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Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development

Inha University

Report of

the World Commission on Environment and Development

Energy Environmental Management

Professor: Student: Sen Pisei

Academic Year : 2012

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Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development

I. The Concept of Sustainable Development

II. Equity and the Common Interest

III. Strategic Imperatives

1. Reviving Growth

2. Changing the quality of Growth

3. Meeting Essential Human Needs

4. Ensuring a Sustainable Level of Population

5. Conserving and Enhancing the Resource Base

6. Reorienting Technology and Managing Risk

7. Merging Environment and Economics

in Decision Making

Conclusion

Gro BrundtlandChair of WCED, 1987

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Chapter 01 : A Threatened Future

Symptoms and Cause :

Poverty

Growth

Survival

The Economic Crisis

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What is

Development that meets the needs ofthe present without compromising theability of future generations to meet

their own needs.

2 Key concepts: The concept of needs

The idea of limitations

Thus the goals of economic and social development must be definedin terms of sustainability in all countries : developed or developing,market-oriented or centrally planned.

Sustainable Development?

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Why do we need sustainable development?

Pressing global realities:

The rapid growth of the worlds population and

its changing distribution

The persistence of widespread poverty The growing pressures on the natural world

The continuing denial of democracy and human

rights

The very notion ofdevelopment itself, what it

has come to mean and how it is measured.

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I- The Concept of Sustainable Development

* The satisfaction of human needs andaspirations in the major objective ofdevelopment. The essential needs of vastnumbers of people in developing countries(basic needs) for food, clothing, shelter,jobs - are not being met

* Sustainable development requires meetingthe basic needs of all and extending to allthe opportunity to satisfy their aspirationsfor a better life.

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Economic growth can cause high levels ofproductive activity and widespread

poverty can coexist, and can endanger

the environment

A: sustainable development requires

that societies meet human needs both byincreasing productive potential and by

ensuring equitable opportunities for all.

I- The Concept of Sustainable Development (Con.)

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An expansion in population size canincrease the pressure on resources and

slow the rise in living standards in areas.

Sustainable development can only be

pursued ifdemographic

developments are in proportion withthe changing productive potential of the

ecosystem.


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Human intervention in natural systems during thecourse of development can lead to more andmore serious in scale and impact, and morethreatening to life-support systems both locally

and globally.

At a minimum, sustainable developmentmust not endanger the natural systems thatsupport life on Earth: the atmosphere, the waters,the soils, and the living beings.


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As for non-renewable resources, like fossilfuels and minerals, their use reduces the stockavailable for future generations. With minerals andfossil fuels, the rate of depletion and the emphasis

on recycling and economy of use should becalibrated to ensure that the resource does not runout before acceptable substitutes are available.

Sustainable development requires that the rate ofdepletion of non-renewable resources shouldforeclose as few future options as possible.


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Development tends to simplify ecosystems andto reduce their diversity of species.

Sustainable development requires theconservation of plant and animal species.


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II- Equity and the Common Interest

How are individuals in the real world tobe persuaded or made to act in the

common interest?

Answer: education,institutionaldevelopment,

law enforcement

*Butmany problems of resource depletion and environmental stress arisefrom disparities in economic and political power.

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Interdependent dimensions of sustainable development

Sustainable development

takes into account four

interdependent dimensions:

Social

Economic

Ecological

Political

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III- Strategic Imperatives

The world must quickly design strategies that will allownations to move from their present, often destructive, processes ofgrowth and development onto sustainable development paths.

Critical objectives for environment and development policies:

1- Reviving growth;

2- Changing the quality of growth;

3- Meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water, andsanitation;

4- Ensuring a sustainable level of population;

5- Conserving and enhancing the resource base:6- Reorienting technology and managing risk; and

7- Merging environment and economics in decision making.

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III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)1- Reviving growth

Large number of people who live in absolutepoverty (not even satisfy their basic needs), most indeveloping countries

A necessary but not a sufficient condition for theelimination of absolute poverty is a relatively rapidrise in per capita incomes in the Third World (5% inAsia, 5.5% in Latin American, 6% in Africa and westAsia-normally 5% annual growth can be acceptable inmost countries)

Growth must be revived in developingcountries because that is where the links betweeneconomic growth, the alleviation of poverty, andenvironmental conditions operate most directly.

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III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)2- Changing the quality of Growth

Sustainable development involvesmore than growth. It requires a change inthe content of growth, to make it lessMaterial- and energy-intensive and more

equitable in its impact Income distribution is one aspect of the

quality of growth

Economic development is unsustainable if itincreases vulnerability to crises (drought,drop in prices)(Using technologies thatlower production risks)

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III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)2- Changing the quality of Growth

Changing the quality of growth requireschanging our approach to development

efforts to take account of all of their

effects

Economic and social development can and

should be mutually reinforcing. Moneyspent on education and health can raise

human productivity

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Goods & ServicesPoverty => Dissatisfy World population growing = employment must

increasing follow-suit

More food required not only to feed more peoplebut to attackundernourishment (Increasingcalories and protein in-use: C5% & P5.8% in Africa,C3.4% & P4.5% in Asia in 2000)

Staple foodprojections highlight the need for a highrate of growth of protein availability.

Energy needs ( third world use fuelwood /charcoal=> correction )

Basic needshousing, water supply, sanitation, andhealth care. ( In third world, lack of this => disease;Cause: Population growth and migrate into cities)

III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)3- Meeting Essential Human Needs

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The sustainability of development is intimatelylinked to the dynamics of population growth.(Children born in richer countries use greaterburden on the Earths resources)

Sustainable development can be pursued moreeasily when population size is stabilized at alevel consistent with the productive capacity ofthe ecosystem.

Population Growth rate (Birth rate) : In Industrial countries is 1%-0% (In 2025: in crease from 1.2 billions

to 1.4 billions)

In Developing countries between 1985 (3.7billions) and 2025(6.8billions)

III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)4- Ensuring a Sustainable Level of Population

19http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glny4jSciVI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glny4jSciVIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glny4jSciVIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glny4jSciVIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glny4jSciVIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glny4jSciVI


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Population Growth Chart

Hence the challenge now is to quickly lower population

growth rates, especially in regions such as Africa, where these

rates are increasing.http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp

Africa USA

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http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp


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Population grow between rural and urbanareas (< gap >).

Third World: nearly 90% of growth take place in

urban areas (1.15billion to 3.25billion in 2025)

Urbanization is itself part of the

development process. (the challenge)

III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)4- Ensuring a Sustainable Level of Population

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Pressure on Resource increase when people lackalternative. [55]

Extension of cultivation to marginal land, fishery andforestry are overexploited so the conservation ofagricultural resources is an urgent task.

Increasing productivity for crop and livestockproduction can create ecological stress. Promote the use oforganic manures and non-chemical means of pest control.

Help preventing and reduction on water and air pollution

by enforce emission standards, promoting low-wastetechnologies, and anticipating the impact of new products,technologies and wastes.

Exploitation on renewable sources (fuelwood andhydropower)

III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)5- Conserving and Enhancing the Resource Base

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III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)6- Reorienting Technology and Managing Risk

People

Environment Development

- Capacity for technological

innovation

- Reorientation of tech. dev.

- Updating, selecting, adapting

imported tech. should beinformed by En. Resource

concerns.

-The role of public policy to ensure for

environmental factor in the technology

they develop

- New techniques and technology

-Risk arising from techno and developmental decision.

-Arrangement are required for major interventions.

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The common theme throughout this strategy forsustainable development is the need to integrateeconomic and ecological considerations indecision making.

Economic and ecological concerns are not

necessarily in opposition. The energy-industry connection is also changing, with

a strong tendency towards a decline in the energyintensity of industrial production in industrialcountries.

Not law only, but also knowledge and support. Some large-scale projects require participation on a

different basis.

Change in attitude and procedures both publicand private-enterprises

III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)7- Merging Environment and Economics in Decision Making

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In every development planning or

development issue as much as possible

to listen and to include, to consult thepeople concerned. If that is taken care

of, at least one step of the problem is

resolved.Ismid Hadad

Chief Editor, Prisma, 1985

III- Strategic Imperatives (Con.)7- Merging Environment and Economics in Decision Making

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Conclusion

System Role/Function

Political system Secures effective citizen participation in decision making.

Economic system able to generate surpluses and technical knowledge

Social system solutions for the tensions arising from disharmonious development

Production system respects the obligation to preserve the ecological

technological system search continuously for new solutions

international system fosters sustainable patterns of trade and finance

administrative system flexible and has the capacity for self-correction

* The strategy for sustainable development aims to promoteharmony among human brings and between humanity and

nature

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Reference

www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/

http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp

Ruth S.. Guzman, ppt, Board Chair, PATLEPAM and Vice-President for Research and

Extension, Rizal Technological University

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http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asphttp://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/dtt/resources/


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The End

Thank You for Your Attention !

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