outcomes of dialysis in elderly - nephrology 2011/… · 2 rebollo et al. ndt 2001 3 unruh et al...
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Outcomes of dialysis in the elderly
DNT March 2011Dr Céline Foote
Increasing number of elderly patients on renal replacement therapy
ANZDATA report 2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
03 04 05 06 07 080
100
200
300
400
500
TOTAL 0 - 19 yrs 20-44 yrs 45-64 yrs 65-74 yrs 75-84 yrs >= 85 yrs
Acceptance of New Patients 2003 - 2008 Age Specific Rates - Australia
Patie
nts p
er m
illion
Dialysis ?
“It is reasonable to consider forgoing dialysis for AKI, CKD or ESRD patients who have a very poor prognosis or for whom dialysis cannot be provided safely.”◦ Stage 5 CKD over the age of 75 who meet 2 or more of the following: Clinician’s response of “No, I would not be surprised if this patient died in the next year“
High comorbidity score Significantly impaired functional status such as Karnofsky Performance Scale < 40
Severe chronic malnutrition (alb<25g/L)
Factors that elderly patients consider in treatment decisions
Survival/LongevityQuality of life Burden of treatment
Ashby et al. Pall Med 2005Visser et al. J Nephrology 2009
Factors considered by nephrologists Age, comorbid conditions (esp cognitive impairment), quality of life
Variability in recommendations for supportive care◦ Nephrologists recommend supportive care in 20% to 60% of elderly pts1‐2
◦ Survey of Australian dialysis units showed 14% planned for supportive care3
◦ Inconsistencies between primary care, other physicians and nephrologists4
1 Carson et al. CJASN 20092 Murtagh et al. NDT 20073 Morton et al. NDT 20104 Visser et al. NDT 2007
8
All patients321
Palliative treatment recommended
63
RRT recommended258
Pre ESKD25
Died or palliative treatment
28
Smith et al. Nephron Clin Pract 2003
Opted for RRT10
Declined RRT and died
6
Received RRT186
Pre ESKD166
RRT outcome group196
Palliative outcome group
34 Median survival 6.3 mths
Median survival 8.3 mths
Characteristics of elderly ESKD patients
586 pts aged ≥75 yrs commenced dialysis in 2009 in ANZ
Unknown number of patients on supportive care pathway◦ Older age1‐2
◦ Increased functional impairment3
◦ Socially isolated3
1. Murtagh et al. NDT 20072. Carson et al. CJASN 20093. Joly et al. JASN 2003
Patient Characteristics Number (percentage)Total number 1781Age (median) 79 (IQR 77‐81)Gender (male) 1103 (61.9)Ethnicity (Caucasian) 1622 (91.1)Comorbid conditionsNo comorbid conditionsAny cardiovascular diseaseCoronary heart diseasePeripheral vascular diseaseCerebrovascular diseaseChronic lung diseaseDiabetesSmoking historyCancer
151 (8.5)1230 (69.1)1063 (59.7)579 (32.5)422 (23.7)366 (20.6)552 (31.0)947 (53.2)392 (22.0)
75 years 80 years
Survival of ANZ elderly dialysis patients
0.2
5.5
.75
1S
urvi
val
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Follow up (years)
Elderly cohort
Predictors of survival Factors identified with poorer survival on dialysis include: ◦ Older age◦ Comorbid conditions◦ Malnutrition◦ Functional status◦ Late referral to a nephrologist◦ Unplanned start
Several studies have identified comorbidityscore as a strong predictor of mortality
Lamping et al demonstrated decreased survival with increasing number of comorbidconditions in pts aged ≥70
The Lancet 2000
Comorbid score* is associated with survival in elderly ANZ dialysis patients
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Sur
viva
l
0 1 2 3 4Followup (years)
0123 or more
Comorbidscore
HR 95%CI P value
1 1.43 1.19‐1.70 <0.001
2 1.61 1.34‐1.92 <0.001
≥3 2.00 1.68‐2.40 <0.001
* Includes coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lung disease and diabetes
There may be no survival advantage with increasing comorbidity
Murtagh et al. NDT 2007
Chandna et al. NDT 2010
Baseline characteristics predict survival on dialysis
Couchoud et al. NDT 2009
Variable N points
BMI <18.5 2
DM 1
CHF stage III to IV 2
PVD stage III to IV 2
Dysrhythmia 1
Active malignancy 1
Severe behavioural disorder
2
Dependency for transfers 3
Unplanned dialysis 2
Risk Category
Risk Score
6 mthsurvival
Low 0 92%
Median 2 83%
High ≥9 30%
Patient and practice variables discriminate survival in elderly ANZ dialysis patients
Independent factors in model: age, low BMI, comorbid score, late referral, unprepared access, peritoneal dialysis at 3 months
Survival with supportive care
0 5 10 15 20 25
Chandna* (155)
Ellam* (69)
Wong* (73)
Smith* (63)
Carson (29)
Murtagh (77)
Joly (37)
median survival (months)
Study (n pts)
* Patients of all ages included
Joly et al. JASN 2003, Murtagh et al. NDT 2007, Carson et al. CJASN 2009, Smith et al. Nephron Clin Pract 2003, Wong et al. Ren Fail 2007, Ellam et al. Q JMed 2009, Chandna et al. NDT 2010
Survival with supportive care also associated with co‐morbidity
Wong et al. Renal Failure 2007
Quality of life of elderly dialysis population
QoL of all dialysis patients is decreased compared to general population◦ No difference in mental component of elderly patients1
QoL of elderly dialysis is relatively better than younger pts in cross sectional study2
QoL is better preserved over time on dialysis compared to younger patients3
1 Lamping et al. Lancet 20002 Rebollo et al. NDT 20013 Unruh et al JAGS 2008
Rebollo et al. NDT 2001
Quality of life with supportive care
Yong et al. Pall Med 2009
SF 36 scores compared to age/sex matched general populationSF36 domain Dialysis group
(n=134)Palliative care group(n=45)
PF ↓ ↓
RP ↓ ↓
BP ↓ ↔
GH ↓ ↔
VT ↓ ↔
SF ↓ ↓
RE ↓ ↓
MH ↓ ↔
Dialysis is associated with increased hospitalisation
Rates of hospitalisation in elderly RRT patients 20‐35 days per year1‐2
Rates of hospitalisation in elderly supportive care patients 10‐16 days per year1,3
1 Carson et al. CJASN 20092 Rohrich et al. NDT 19983 Wong et al. Renal Failure 2007
Carson et al. CJASN 2009
4.3% days survived
47.5% days survived
Dialysis is associated with functional decline in elderly patients
• Majority of elderly nursing home residents have died or lost function 12 months after dialysis initiation2
• More than 30% of patients aged ≥ 80 had functional loss 6 months after dialysis initiation1
1. Jassal et al. NEJM 2009, 2. Tamura et al. NEJM 2009
Carers of elderly dialysis patients have impaired quality of life
Median 56 to 70 hours of care per week1
All SF36 components affected◦ 32% of carers had signs of depression1
Increasing carer burden1 with: Peritoneal dialysis Poor functional status Decreased QOL of elderly pts
No information on carers of supportive care patients
1. Belasco et al. AJKD 2006
Shared decision making Informed decision ◦ Survival◦ Quality of life /Treatment burden
Dialysis ?