Overall course structure

AI Artificial Intelligence

(A modern approach)

AI-2 Spring semester

TDT4171

Methods in artificial intelligence

AI-1 Fall semester

TDT 4136

Logic and reasoning systems

Course prehistory

TDT 4125

Logic

IT2702Artificial Intelligence

TDT4170

Knowledge systems

TDT4171

Methods in aerificial intelligence

TDT4136

Logic and reasoning systems

Before

Now

Levels of intelligence

7. Can A be alive (not allowed to be killed) ?

6. Can A have a (genuine) consciousness ?

5. Can A feel real feelings (pain,sorrow,happiness)?

4. Can A think ?

3. Can A reason ?

2. Can A deduce ?

1. Can A compute ?

Replace A with human/child/embryo/ape/robot/computer

What is your opinion ?

Are you a carbon chauvinist ?

What is intelligence ?

Intelligence is the ability to solve new problems based on earlier experience.

What is AIArtificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by man.

(Prof. Marvin Minsky)

AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people do better.

(Prof. Elaine Rich)

(Horizon effect: If it works, it is no longer AI)

What is ”Artificial”

TRACTOR

INTELLIGENCEHORSE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial horse ?

Artificial Intelligence versus Cognitive Science

Although a computer can do logical reasoning, it does not mean that the computer is trying to simulate a human.

In fact, computers can do logical reasoning better than humans.

We can say, with a twist, that AI is the science of correct thinking, while CS is the science of incorrect thinking. (Errare humane est).

Symbolic ProcessingProgramming Languages

LISP

• List as universal data structure

• Program = Data (= List)

•Function oriented

•Recursion

•Automatic storage allocation

•Programming environments

PROLOG

•Predicate logic as programming language•Prediacates as programs•Lists and terms as data structure•Built in search method for problem solving•”European answer to LISP”•Chosen as basis for 5.generation computer project

Knowledge Based SystemsKnowledge

Information about the word that allows an expert to solve problems

Knowledge representation

Information about the world that allows a computer to solve problems

Knowledge base

The collection of represented knowledge

Knowledge based system

System that solves problems based on represented knowledge.

Expert system

System that can solve problems on an expert level (anyhow)

The Intelligence Pyramid

Wisdom

Intelligence

Data

Knowledge

Noise

Information

Each level is a set of relations on the level below

Example of classic KB system

MYCIN (1970)

•Diagnose likely infecting organisms in blood and

meningitis infections

•About 400 diagnostic rules

•About 50 therapy rules

What is understanding ?Searle’s Chinese Room

Rules

John

Does the system understand Chinese ?

Is the system conscious ?

What if John has the rules in his head ?