overview of microgrid system

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research

ISSN 0973- 4562 Volume 9, Number 22 (2014) pp. 12353-

12376 © Research India Publications

http://www.ripublication.com

An Overview of Microgrid System

P. Sivachandran and R. Muthukumar

Professor and Head1, PG Scholar

2

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,1, 2

Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, India.

[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

MICROGRID is one of the new emerging power distribution infrastructures

with prominent potentials in modern civilization. The concept of microgrid has

the potential to solve major problems arising from distributed generation in

distribution systems. Microgrid is defined as the cluster of multiple distributed

generators (DGs) that supply electrical energy to consumers without any

shortage. The realization of demand response, ef ficient energy management,high capability of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), and high-reliability

of electricity delivery leads to a successful microgrid. In a microgrid network,

total maximum load matches to the generated power. Large growth in

electricity consumption and rise in number of sensitive or critical loads leads

to increase in demand of electricity in daily life. A proper control strategy

should be implemented for a successful operation of a microgrid and in

utilization of renewable energies such as PV arrays, hydro, thermal and wind

turbines. In this technical context an overview of microgrid has been carried

out based on the reports from the literature present in past two decades.

Keywords: distributed energy resources, microgrid, multi-agent system,

point of common coupling, photo-voltaic, distributed generation, energy

storage system

1. INTRODUCTION A small scale power system located near the consumer is called the Micro-Grid (MG).

A Micro -Grid system is generally defined as a low or medium voltage distribution

network that comprises various distributed generations (DGs), storage devices, and

controllable loads. Microgrid plays an important role in utilization of renewable

Paper Code: 27659 IJAER


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An Overview of Microgrid System 12355

and currents measurements of microgrid. Whenever there is a problem with the main

utility supply, the static switch opens isolating the sensitive loads from the power grid.

When the microgrid is in grid-connected, total power from the local generation can be

directed to the non-sensitive loads.

Figure. 1: Microgrid Architecture Diagram.

The implementation of renewable energy into existing power systems is the

leading challenge. A microgrid network can be defined as a low voltage network (e.

g., a small urban area, a shopping center, or an industrial park) plus its loads and

several small modular generation systems connected to it [10]. Application areas of

this network including commercial markets, industrial zones, complex malls, campus

environments, military facilities, off-grid operations, community/utility settings, etc

[11]. The need for DG is to increase the service reliability and reduce the need for

future generation expansion or grid reinforcement [12]. If there is a fault exists in the

main utility grid then the DG must be disabled. Therefore it is preferable to operate

the microgrid in islanding mode till the problem in main utility grid is solved. If the

fault occurs within the microgrid in islanding mode then it will get shutdown [13].

The renewable energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic, hydro and fuel cell

are normally interconnected by means of Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM)-Voltage

Source Inverters (VSI) which has nonlinear characteristics of voltage vs current that

produces high switching frequency. Therefore a nonlinear controller Hysteresis


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12356 P. Sivachandran and R. Muthukumar

Current Control (HCC) is used for 3-phase grid-connected VSI system which

compensates current error with dynamic response. The quality of power is improved

by this controller [14].

4. MODES OF OPERATION: The two distinct modes of operation are (i) the grid connected mode, (ii) the

autonomous micro-grid mode.

(i) GRID-CONNECTED MODE:The grid connected mode is shown in the figure. 2. In this grid connected mode, the

utility grid is active and the static switch is closed. All the radial feeders are being

supplied by utility grid.

Figure. 2: Grid connected mode of operation

(ii) AUTONOMOUS MODE:The grid connected mode is shown in the figure. 3. Utility grid is not supplying power

and the static switch is open. All the Feeders A, B, C is being supplied by

Microsources and Feeder D (not sensitive) is dead.


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Figure. 3: Autonomous mode of operation

.

5. REASONS FOR CONNECTING A MICROGRID TO A MAIN GRID:(i) Availability:

The High availability of power grids act as an additional source for micro-grids. The

use of Renewable energy resources (RER) are the attractive options for supplying

loads by means of utility grid itself [15].

(ii) Operations/stability: Direct connection of ac microgrids to a large power grid facilitates stable operation, if

the power grid acts as a “stiff” source to the microgrid. When using renewable energy

sources, such connection reduces the need for energy storage system. A grid

connection reduces the investment in local generation [16].

(iii) Economics: Microgrids are typically planned with extra capacity with respect to the local load.

This extra power can be injected back into the grid in order to obtain some economic

benefit. Grid interconnection allows reducing fuel operational costs by using the

microgrid at night or low peaks which reduces electricity cost. The need for reduction


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in co2 emissions and economic feasibility throws large challenges in growth of

microgrid [17].

6 (a) IEEE STANDARDS: Interconnection standards need to be developed to ensure consistency. IEEE 1547, a

standard proposed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. There

are several standards specifying various aspects grid interconnection of a local power

generation source [18]. The most important one is “IEEE 1547”.

(a) PART IEEE 1547: (i) Main body

(ii) IEEE Standard 1547. 1 “IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for

Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.

” (iii) IEEE Standard 1547. 2 “IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547™, IEEE

Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power

Systems. ”

(iv) IEEE Standard 1547. 3 “IEEE Guide for Monitor control, InformationExchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric

Power Systems. ”

(v) IEEE Standard 1547. 4 “IEEE Guide for Designing, control operation, andIntegration of distributed resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems.

”(vi) IEEE Standard 1547. 5 has not still issued yet. Its main scope is to address issues

when interconnecting electric power sources of more than 10 MVA to the power

grid.

(vii) IEEE Standard 1547. 6 “IEEE Recommended Practice for InterconnectingDistributed resources with Electric Power Systems Distribution Secondary

Networks. ”

(viii) IEEE Standard 1547. 8 has not been issued, yet. Its main scope is to contribute

supplemental support for implementation methods for expanded use of previous

standards.

(b) MAIN PROVISIONS FROM IEEE 1547:(i) The micro-grid must “not actively regulate the voltage at the PCC. ”(ii) The grounding approach chosen for the local area power and energy system

must not create over voltages that exceed the ratings of the equipment connected

to the main grid. It must not affect ground fault protection coordination in the

main grid.

(iii) The distributed resources in the microgrid must be able to parallel with the main

grid “without causing voltage fluctuations at the PCC greater than ±5% of the

prevailing voltage level of the area electric power system (EPS) at the PCC” and

flicker must be within acceptable ranges.


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(iv) The microgrid must not energize the main grid when the main grid is notenergized.

(v) A visible-break isolation device must be located between the main grid and aDR unit only when required by the main grid provider practices.

(vi) The interconnection system must meet applicable surge and EMI standards.(vii) A microgrid must “not inject dc current greater than 0. 5% of the full rated

output current” at the PCC.

6 (c) THE IMPORTANT PROVISIONS FROM IEEE 1547. 6: IEEE 1547. 6 about network protections (NP) on the grid’s side:

The presence of DR should not:

- “cause any NP to exceed its fault-interrupting capability. ”- “cause any NP to operate more frequently than prior to DR operation. ”- “prevent or delay the NP from opening for faults on the network feeders. ”- “delay or prevent NP closure. ”- “require the NP settings to be adjusted except by consent of the area EPS

operator. ”

- “cause an islanded condition when main grid network fails.

7. INTERCONNECTION METHODS: Microgrid is connected to the main utility system via an interconnection switch [19].

(i) Directly through switchgear

(ii) Power electronic interfaces(iii) Static switches

(i) Directly through circuit breakers:It is relatively simple and inexpensive. The time process is slow (3 to 6 cycles to

achieve a complete disconnection). Since electrical characteristics on both sides of the

circuit breakers must be the same, then, these electrical characteristics on the

microgrid side are dependent on the grid characteristics. For example, connection of a

circuit breaker limits the microgrid partially to an ac power distribution system in

order to match the grid’s electrical characteristics. Power flow through the PCC

cannot be controlled.

(ii) Power electronic interfaces:The control and flexibility needed by the microgrid is achieved by power electronics

interfaces [20]. It is the costlier option but it is also the most flexible one. It allows

power distribution architecture characteristics on both sides of the PCC to be

completely different. Both real and reactive power flow can be controlled. Reaction

times to connection or disconnection commands are similar to those provided by static

switches, in case of any power electronic interface, its dynamic response depends on

the given controller topology and internal energy storage components. Still, in many

cases, a circuit breaker will still be required at the grid-side terminal of the power

electronic interface in order to provide a way to physically disconnect the micro-grid


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from the grid. Similarly to static switches, the presence of a power electronic circuit

will lead to some power losses not found in the approach using mechanical interfaces.

(iii) Use of static switches: Usually Static switches of SCRs antiparallel configuration makes bidirectional power

flow. They allow for many open/close operations. They act much faster than

conventional circuit breakers (in the order of half a cycle to a cycle). Sometimes

IGBTs are more preferred than SCR because IGBTs much faster than SCRs and their

current is inherently limited. Still power flow cannot be controlled. There are some

conduction losses in the devices. Fast response DSP based switches and relays is used

[21], [22].

8. POWER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN MICROGRID: In Micro Grid System, the Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) resides at the centre

of Microgrid architecture, acting as a brain of the entire system. MGCC monitors andcontrols the operations over SCADA network utilising Information and

Communication Technologies (ICT). MGCC facilitates all the functions of Sources as

well as Load control to achieve load-generation balance all the time [23].

Power sharing among distributed generators in a microgrid is possible by

employing certain control technique such a droop control [24]. It is implemented to

control frequency and voltage in DGs having a power electronic interface [25].

However these droop control methods are applicable for High-Voltage (HV) MGs to

improve power efficiency [26] and droop control laws improves power sharingcapability [27].

In the last two decades (approximately), the traditional droop control laws has

been modified to improve power sharing [28]- [30] and/or stability of MGs [31]- [33].

Small-signal stability of MGs deteriorates at higher droop gains while it is immune to

other parameters, such as controller gains and tie-line impedance [34] - [36]. Virtual

resistance [37], supplementary droop [38], and adaptive feed forward compensation

[39] may be used to stabilize the system under high droop gains. The effect of high

penetration of various DG technologies on transient stability of the system is studied

[39]- [43].

In order to reduce frequency deviations in MGs it can be modified by inverter

control techniques Such as virtual synchronous machine [44], and synchronverters[45]. Increasing inertia virtually in the inverter control techniques will result in a

reduction in maximum rotor speed deviation of the nearby source [46] and inverter

output is controlled by a constant value during power change [47], [48].

9. BENEFITS OF MICROGRID: Microgrid has enormous potential benefits that have mentioned below:

It optimizes the value of existing production and transmission capacity. It

incorporates more renewable energy and enables broader penetration of DERs and use

of energy storage options. It reduces Carbon foot prints and improves power quality,


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power reliability, operational performance and overall productivity of utilities. It

enables two way communications with consumers by enabling them to manage their

energy usage [49].The traditional or classical system dispatch mainly focuses on:

This system consists of unit commitment scheduling, economic dispatch,

automatic generation control, grid security and local dispatch with some regionalimplications [50].

The market-based dispatch system in a microgrid has additional sophisticated

focus areas including:

(i) Formal day-ahead and real-time tasks.(ii) Unit commitment and economic dispatch with more explicit transmission

security constraints.

(iii) Checks and balances to ensure transparency and consistency.(iv) Large scale system dispatch that is regional and multiregional in scope.(v) Integration of distributed energy resources and demand response resources.(v) Efficient generation and storage system to save energy and reducing carbon

emissions.

(vi) Integrating technological advances to control reactive power flow using SVC

[51].

10. MULTI AGENT SYSTEM OF MICROGRID: Mingzhu Lu et al [52] proposed the traditional central power plant and different DER

by using Multi-agent system (MAS) technology. A new three layered MASarchitecture was designed with good generality useable in small, medium and large

scale multi-agent system based distributed energy resources (MAS-DER). It providesa better efficiency of power supply by reducing the cost and pollution.

A. Dimeas et al [53]- [57] demonstrated the capabilities of MAS technology in

the operation of a Microgrid. Further Java Agent Development Framework (JADE)

was developed in order to increase the efficiency and intelligence of the Microgrid

system.

J. Oyarzabal et al [58] reported a control system based on intelligent software

agent technologies and its applications of transmission, generation and storage devices

connected to a network forming a microgrid. This software modular architecture

which enables additional services for advanced control techniques such as Generationdeploy control system where real generation, storage and load sharing devices were

being monitored and controlled and further it also assessed performance and

scalability issues related to the MAS framework.

Zhenhua Jiang [59] illustrated that in a multi-agent-based control framework, a

microgrid system can be used as a modular power generation unit to DGs. Simulation

studies demonstrated that the control agents manage the power of each energy source

properly and the microgrid works reliably and efficiently.

S. J. Chatzivasiliadis et al [60] investigated the potential of distributed control in

maximization use of renewable Energy Resources and environmental-friendly

technologies to increase the power supply.


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T. Logenthiran et al [61] pointed the application of Multi-Agent Systems for

distributed energy resource (DER) management in a Microgrid. With help of software

system it is possible to apply a distributed coordination system approach tocoordinating distributed energy resources systems at the state of strategic level.

Zhang Jian et al [62] outlined the framework of Multi-Agent Systems and

presented an agent control model to increase the maximum efficiency of Microgrid.The technical idea was based on hierarchical coordinated control mechanism. This

coordination control strategies of MAS helps to increase the improved efficiency and

reliability of Microgrid.

Wen- Di Zheng et al [63] demonstrated a multi-agent system approach for

distributed energy resources (DER) to establish a two-layer control strategy in the

grid-connected mode and the island mode of microgrid. In this control technique,

autonomy strategy of each agent was maximized to control the DERs without any

communication techniques based system approach.

Tinghua Li et al [64] illustrated a multi-agent technologies based on simple

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) /Internet Protocol (IP) to monitor and control

microgrid system using the platforms of MATLAB and hardware implementation

proves the feasibility of microgrid scheduling under the control of MAS.

T. Logenthiran, et al [65], [66] explained the Multi-Agent System for generation

scheduling of a microgrid and it has different types of agents such as micro sourcecontroller agent, energy storage agent and load controller agent. Micro source

controller agent modelled the corresponding DER such as solar, wind, hydro turbine

etc. The DGs maximize their power production in order to maintain reliability,

production cost and unit constraints. Load controller agent represents thecorresponding controllable load to the main system.

H. N. Aung et al [67] demonstrated a Multi Agent System in Java Agent

Development Framework (JADE) platform and it is implemented in Real Time

Digital Simulator (RTDS). This system involves an algorithm for the management of

the microgrid operation in both grid connected and autonomous or islanded modes,

power scheduling management, load sharing techniques, isolating microgrid and

securing critical loads during the power outages. A real- time communication

interface between MAS and RTDS was presented via TCP/IP incorporating the

distributed energy resources in real-time for operation of both islanded and grid

connected modes.

C. M. Colson et al [68] proposed a distributed agent based microgrid controlarchitecture capable of coordinating of user-defined objective methodologies for the

attribution of centralized and decentralized agent-based control.

Niannian cai et al [69] proposed a hierarchical control scheme using a MAS for

black start operation of a microgrid with power electronic interfaces. Different types

of agents, namely Grid controller Agent, Central controller Agent, Generation

controller Agent, Load controller Agent and Breaker through controller Agent were

applied in this control method. The MAS is able to coordinate the DGs and various

loads to maintain steady state operation of the microgrid either in grid-connected

mode or islanded mode. It can also perform a black start operation if a seamless


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transition to the islanded mode fails or if a black start becomes necessary for any other

reasons.

Mao Meiqin et al [70] made a novel platform approach for the study of EnergyManagement System (EMS) -MG based on MAS and its structure of Client-Server

platform for the generation of coordination control operation of the microgrid in

islanding mode or grid connected mode.

Massimo Cossentino et al [71] proposed a Multi-Agent System-based approach

for the solution of the energy transportation problem that avoids overloading offeeders by redirecting the energy flow and protecting itself.

A. L. Kulasekera et al [72] outlined a current research on the application of

multi-agent systems in microgrid schemes. The recent development of different

aspects of microgrids such as control, marketing approach, power optimization and

restoration provides stability.

H. S. V. S. Kumar Nunna et al [73] demonstrated a two level architecture of

DERs management for multiple microgrids using multi agent systems. At the end they

presented two case studies with two and four interconnected microgrids participating

in market.

Thillainathan Logenthiran et al in [74] presented a multi-agent system for real-

time operation of a residential microgrid for both grid-connected and islanded modes

with a Real Time Digital Simulator. It shows the possibility of autonomous built-in

operation of a microgrid with a multi-agent system in a two-stage operational

strategy.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROGRID: A general configuration of microgrid has shown in the figure. 4

Normally a microgrid consists of a static transfer switch (STS), distributed

critical loads, noncritical loads and multiple DER units with various power electronics

interfaces [75]. Microgrids are classified into three types based on the type of supply

and their locations. (i) Utility interface microgrids, (ii) commercial and industrial

microgrids and (iii) remote microgrids [76].


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figure. 4: Classification of microgrid

DC MICROGRIDS: DC microgrid is widely used in the application of telecommunication systems [77],

electric vehicles [78], and shipboard power systems [79].

Intensive use of electronic loads in commercial buildings and in office buildings

This DC configuration is presented for commercial power system with sensitive

electronic loads [80].

HF AC MICROGRIDS:Used in the applications of aircraft system and in military applications of 1-phase

400Hz [81].

HFAC distributed power systems are limited to local areas, since the losses are

dramatically increasing with the distance. So it is applicable for small areas [82].It can control both active and reactive power flow from/to the microgrid.

HF AC microgrid can operate at a higher frequency (400 Hz or 500 Hz).

LF AC MICROGRIDS:Widely used in many research areas, remote villages and in test fields.

Operational and control strategies of LFAC microgrids in DER units.


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A power and energy management strategy comes under the formation of LFAC

microgrids.

HYBRID DC-AND AC-COUPLED MICROGRIDS:Hybrid DC-and AC-coupled microgrids use the DC part for connecting the distributedenergy storage systems including batteries, fuel cells and even flywheels connectedto bidirectional AC-DC converters, and other DC energy sources.

DC energy sources such as PV systems connected through DC-DC Boost

converters and small turbines (gas and wind) connected through rectifiers. The hybrid microgrid architecture with DC and AC links has been presented in

[83] – [85].

A decoupled control of DC and AC parts of microgrid is achieved by using

power converters [86].

12. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF MICROGRID: Improvement of microgrid service quality, increase in power system reliability [87].

Management of instantaneous values of active and reactive power balances,

power flow and network voltage profiles [88].

Performance of special tasks such as active and reactive power control and MG

has ability to correct voltage sags and system imbalances [89-90].

Reactive power droop control for local reliability and stability [91] and Power

frequency-droop control in islanded operation [92].

Generation control schemes for active and reactive power – voltage, power – frequency in DGs [93].

Fast and accurate voltage, current and frequency control in operation of a weak

low voltage network based microgrid [94].

Switching compensation needs in DGs of the microgrid system, when islanding

occurs [95].

To implement a small signal state space model of autonomous operation of

inverter based microgrid [96].

13. KEY ISSUES OF MICROGRID:

The key issues of microgrid including:(1) The planning and design of microgrid (including DER) [97-102];(2) Operating characteristics of micro sources [103-105];(3) Microgrid operation and its energy management (including energy storage

technology) [106-109];

(4) Interconnection of microgrid to the bulk power system [110-112];(5) Island mode of microgrid [113-115];(6) Protection of microgrid [116-118].


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14. RECENT PROJECTS IN MICROGRID: There are a number of active Microgrid projects operating around the world involved

with testing and evaluation of advanced operating concepts for power distribution

systems [119]. The Microgrid research based on simulation study and hardware

laboratory projects currently in progress to conduct field tests on Micro Grid

applications are in Europe, the United States, Japan, Canada and India [120].

National Technical University of Athens (EU): A laboratory-test scale microgrid system installed at the National Technical

University of Athens comprises two PV generators, one wind turbine, battery energy

storage, controllable loads and a controlled interconnection to the local LV grid [121].

United States Department of Energy & California Energy Commission: A laboratory scale test system is commissioned at the Wisconsin University located in

Madison. Laboratory testing on the Microgrid of CERTS concept has been installed at

the Dolan Technology Centre located in Columbus, under the operation of American

Electric Power [122].

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEITDO) in

japan: A laboratory scale test system at Japan, a NEITDO established its regional microgrid

with renewable energy resources projects in the year 2003. Various field tests were

implemented in microgrid and the integration of new energy sources into a local

distribution network [123].

Microgrid Research & Development Activities at Boston Canada: Microgrid R&D activities at Canadian research universities focused on development

of control and protection strategies for autonomous Micro Grid operation which are

mostly carried out in collaboration with the electric utility industry, manufacturers and

other stakeholders DERs integration and in power utilization.

Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA) in India: In India a site of Alamprabhu Pathar a hilly area in Kolhapur district in the state of

Maharashtra is rich of renewable energy resources. Maharashtra Energy Development

Agency (MEDA) has declared Alamprabhu Pathar as one of the wind sites, wheregood amount of wind power can be tapped off. Availability of large scale sugar

industries in close vicinity of Alamprabhu Pathar has made it possible to include bio-

gas sources based generators as one the constituents of the Microgrid [124].

15. CONCLUSION: In this paper an overview of microgrid has been carried out based on the reports from

the literature present in past two decades. Microgrid could be the answer to our energy

crisis. Microgrids plays a vital role in future generation of electricity and better power

quality which can provide improved electric service reliability, and in focus of


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effective utilization of renewable energy sources. Microgrids make a remarkable

significant contribution to the power generation and distribution in markets.

Microgrid eliminates CO2 Emissions and encourages the use of the renewable energysources. Large land use impacts are avoided. Transmission losses gets highly reduced

due to the implementation of microgrid. Microgrid results in substantial power

savings and cuts emissions without major changes to lifestyles. Microgrid provides

high quality and reliable energy supply to critical loads and fault identification is

simpler. Although many research projects and implementation of microgrids going in

various countries, however it is not yet successfully spread across the globe.

Microgrid growth is rapidly rising and expected to develop in a full fledged manner.

Such a review of microgrid creates an awareness among the Government,

Researchers, Industrialists and Public about its significance and benefits.

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BIOGRAPHY

Dr. P. Sivachandran received his B. E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M. E. Power Electronics and Drives in 1996 and 1999 respectively, from the

Bharathidasan University, India. He received his Ph. D. Electrical Engineering in

2012 from Anna University, Chennai, India. He has received a Young Scientist

Fellowship Award from Tamilnadu State Council for Science and Technology,

Government of Tamilnadu, India. He has received an International Travel Grant from

Department of Science and Technology, Government of India to present a research

paper in IEEE ICSET 2008 at Singapore. He has fourteen years of teachingexperience in Engineering Colleges and two years of industrial R&D experience in

Lucas-TVS, Padi, Chennai. Presently he is working as Professor and Head,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sree Sastha Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Chennai, India.

R. Muthukumar received his B. E. Electronics and Communication Engineering in

2013 from Anna University, Chennai. He is currently pursuing his M. E. Power

Electronics and Drives from Anna University, Chennai. He has presented technical

papers in National Level Symposium. His areas of interest include Microgrid, Fuel

Cell Technology and Smart Grids.

overview of microgrid system

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