overview of recent results from clas marco mirazita i.n.f.n. – laboratori nazionali di frascati...
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Overview of recent results from CLAS
Marco MirazitaI.N.F.N. – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
for the CLAS Collaboration
Meson Production at Intermediate and High Energies - November 10-11, 2011 – Messina
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Jefferson Lab at Newport News, USA
Hall BHall A Hall C
CEBAF LargeAcceptanceSpectrometer
CEBAF
Energy : 0.8-5.7 GeV Max current : 200mA Polarization : ~80%
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The CLAS detector• Toroidal magnetic field (6 supercond. coils)• Drift chambers (argon/CO2 gas, 35000 cells)
• Time-of-flight scintillators • Electromagnetic calorimeters• Cherenkov Counters (e/p separation)
Performances for charged particles:• large acceptance
8°<q<142° in LAB frame60-80% of f
• good momentum and angular resolution
Dp/p ≤0.5%- 1.5%, Dq ≤ 1 mrad Df ≤ 4 mrad
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JLab physics program
quarksgluons
From nuclei to quarks: a laboratory from “strong” to perturbative QCD
Start physics program in 1996
Distance
Energyheavynucleifew
body
quarksgluons
vacuum
CorrelationsEff. NN (+ΛN) force
n-radii: N ZHadrons in-medium
Hypernuclei
Baryon and meson excitation spectrumMissing resonances
ExoticsParton D.F.TMDGPD
3D imaging of the nucleon
PV e-scatteringStrange FF
Parton D.F.TMDGPD
3D imaging of the nucleon
Baryon and meson excitation spectrumMissing resonances
Exotics
CorrelationsEff. NN (+ΛN) force
n-radii: N ZHadrons in-medium
CLAS physics program
Talk by D. Watts
This talk
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From baryonic to partonic degrees of freedom
Hadrons are made by 3 valence quarks, but as the resolution increases, a reach and complicated partonic structure emerges
How can hadrons be described in terms of quarks and gluons ?
parton distribution functions
low Q2
high Q2
2
1
2
1 30.the “spin crisis”
- how the proton spin is made up ?
qsv LG 2
1
2
1
- only ~2% of the proton mass is from bare quarks, the proton mass is generated dinamically
baryonic spectrum?
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Parton model in DISe’ = (E’, k’)
e = (E, k)
p = (M, 0)
* = (,q)
W
WL'E
E
MQd'dE
d4
2
2mnW
)Q,x(g 22)Q,x(g 2
1
spinWWW 0W
mn Wmnspin
)Q,x(F 22)Q,x(F 2
1
Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS)W2 M2 xB < 1 Q2 >> M2
PDFs have a simple probabilistic interpretation:
they encode the distribution of longitudinal momentum and polarization carried by quarks, antiquarks and gluons within a fast moving hadron.
P
Pxp
q • x is the fraction of quark momentum
• in the scaling regime only x-dependence• Q2 corrections can be computed
M
QBx
QMMW
EEqQ
2
2
22
22
2
2sin'4
22
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Unpolarized and Helicity PDFUnpolarized DF
qqxQxF ),( 22
WELL KNOWN
qqQxg ),( 21
Helicity DF
KNOWN
dxg1
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Orbital Angular Momentum
SU(6)
RCQMbroken SU(6)
curves: LO pQCD without/with OAM
valence quarks: JLab
ddxuuxF 9
1
9
42 dduug
9
1
9
41
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From collinear approximation to TMD
Three PDFs in collinear approximation in DIS
)( ),( ),( xhxgxf 111
• partons move collinearly with the nucleon • no angular momentum
Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distribution functions
P
TpPxp
qTp
more complex dist. functions
),( ),,( ),,( TTT pxhpxgpxf
111
Access to the transverse momentum requires tagging of the leading quark in the final state
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TMD distributions
• all functions depend on x and pT of the quark
• off-diagonal elements from interference between wave functions with different angular momentum
3D picture of quarks inside the nucleon in momentum space
Parton Distribution Functions
Parton Fragmentation Functions
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Accessing TMDs
pp → hX
pp → e+e-X
ep → ehX
e+e- →h1 h2 X
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Universality and TMDs
Non-zero because of initial or final state interactionSivers and Boer-Mulders change sign form SIDIS to Drell-Yan
DYTSIDIST ff 11 DYSIDIShh 11
Crucial test for the gauge structure of QCD
Sivers function: - unpolarized quarks in transversely polarized nucleon- correlation between quark transverse momentum and spin of the nucleon
Boer-Mulders function: - transversely polarized quarks in unpolarized nucleon- correlation between quark transverse spin and nucleon momentum
TMDs are universal objects - same functions in SIDIS, e+e-, DY, ...
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PT
SIDIS Kinematical Plane and Observables
Beam helicityTarget polarization
U unpolarized
L long.polarized
T trans.polarized
Extraction of the various terms from moments or asymmetries in
s = sUU + ST sUT sin(f – fS) + l ST sLT cos(f – fS) + ....
UU
UT
TT
TT
SS
SS
11
11
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SIDIS cross section
18 structure functions
11 Dg
11 Df
Structure functions decomposition
- leading twist (parton model)- higher twist ~M/Q- only f1 and g1 survive PT integration
FFDFF
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Observables in SIDISObservables in SIDIS are the structure function F, not the partonTMD DFs and FFs.
Unpolarized structure function:
11, DfF TUU C
a
Ta
Ta
TThTTTTa kzDpxfkpwzPkpkdpdexwfD ,,,/2222 C
momentum conservation
kin. factorDF FF
1. TMD PT = z kT + pT
2. Need models to unfold DFs and FFs - gaussian ansatz for the transverse momentum dependence
zDxfDf 1111 C
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TMD measurements at JLab
• CLAS@Hall Blarge acceptance spectrometer with good resolutionlower luminosity 1034 cm-2 s-1 asymmetry measurements over a broad kinematical range
• Hall Ahigh resolution and small acceptance spectrometershigh luminosity 1037 cm-2 s-1 high polarization 3He target (long. or transv.) neutron
• Hall Chigh resolution and small acceptance spectrometershigh luminosity 1037 cm-2 s-1 high precision cross section measurements
TMDs are studied at JLab through SIDIS scattering on nucleons (and nuclei) with different experimental equipments
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CLAS results
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Factorization at CLAS energies
ep→e’p0X
In the valence region: multiplicityFFAgreement with FF extraction from world data
DSS (Q2=2.5GeV2)
DSS (Q2=25GeV2)
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smooth dependence for all pions
CLAS
Double spin asymmetryXepe '
1
11
f
g
NN
NN
PPyfDA
tBLL
Same analysis as in the collinear g1 extraction but now focus on TMD
Calculations using gaussian ansatz f
T
T
k
k
T exfkxf2
2
11 ,
gT
T
k
k
T exgkxg2
2
11 ,
1.0
0.68
0.4
<kT2>g / <kT
2>f
transverse mom. distribution different for quarks with spin parallel or antiparallel to nucleon spin
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Xepe '
leading termhigher twist
NN
NN
fPA
tUL
1
sin2sin sin2sinULULUL FF
Target single spin asymmetry
112sin HhF LUL
H1 :
Collins FF of transverse polarized quark in unpol. hadronh1L
: correlation between transverse spin of quarks and longitudinal spin of nucleon
p+ p- p0
HT terms can be important at JLab
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Xepe 0'
higher twist
NN
NN
PA
beamLU
1
Beam single spin asymmetry
• Non-zero• PT dependence
1Hedominant contribution from g?g ~ HT correction of Sivers DF
• no xB dependence • same size as p+
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Hall A and C results
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phenomenological fit • no sea quark contribution (x>0.3)• dominance of favoured FF
u p+ d p-
• gaussian kT shape
larger kT width for d quark than for u in DF and FF u and d quarks have different momentum distributions
Unpol. cross section on H and D
• Similar shape for both pions• Smaller slope for D than H data
Hall CXeep '
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• Small (zero?) Collins • Larger Sivers for p+ than for p-
Hall AXeHee ' 3 Collins effect
11sin HhF shUT
Sivers effect
11
sin DfF TUTsh
Opposite behaviour with respect to proton data
HERMES proton data
Transverse target SSA on neutron
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Summary of experimental results• the effect of the transverse momentum of quarks can be observed
- TMD DFs and FFs are non-zero (Hermes+Compass+JLab+...)- how much does parton angular momentum contribute to the nucleon spin?
• first information on TMD DFs and FFs- non-zero Collins FF (SIDIS, e+e-)- non zero Sivers and Boer-Mulders DF (Hermes+Compass, JLab for the neutron)- first extraction of transversity (BELLE + HERMES)- possibility to access HT terms at JLab
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Open issues• strange quark distributions are basically unknown
- inconsistency between extractions from DIS and SIDIS experiments- s distributions different from sbar?
• kaon puzzle- Sivers and Collins for K+ twice as biggere as p+
favoured FF u p+ u K+
• TMD extractions largely depend on the gaussian ansatz for the transverse momentum dependences
- spin-dependent TMD are differences of probability, they don’t need to be positive
• analysis of exp. data is complicated due to convolution of DFs and FFs- multidimensional extraction of TMDs- new analysis techniques need to be implemented
Need more data, especially on kaons
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End physics program @ 6 GeV in 2012
6 GeV CEBAF
CHL-2
Upgrade magnets and power supplies
12 GeV CEBAF
Enhance equipment in existing halls
add Hall D (and beam line)
Beam Power: 1MWBeam Current: 90 µAMax Pass energy: 2.2 GeVMax Enery Hall A-C: 10.9 GeVMax Energy Hall D: 12 GeVMay 2013
Accelerator Commissioning starts
October 2013 Hall Commissioning starts
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R. De Vita, INFN – Genova Workshop sulle prospettive di fisica adronica a Jefferson Lab Genova, 27 Febbraio 2008
CLAS12
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R. De Vita, INFN – Genova Workshop sulle prospettive di fisica adronica a Jefferson Lab Genova, 27 Febbraio 2008
CLAS12 in Hall B
PolarimetersBeam monitors,Raster system, .. Faraday cup,
Beam monitors
CLAS12
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Q2
Kinematic coverage
extending to higher x means lower cross sectionsneed high luminosity 1035 cm-2 s-1
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GeV/c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
p/K
p/p
K/p
TOF
TOF
LTCCHTCC
HTCC
LTCC
TOF
LTCC
TOF scintillatorsLow Threshold Cerenkov
High Threshold Cerenkov
charged
particle
radiator
Photodetectors
Proximity gap
RICH detector to replace LTCC- good PID of kaons over the whole kinematics range- challenging project because of the large area for photodetectors
need mirrors to reduce the area
PID in CLAS12
no kaon ID
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Conclusions• Study of TMDs is one of the main items in the JLab physics program
• They provide a novel insight into the rich nucleon structure
• The first generation of experiments have shown evidence of sizeable effects due to TMDs but also open questions
• A new generation of experiments is in preparation at JLab with higher luminosity and improved detectors to test fundamental properties of TMDs
universality test of gauge structure of QCD
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Hall A L[cm-2s-1] = 1039
Pol. 3He (neutron) target. <PHe>=0.5
Longitudinal, transverse pol.
Hall B-CLASL[cm-2s-1] = 1034
Pol. NH3, ND3 targets <PH> =0.8, <PD>=0.3
Longitudinal polarization
High Momentum Spectrometer
(HMS)Short Orbit Spectrometer
(SOS)
Hall CL[cm-2s-1] = 1039
Pol. NH3, ND3 targets <PH> =0.8, <PD>=0.3
Longitudinal, transverse polarization
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Structure of the nucleonThe complex structure of the nucleon can be described through a large variety of functions
elastic FFcharge and current
distributionselastic scattering
transition FFinelastic scattering
GPDlongitudinal momentum distributions at a given
transverse pointexclusive reactions
PDFlongitudinal momentum distributions of partonsinclusive scattering
TMDlongitudinal and transverse momentum distributions of partonssemi-inclusive scattering
JLab main program: determination of multi-dimensional parton distribution
functions in a large kinematics range
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z-dependence of SIDIS proton g1/F1
37
CLAS 5.7 GeV
PRELIMINARY
• No significant z-dependence for 0.3<z<0.7• Good agreement with leading order calculation
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Double spin asymmetry on the neutron
XeHee '3
Evidence for non zero g1T
opposite sign between p+ and p-consistent in sign with models but larger effect
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Single spin asymmetry – new data
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p multiplicities in SIDIS ep→e’pX
p+/- multiplicities at large z diverge from SIDIS predictionsp0 multiplicities less affected by higher twists0.4<z<0.7 kinematical range, where higher twists are expected to be small
DSS (Q2=2.5GeV2)
DSS (Q2=25GeV2)
M.AghasyanHall-C
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JLab Physics Program @ 12 GeV
Hall A – form factors, SRC, GPDs & TMDs ,Low-energy tests of the SM and Fund. Symmetry Exp.
Hall C – precision determination of valence quark properties in nucleons and nuclei
Hall B - understanding 3-D nucleon structure via GPDs & TMDs - Search of new form of hadronic matter via Meson Spectroscopy
Hall D - exploring origin of confinement by studying exotic mesons using real photons