently reminded the Ottomans of their difficulty in controlling distant territories
Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe?
Janissaries, who through economic privileges, were very powerful, resisted the adoption of new Western ideasChange viewed as attack on traditional
values and their power
Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe?
The Ulama (Muslim scholars who controlled Islamic courts in empire) threatened as well with Western secularization (also seen as an attack on Islam)
MODERNIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) in favor of Westernization/modernizationEuro style militaryStandard taxationReinstitution of Ottoman
control over provincial governors
Excise tax on tobacco and coffee
Much opposition to reforms from Janissaries and Ulama
Serbia: w/Janissary prov gov’s ; vented on Orthodox Christians. Ottomans allied with Bosnia to put down Janissary uprising; Russia came into picture and hindered Ottomans from effectively regaining control Serbian independence from empire
Due to resistance from J and U, Selim abandoned reforms in 1806, but was later imprisoned and killed anyway
Mahmud II (r.1808-1839) Change had to come slowly in order to
solidify power Greece tried to organize against
Ottomans (w/help of Europe who wanted to reclaim the Greco-Roman tradition their continent was based on)Warfare to liberate Greece from
Ottoman controlEven though he turned to
Muhammad Ali’s more modern army for help, defeat came at Battle of Navarino (1829) as Ottoman navy destroyed by Europe
Warfare….. need to modernize army
Sultan created a new military unit (that would layer put down and effectively destroy the Janissaries)
Dissolved Janissary corpsLimited power of Ulama (only for
religious and family law)
Mejid (r. 1839-1861)As Egypt continued
assaults on Ottomans, and headed toward Istanbul the new sultan turned to France and Britain for aid They used economic
threats to force Egypt to w/d Ottoman survival depended upon European aid
Tanzimat Mejid created the Tanzimat (reorganization)
Guaranteed political rights for men (public trials, limited rt to privacy, equitable tax collection)
Education changes: military schools, French language of instruction, European customs and travel,
Tax on non-Muslims abolished; missionaries flocked to the empire
Ended tax farmingSecular legal code decline in power of Ulama
WomenWomen: not given
political participation or education opportunities
Industrial labor/professional occupations not open to women
property/inheritance shifted to Islamic courts fewer rights
CRIMEAN WARRussia wanted to expand
(esp to South)Viewed self as protectors of
Slavic and Eastern Orthodox peoples (Serbian indep)
FR and GB viewed R’s expansion as potential threat
France named protector of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem; an affront to Russia invaded Romania in 1853 (part of Ottoman Empire)
Crimean WarGB and FR (and Italian Sardinia-Piedmont) aided
Ottomans Naval and land battles 3 years; incompetence and
problems Nicholas II (r. 1855-1881) to sue for peaceEnded R expansionBalanced FR and GB territories in OE
War was a battle b/w traditional and modern warfare w/ OE declining in power
SICK MAN OF EUROPE
“Sick Man of Europe” by Nicholas IIBehind in every wayMany Western powers questioned if the
empire should still exist; if not, who should control its lands? (Eastern Question)
Declining agri revenues, large debts to foreign powers, inflation, corruption made reforms difficult
5Decided to continue reforms in manner of W EuropeImperial bank, gold standard,
industrialization ( demo shift to cities) Growth of cities (Damascus, Beirut…)
increased (also aided by Muslim refugees from newly conquered Russian lands in C Asia)
More Europeans to OE
Extraterritoriality Extraterritoriality: exemption from legal
jurisdiction if a country) to all Europeans in OEMany young reformers saw this as unfair
Young TurksLooking to assert Ottoman authority over
Euros living in OEUniversal male suffrage and constitutional
monarchy Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) accepted
const’n
Young TurksThe tensions caused by the Tanzimat reforms provoked
criticism those who disliked change, seeing it as un-Islamic, those who thought that the reforms did not go far enough
In the 1860s a group of young men known as the Young Ottomans called for a variety of reforms, including a constitution. In 1876, reforming ministers introduced a constitution Suspended in 1878.
There followed a number of revolutionary conspiracies by groups known generally as the Young Turksmilitary revolt in 1908 overthrew the despotic rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II brought about the reintroduction of the constitution.
NATIONALISM AND DECLINERise of Nationalism: identification of a people
w/a nation centered on language/religionOE made up of many ethnic, religious, and
language groups1902 Macedonia rebelled and achieved
independence1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Muslim BosniaItaly conquered Libya 1912
NATIONALISM AND DECLINEBalkan Wars (1912-1913) OE lost Serbia, Bulgaria,
and RomaniaEverything else independent or under European
controlEuropean interference (loans, tax collections, rr
construction)Increased power of ethnic Turks crack down on
ethnic minorities (Greeks/Armenians) Resentment toward GB and FR alignment w.
Germany (uh oh… WWI is looming)
Czarist Russia
Europeans viewed Russia as an alien, backward, & oppressive but saw its potential power
R similar to Ottomans Socially dominated by noblesMostly agriculturalPoor transportationMany languages
Lands still worked by serfs, little industry1st good roads by 1817, steam navigation
1843, 1st rr 1837
Czar NicholasCzar Nicholas feared spread of
literacy (which would has aided country)Threat to powerRisk of developing middle classKept peasants in serfdomKeep importing industrial goods,
pay for them with grain and timber
Like Egypt and Ottomans, aspired to Western-styled economic development
Fear of political chg caused R to fall further behind Obsolete weapons of Crimean war,
lack of transportationGB and FR viewed R as a threat/rival
for power in Eastern Europe and eastern Med landsAlso didn’t like serfdom (granted
freedom in 1861 by Czar Alexander II)
Russians unclear/hesitant of kinship w/ West
Slavophiles: Orthodox Chr, peasant life, loyal to czar
Pan-Slavism: militant political doctrine advocating unity of Slavic peoples (esp those under Ottoman and Austrian rule)
Relationship w/ Asia1860 Vladovostik (military outpost on
Pacific)Political friction w/ Qing, Japan, Iran,
OttomansNeed for warm water port (esp on
Black Sea)Europe threatened by mv’t east and
south b/c of potential threats against British colonial rule in India
Alexander II new reformsEmancip. Serfs 1861Gave them property rightsJoint stock companiesRr networks to tie country togetherModernize legal and admin arms of govtExpanded but guarded education (anti-
liberal) Encouraged professional and scientific
trainingDostoyevsky and Tolstoy (War and Peace)
reform ideas
Qing Empire
IMPERIALISMDefinition: the control of one people by another (can be
political, economic or cultural)"Old Imperialism": occurred between 16th and 18th centuriesEuropean powers did not usually acquire territory (except for
Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil, the British in North America) but rather built a series of trading stations (especially in the Indian Ocean and SE Asia )
Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.
New Imperialism: Mid - Late 19th early 20th
centuriesNatural resources,Raw materials (gold,
diamonds, copper, cotton) New marketsInvade and set up colonial
gov’tsCreate empire to protect
power Anglo-Saxon Superiority /
Social Darwinism and desire to Christianize and Civilize
Opium WarsRebellions among poor and displaced and refusal to
recognize threat from EuropeOpium Wars (1839-1842)Trade imbalance, Canton systemLarge amounts of opium imported by British/AmericansRestriction in 1729, but smuggling continuedBritish saw restriction as threat to their economic successChinese Bannerman, hereditary soldiers (swords/knives -
like OE) no match for British armyNo navy or ability to move troops quickly/efficiently
couldn’t protect ports/inland cities
Treaty of Nanking (1842)Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain foreverPay large indemnity Open up 4 large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs.Extraterritoriality subjected Westerners to their home
country’s laws rather than China’s.GB granted favorite nation status: any privileges the
Qing granted other nations had to be granted to GB (would however prevent colonization of China b/c land given to one power would have to be given to GB as well)
Results…continued1860 importation of opium legalized1900 90= ports open to WestIncreased missionary work and small European
communities w/in ChinaForeigners increasingly resented (Christianity,
privileges)
Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864Causes: economic crisis, rebellion, decline of Qing
powerEmerged in southern province of GuangxiWeak agri harvests, class conflict, ethnic divisions
Taiping Mv’tLed by a Hakka (bottom ethnic minority), Hong
XiuquanBased on Christian missionary teachings: Hong was
brother of Jesus told by God to build a new kingdom of heaven on earth and drive Manchu (Qing) out of China
Taiping Rebellion As mvt spread, captured
cities forced to take part in rebellion
Men and women segregated
Foot binding ended: women expected to farm and fight
1853: took Nanjing as their capital
Taiping RebellionQing began to modernize army and got many
Bannermen to complyManchus defeated rebellion after 14 years with the
help of the British military.As many as 20 - 30 million people perished
(disease, plague, land ruined, declining revenue from land taxes)
Recovery took place at local levels: increased power of provincial governors (levy/collect taxes, raise armies) alliances of provincial governors
Boxer Rebellion1894, Sino-Japanese War (6 months over encroachment
into Korea)China lost and forced to leave Korea, cede Taiwan to Japan ,
pay indemnitiesEmpress Dowager encouraged series of anti-foreign riots
Harmonious Righteous Fists (Boxers) At one time had supported new tech, by turn of century against
spread of Western influencesAttacks of missionaries, westerners in general……
‘foreign devils’European, Japanese, and US forces put down riots and
occupied Beijing Japan and Russia to fight over resource rich Manchuria (Russo-Japanese War)
DECLINE OF THE QINGCorruptionBankrupted treasuryWarfare (Nian, Taiping, Sino-Japanese, Arrow Wars,
Boxer Rebellion) Indemnities paid to other European nationsDestruction of lands by warfare and population
dispersal Increasing population outgrowing food productionGB created the Imperial Maritime Customs Service…
increasing involvement in Chinese economy and politics
Decline of the QingIncreased power of provisional governors (see
above) such as Zeng Guofan who looke d to USA rather than GB or FR increase US interference in China as well
Emperors became more of a figurehead after 1850… increased power of aristocracy (Cixi/Dowager) and military men, as well as foreign advisors
Boxer Rebellion final evidence of need to modernize country and get rid of Qing….
Enter the Republic!Cixi died in 1908 the Revolutionary Alliance led by
Sun Yat Sen (nationalist, socialist, Confucianist) 1911 Puyi abdicates ending the Qing – Revolutionary assembly elects Sun president of new
Chinese republic but steps down (b/c of no military to defend his position) Yuan Shikai becomes president