overview chapters 14-18 overview chapters 14-18 u.s. history ii mrs. vanwart
TRANSCRIPT
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OverviewOverviewChapters 14-18Chapters 14-18
U.S. History IIMrs. VanWart
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
Reconstruction (1865-1877) involved:• Readmitting Southern states that seceded;• Physically rebuilding South destroyed by war;• Trying to integrate newly freed Blacks into society• **Ultimately deemed a failure
• Reconstruction Amendments:-13th (1865): abolished slavery/involuntary servitude-14th (1870): equal protection/due process of law-15th (1870): suffrage cannot be denied due to race
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
Radical Republicans (Congress)• Wanted to punish the South• Said they s/b treated as “conquered provinces”
since they “committed suicide”
Wade-Davis Plan• For states to govern themselves: majority of
Southern white males would have to take oath of loyalty, agree to abolish slavery
• Unlike Lincoln’s milder 1/10th plan
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
Freedmen’s Bureau• Created to help former slaves/rebuild South• Built schools, hospitals, handed out meals
Black Codes (1865-68)• Strictly limited freedom of Blacks in South• Could not: vote, give testimony, travel w/o
permission, own business
Ku Klux Klan formed Dec. 1865
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
carpetbaggers: term for Northerners who came South to “exploit” post-war situation
scalawags: term for white Southerners who were sympathetic to goals of Reconstruction (“traitors”)
sharecropping:-farmers cultivated land they did not own-gave up share of crops as rent-unsuccessful; “another form of slavery”
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“Carpetbagger” was a derisive term for "a lowlife Yankee. He packs his scanty belongings in a carpet bag and takes the first steamship south, to profit upon the misery of a defeated people."
“Carpet bag and bayonet rule”
Woman is the “Solid South”
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868)
• Southern Democrat was Lincoln’s VP
• Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction gave whites in South free hand in establishing new govts
• Violated Tenure of Office Act (could not dismiss federal officials w/o Senate approval)
• Charges brought by House of Reps; Senate 1 vote short of conviction
• *Really a political move due to differences with Radical Republicans over Reconstruction
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
myths of Reconstruction
• Blacks were tools of Northern carpetbaggers, driven by greed and revenge-perpetuated by Birth of a Nation, Gone With the Wind
• Southern Whites were disenfranchised and ruled over by Blacks
• Ku Klux Klan members were small band of renegades on fringe of society
• Elected Blacks were mostly corrupt and ignorant
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
Ulysses S. Grant (President 1869-1877)• No political experience (war hero)• Administration wracked with scandals/corruption
Rutherford B. Hayes (President 1877-1881)• Lost popular vote• Compromise of 1877-agreed to end military reconstruction if awarded Presidency
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Political cartoon depicting Roscoe Conkling as the Devil, while Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with the prize of the “Solid South”
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Chapter 14: ReconstructionChapter 14: Reconstruction
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• Supreme Ct decision upholding “separate but
equal” public facilities• Overturned by Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka (1954)
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Chapter 15: Passing of FrontierChapter 15: Passing of Frontier
• Hostilities with Native Americans caused by westward expansion (late 1800s)-manifest destiny-gold rush-building of railroads
-decimation of buffalo herds -Homestead Act
Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)• “Custer’s last stand” (Montana)• US soldiers defeated by Sioux
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Chapter 15: Passing of FrontierChapter 15: Passing of Frontier
Century of Dishonor• Author Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)• Aroused public awareness of US govt betrayal of Native Americans
Dawes Act (1887)• Tried to “Americanize” Native Americans• Misguided; destroyed Indian culture
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)• US soldiers kill unarmed Sioux• Feared “Ghost Dance” would cause uprising• **End of Indian Wars
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Students at Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879)
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Chapter 15: Passing of the FrontierChapter 15: Passing of the Frontier
Transcontinental Railroad (1869)• Union Pacific & Central Pacific met in Utah• Govt allotted free land to RR companies• Many Chinese & Irish workers
Credit Mobilier scandal• Union Pacific officers created a company, which overcharged and got much $$ from govt
• Congressmen bribed
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Union Pacific
Central Pacific
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Chapter 15: Passing of FrontierChapter 15: Passing of Frontier
Homestead Act (1862)
• > age 21 or head of household could choose 160 acre plot in Great Plains
• Must live on it, farm it, then owns it after 5 yrs
• Difficult conditions:-drought, blizzards, loneliness, inhospitable soil
Great Plains
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Homesteaders (Nebraska 1866)
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Chapter 15: Passing of FrontierChapter 15: Passing of Frontier
“frontier thesis” (1893)
Frederick Jackson Turner:
• frontier fostered innovation, democracy, assertiveness (American identity)
• closing of western frontier (1890) brought about much of the corruption/discontent of Gilded Age (no “safety valve”)
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Chapter 16: Rise of Business and LaborChapter 16: Rise of Business and Labor
Gilded Age (1865-1900):
• Life in US shone with wealth, but covered sins of corruption and poverty
• Period of rapid industrial, urban, technological, and agricultural growth
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Cornelius Vanderbilt’s summer “cottage” (Newport, RI, 1895)
New York City tenement family
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Chapter 16: Rise of Business and LaborChapter 16: Rise of Business and Labor
BUSINESS STRATEGIES:
horizontal integration: one company gains control over others who produce same product
-created monopoly (controls entire industry with no competition)
vertical integration: one company controls all aspects of a business
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Chapter 16: Rise of Business and LaborChapter 16: Rise of Business and Labor
J.P. Morgan: Banker
Andrew Carnegie:• “Rags to riches” steel tycoon• Gospel of Wealth (rich have duty to serve society)• Philanthropist (esp. libraries/education)
“robber barons”
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Chapter 16: Rise of Business and LaborChapter 16: Rise of Business and Labor
John D. Rockefeller:• Made fortune in oil• Found ways to limit competition; formed “trusts”
(Standard Oil)
Richest person in history?
“God gave me money”
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Chapter 16: Rise of Business and LaborChapter 16: Rise of Business and Labor
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
•Landmark legislation to outlaw monopolies which stifled competition
•Initially not effective (politicians did not want to go against big business) until T. Roosevelt
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Chapter 16: Rise of Business and LaborChapter 16: Rise of Business and Labor
science management• ensured work in factories was efficient and precise• “Father” = Frederick Taylor• popular with business; feared by employees
Samuel Gompers• “Father” of organized labor in US• advocated “bread and butter”
unionism (higher pay, shorter hours)• Founder of American Federation of
Labor
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Chapter 17: Challenge of CitiesChapter 17: Challenge of Cities
tenements
• Limited housing due to high immigration caused: overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, crime, high rents
• “dumbbell” design thought to be the answer -each room had a window -fit in narrow lot, 4 apts on each floor -**really built a slum
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Air shafts came to be used as garbage disposals
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Chapter 17: Challenge of CitiesChapter 17: Challenge of Cities
“Boss” Tweed
• Corrupt NYC politician who ran “political machine” (Tammany Hall)
• Gave aid to immigrants (jobs, $, advice) in exchange for votes
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One of many political cartoons by Thomas Nast depicting Tweed
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Chapter 17: Challenge of CitiesChapter 17: Challenge of Cities
Jane Addams
• Reformer who set up “settlement house” to aid poor (Hull House in Chicago --1889)
• Residents were well-bred/educated young people living among slums
Nursery at Hull House
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Chapter 17: Challenge of CitiesChapter 17: Challenge of Cities
“Oldcomers” blamed “Newcomers” for all troubles (attempted to limit immigration)
Social Darwinism:•belief that the fittest survive in both nature and society•used by wealthy business leaders to justify success
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Chapter 17: Challenge of CitiesChapter 17: Challenge of Cities
skyscrapers:• Bessemer process made steel better and cheaper• Elevators allowed for taller bldgs
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Chapter 18: Politics in Gilded AgeChapter 18: Politics in Gilded Age
Presidents elected from 1876-92:
• “timid” (their parties did not control Congress)
• <1% difference in popular vote-Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep. 1877-81)-James Garfield (Rep. Mar-Sept. 1881)-Chester Arthur (Rep. Sept. 1881-1885)-Grover Cleveland (Dem. 1885-89 & 1893-97)-Benjamin Harrison (Rep. 1889-93)
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Chapter 18: Politics in Gilded AgeChapter 18: Politics in Gilded Age
spoils system• rewarding party loyalty w/government jobs• result = often unqualified people in positions• many called for civil service reform• “Stalwarts” wanted to maintain status quo
Pres. Garfield (July 1881)Assassinated by Charles Guiteau; party loyalist who
thought he deserved govt job
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Did doctors cause infection which ultimately led to President Garfield’s death?
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Chapter 18: Politics in Gilded AgeChapter 18: Politics in Gilded Age
Populist movement (1892-1896)
•People’s Party supported by mostly poor Southern and Midwestern farmers
•adopted “free silver” platform-vs. gold standard (US money backed by gold)-thought would help debt-ridden farmers (rise in money supply would lift prices in general
•Later became model for Progressive movement
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Chapter 18: Politics in Gilded AgeChapter 18: Politics in Gilded Age
"You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” (1896)
William Jennings Bryan• aka “Great Commoner” and “Prairie Avenger”• Populist candidate for President (1896)• “Cross of Gold” speech advocated “free silver”
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Chapter 18: Politics in Gilded AgeChapter 18: Politics in Gilded Age
Wizard of Oz as allegory for Populism???:-Author L. Frank Baum-1st advocated in 1964
•Dorothy (common man)•Scarecrow (farmers)•Tin Man (dehumanized industrial workers)•Cowardly Lion (William Jennings Bryan)•Wizard (President)•Yellow Brick Road (gold standard)•Wicked Witches (wealthy bankers/businessmen)•Oz (abbreviation for “ounce” – measure of gold)•Silver Shoes save Dorothy
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Essay QuestionsEssay Questions
Choose two from the following:
• Summarize the U.S. government’s treatment of Native Americans from 1820 to 1890.
• Explain how standardization contributed to the growth of the country between 1865 and 1900, using at least two examples.
• Discuss the pros and cons of living in a company town.
• Who were the Populists, and what did they want?
• Discuss why “Oldcomers” blamed “Newcomers” and the methods employed to limit immigration.
• Evaluate the positive and negative aspects of homesteading on the Great Plains.