overview of african swine fever (asf) impact and surveillance in uganda

Presented byDr. Chris Rutebarika

Dr. Anna Rose Ademun OkurutDuring

African Swine Fever Diagnostics, Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the

Endemic Areas within sub-Saharan AfricaFairview Hotel Nairobi, July 19th – 22nd 2011

Overview of African Swine Fever (ASF) Impact and surveillance in Uganda

Pig Industry Exotic pigs were introduced in Uganda in the

1950s and 1960s mainly to provide pork for European and Goan communities

Large White, Landrace and Wessex Saddleback breeds were the main breeds introduced

LES Entebbe and Mbarara stock farms were established as breeding and multiplication centres

In 1970 the pig industry declined drasticallyThere has been considerable increase in the

number of semi-intensive and intensive pig units since then

Pig Industry The pig population now stands at about 3.2 million pigs Pig production is dominated by the free-range system largely

rural The improved breeds are managed semi-intensively and

intensively Production system varies depending on agro-ecological zone,

land availability and proximity to markets. All domestic pigs were introduced by the colonial

government

Production systems Free-range scavenging Semi-intensive system Small-scale intensive production Large scale??

Free-range scavenging Common in rural set up Local breeds are commonly used In most cases pigs are not housed but tethered around

homestead Scavenge and find themselves a large part of their food Food may be supplemented with kitchen-refuse or

agricultural wastes There is practically no attempt to improve production Characterized by widespread in-breeding practices High piglet death rates and slow growth rates Average herd size is 3 pigs with one or two breeding sows Is low input/low output The pigs are normally kept to supplement family incomes.

Semi-intensive system

Pigs are confined to some extent but allowed to roam around homestead. More common in rural set-up

Pigs comprise largely of mainly cross-breeds and exotics Are commonly sheltered in poor/temporary open

structures Once or twice a day are fed on fodder, swill or crop

wastes and brewers wastes Average herd size is 2-5 breeding sows with one boar Level of involvement is higher with men controlling

management The objectives are to supplement family incomes.

Small-scale intensive production Pigs kept in confinement and are mostly housed Largely found in peri-urban or urban set-up Housed with permanent or semi-permanent materials Better breeds but largely crosses of Large-white and

Landrace Larger herd sizes up to 5-10 breeding pigs are very few in

the country Improved management practiced Fed on maize bran, banana peelings tubers etc depending on

agro-ecological conditions Goal is purely commercial.

Large scale intensive is currently one enterprise

Pig population trendsYear Numbers

1991 700,000 (Agric. Census) 1997 1,400,000 Estimated 2001 1,600,000 2002 700,000 2005/06 1,700,000 2007 1,800,000 2008 3,184,310 (2008 Census)

2008 Census (Population By Region)

Region Numbers Central 1,307,460 Eastern 699,680 Northern 340,460 Western 778,350 Karamoja 58,350 TOTAL 3,184,310 Adult males comprise 17.2% while adult females are 35.3%

Annual Pork production 1991-2001.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Production (000 tons)

Pig Ownership1.1 million households own pigs in Uganda (17.8%)Household average herd size is 3 pigs

Region Household average Central 3 Eastern 2.7 Northern 3.2 Western 2.4 Karamoja 6.1

Highest number of households owning pigs is Central regionA typical household in Uganda owns 0.5 pigs

Lake Victoria Crescent Districts – 2008 Census

District No. of Pigs Masaka 236,150 Wakiso 199,960 Mukono 181,850 Mpigi 108,080 Rakai 102,870 Bugiri 65,450 Jinja 26,860 Mayuge 18,340 Busia 14,200

These districts own 31% of the total number of pigs

Major Challenges in the Pig Industry Diseases African Swine Fever – heavy losses and loss of interest in the

industry Cysticercosis – pork condemnation

Non structured production – low yield and diseases Non structured breeding systems decline on the imported breed

characteristics No research on contribution of pigs to disease in other animals –

FMD Socio-cultural issues – Limited capital investments in agricultural sector – loans are

expensive and banking industry is not familiar/confortable with such investments

Major Challenges in the Pig Industry Lack of organized marketing system Lack of processing plants Poor product quality

African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10 years (Passive surveillance)

.

KITGUM

APAC

MASINDIHOIMA

MUBENDE

SSEMBABULE

RAKAI

MASAKA

NAKAPIRIPIRITSOROTI

KALANGALAWAKI

SO

MPIGI

LUWEROKAMULI

JINJABUGIRIKAYUNG

ADistrictsASF outbreaks 2001

N

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2001

Key

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

APAC

HOIM

AIG

ANGA

JINJA

KALA

NGAL

AKA

MULI

KAYU

NGA

KITGU

MLU

WER

OMA

SAKA

MASIN

DIMP

IGI

MUBE

NDE

MUKO

NONA

KAPIR

IPIRIT

RAKA

ISE

MBAB

ULE

SORO

TIW

AKISO

Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2001 in Uganda

Frequency

KITGUM

APAC

MASINDI

HOIMA

MUBENDE

SSEMBABULE

RAKAI

MASAKA

KALANGALA

MPIGI

WAKI S

O

LUWERO KAMULI

JINJA BUGIRI

IGANGA

SOROTI NAKAPIRIPIRIT

KAYUN

GAMU

KONO

DistrictsASF outbreaks 2002

N


Key

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

APAC

BUGI

RI

JINJA

KAMU

LI

KAYU

NGA

KITGU

M

LUW

ERO

MASA

KA

MASIN

DI

MPIG

I

MUBE

NDE

MUKO

NO

SEMB

ABUL

E

SORO

TI

WAK

ISO


2002

HOIMA

KIBAALE

MUBENDE

KASESE

BUSHENYI

RAKAI

MASAKA

KALANGALA

WAKISO

LUWERO

NAKASONGOLAMASINDI APAC

LIRA

KATAKWISOROTI

KUMIPALLISA

KAPCHORWA

BUSIAIGANGA

KAMULI

KAYUNG

A


N


Key0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


2003

African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10 years (Passive surveillance).

GULUPADER

SOROTIAPACNAKASONGOLA

KIBAALE

MUBENDE

KIBOGA

PALLISA SIRONKO

BUSIA

IGANGA

KAMULI

JINJA

RAKAI

KASESE

KANUNGU

MPIGIWAK

ISO

MUKONO

LUWERO


N


Key

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Frequency of ASF in districts during 2004 in Uganda

2004

KITGUM

PADER

APACNAKASONGOLAKIBOGA

KATAKWISOROTI

KAMULI

JINJA

MPIGI

KISORO

MUKO

NO

WAKIS

O


N


Key

0

1

2

3

4

APAC

JINJA

KAM

PALA

KAM

ULI

KATA

KWI

KIBOG

A

KISOR

O

KITGU

M

MPIG

I

MUK

ONO

NAKA

SONG

OLA

PADE

R

SORO

TI

WAK

ISO

Frequency of of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2005 in Uganda

Frequency

PADER

MASINDI

KABERAMAIDO

PALLISA

JINJA

NAKASEKEKIBOGA

MPIGI

RAKAI

ADJUMANIMOYO

DistrictsASF

N

DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS THAT REPORTED AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN 2006

KEY

100 0 100 KM

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


Frequency


PADER

LIRANEBBI

ADJUMANI

BUKEDEA

TOROROJINJA

MPIGI

DistrictsASF

N

DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS THAT REPORTED AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN 2007

KEY

80 0 80 160 KM

0

1

2

3


Frequency

MOYO

GULU

SOROTI

MANAFWATORORO

NAMUTUMBA

KALIRO

MASINDINAKASEKE

NAKASONGOLA

MPIGI

RAKAI

KASESE


N


Key0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.55

GULU

KALIR

O

KASE

SE

MAN

AFW

A

MAS

INDI

MOY

O

MPI

GI

NAKA

SEKE

NAKA

SONG

OLA

NAM

UTUM

BA

RAKA

I

SORO

TI

TORO

RO


Frequency

NAKASONGOLA KALIRO

MPIGIKASESE

SOROTIKABERAMAIDO


N


Key

0

1

2

3


Frequency


KITGUM

PADER

APACNAKASONGOLA

KIBOGA

KISORO

KATAKWISOROTI

KAMULI

JINJAWAKISO

MUKONOMPIGI

#

KAMPALA


N


Key

0

1

2

3


Frequency

Impact of African Swine Fever in Uganda ASF is endemic

It is highly prevalent through out the ten year period

The distribution has no pattern (mapping – genetic, epidemiological)

However the Lake Victoria region is always affected and yet it has the highest pig population (Socio-economic study area)

ASF usually decimates the whole herd and the farmer has to start all over again, leading to loss of interest in the industry

In some instances ASF kills 70% to 80% leaving carriers which the farmer carries on with and adds by purchasing – ASF perpetuation (Study area)

ASF has had a direct effect in reducing the pig population and the number of farmers in the industry (Impact area – advisory services)

Surveillance of African Swine Fever in Uganda Passive surveillance through monthly reports Incidence reporting usually through mobile phone, report by

DVOs to Commissioner Investigation when suspected disease is reported Active surveillance is now being carried out under ASFUga

project which is a collaboration between Uganda and Sweden.

DiscussionValue of pigs in Uganda Inadequate diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases Revive populations that have lost livelihoods especially in the

Northern Uganda Used in women and children groups, and other associations Enterprise that does not require much land; attractive to the more

urban areas of the Lake Victoria Crescent Yet ASF tend to be concentrated in this area

ConclusionsSince there is no vaccine yet for ASF there is need to improve; Production systems (hygiene, housing, feeding –avoiding swill) Breeding systems Deal with diseases – treatment, prevention and control –

quarantine, movement control

Way forward for the Pig Industry in Uganda Promote establishment of nucleus breeding centers Support improvement of pigs through importation

of breeding pigs Promote establishment of multiplication centers Promote use of artificial insemination in pigs Train advisory service providers Train farmers in modern pig husbandry Encourage formation of cooperative/farmer

associations

Way forward for the Pig Industry in UgandaReview relevant legislationFormulate standards for production and

productsPromote marketing of pigs and pig

products by grades for better pricesSensitization of extension staff, farmers

and butchers on standards and regulationsEnforce standards and regulations

Way forward for the Pig Industry in Uganda

Carry out research needs assessment Fund research in pig production Promote coordination and collaboration in

research activities nationally and internationally. Establish suitable markets in appropriate locationsAttract and encourage investments for processing

in rural areas Support establishment of central/regional

abattoirs

Thank you for listening

.

overview of african swine fever (asf) impact and surveillance in uganda

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