overview of renewable energy for ggr314 danny harvey, professor
TRANSCRIPT
Overview of Renewable Energyfor GGR314
Danny Harvey, Professor
Solar Energy:
• Passive (passive heating, ventilation cooling and daylighting)
• Active (using PV or solar thermal collectors)
Triple-glazing throughout, maximized passive solar heat gain
Source: Danny Harvey
Solar chimneys on the Building Research Establishment (BRE) building in Garston, UK
Source: Copyright by Dennis Gilbert, View Pictures (London)
Figure 4.53a Interior Light Shelf
Source: Danny Harvey
Figure 4.56 Light Pipe
Source: International Association of Lighting Designers
Supplemental figures, EnergyBase building, Vienna
Source: Danny Harvey
Windows on south facade are slightly overhanging
Source: Ursula Schneider, Pos Architekten, Vienna
Air temperatures during flow through solarium and heat exchanger
Source: Ursula Schneider, Pos Architekten, Vienna
Active Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic (PV) for electricity• Concentrating solar thermal for electricity• Solar thermal for space heating and hot water,
or for regeneration of desiccants in desiccant dehmudification and cooling systems
Solar PV
Figure 2.28a Growth in annual PV production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
An
nu
al In
stal
lati
on
of
PV
(M
Wp-A
C)
Rest of WorldUSARest of EuropeSpainGermanyJapan
Figure 2.28b Growth in installed PV power
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
Cap
aci
ty (
MW
p-A
C)
Rest of WorldUSARest of EuropeSpainGermanyJapan
Figure 2.16 PV mounted onto a sloping roof
Source: Prasad and Snow (2005, Designing with Solar Power: A Sourcebook for Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Earthscan/James & James, London)
Figure 2.17 PV integrated into a sloping roof
Source: Omer et al (2003, Renewable Energy 28, 1387-1399, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09601481)
Figure 2.18a BiPV on single-family house in Finland
Source: Hestnes (1999, Solar Energy 67, 181–187, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0038092X)
Figure 2.18b BiPV on a single-family house in Maine
Source: Hestnes (1999, Solar Energy 67, 181–187, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0038092X)
Supplemental figure: BiPV on multi-unit housing somewhere in Europe
Figure 2.19 PV modules (attached to insulation) on a horizontal flat roof
Source: www.powerlight.com
Figure 2.21 BiPV (opaque elements) on the Condé Nast building in New York
Source: Eiffert and Kiss (2000, Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado)
Figure 2.22 PV modules servings as shading louvres onthe Netherlands Energy Research Foundation building
Source: Photographs by Marcel von Kerckhoven, BEAR Architecten (www.bear.nl)
Supplemental figure PV modules as vertical shading louvres on the SBIC East head office building in Tokyo
Source: Shinkenchiku-Sha and www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/cases jpn_02.htm
Figure 2.23 PV modules providing partial shading in the atrium of the Brundtland Centre (Denmark, left)
and Kowa Elementary School (Tokyo, right)
Source: Shinkenchiku-Sha Source: Henrik Sorensen, Esbensen Consulting
Supplemental figure: Amersfoort project, The Netherlands
Concentrating Solar Thermal Systems for Electricity
• Concentrate sunlight onto one point or line with mirrors
• Make steam that drives a steam turbine• Makes electricity, up to 24 hours per day
Figure 2.34a Parabolic trough schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
Figure 2.35a Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity, Kramer Junction, California
Figure 2.35b Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity, Kramer Junction, California
Figure 2.35c Close-up of parabolic trough
Figure 2.34b Central receiver schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
Figure 2.42 Central tower solar thermal powerplant in California
Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Opportunities, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference
Figure 2.34c Parabolic dish schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
Figure 2.39 Parabolic dish/Stirling engine for generation of electricity
Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Opportunities, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference
Figure 2.40 Stirling Receiver
Source: Mancini et al (2003, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, 135–151)
Source: Clery (2011, Science 331, 136)
Description of the scheme in theproposed project shown in the preceding slide
Solar Thermal For Space Heating and Hot Water
Figure 2.45 Types of collectors for heating and domestic hot water
Source: Everett (2004, Renewable Energy, Power for a Sustainable Future, 17-64, Oxford University Press, Oxford)
Figure 2.46 Installation of flat-plate solar thermal collectors
Source: www.socool-inc.com
Figure 2.47a Integration of solar thermal collectors into the building facade
Source: Sonnenkraft, Austria
Figure 2.47b Integration of solar thermal collectors into the building roof
Source: Sonnenkraft, Austria
Figure 2.48 Integrated passive evacuated-tube collector and storage tank in China
Source: Morrison et al (2004, Solar Energy 76, 135-140, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0038092X)
Wind Energy
Figure 3.1a Annual additions to wind energy capacity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Year
An
nu
al A
dd
itio
n (
GW
/yr)
OtherChinaIndiaUSOther EuropeanSpainGermany
Figure 3.1b Growth in total wind energy capacity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Year
Cap
acit
y (G
W)
OtherChinaIndiaUSOther EuropeanSpainGermany
Figure 3.2a Breakdown of installed capacity at the end of 2009
US22.3%
Germany16.3%
China15.9%
Spain12.1%
India6.9%
Italy3.1%
France2.8%
UK2.6%
Portugal2.2%
Denmark2.2% ROW
13.5%
Figure 3.2b Capacity (MW) installed in 2009
China, 12894
US, 9989
Spain, 2409
Germany, 1875
India, 1339
Italy, 1104
France, 1088
Canada, 950
UK, 763
Portugal, 673
ROW, 4272
Figure 3.3 Wind farm at Pincher creek, Alberta
Source: Garry Sowerby
Figure 3.4 Progression of rotor sizes over time
Figure 3.25 Middelgrunden wind farm, next to Copenhagen
Source: Danny Harvey
Biomass
Advantages of biomass:
• Can be stored• Provides rural income & employment• Potentially cleaner than coal for most pollutants• Can be irrigated and fertilized with sewage water• Can be cultivated in such a way as to improve
the landscape and remediate soils• Can make use of animal wastes and agricultural
residues while providing an effective fertilizer byproduct
Disadvantages of biomass energy
• Land intensive (efficiency of photosynthesis is ~ 1%, with further losses when biomass is
converted to secondary forms of energy)• Can compete with land for food• Complex to initiate and manage• Must be tailored to the biophysical and socio-
economic circumstances of each region
Bioenergy Crops
• Annuals
• Perennial grasses
• Woody Crops (trees)
Annuals
• Starch-rich crops (maize (corn), wheat, potatoes) (used to produce ethanol)
• Sugar-rich crops (sugarcane, sugar beets) (used to produce ethanol)
• Oil-rich crops (coconut oil, palm oil, sunflower oil) (used to produce biodiesel)
Figure 4.3a Sugarcane (a sugar-rich crop)
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Figure 4.3b Sugarcane harvesting
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Figure 4.3c Cut sugarcane stalks
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Figure 4.4 Palm oil (and oil-rich crop)
Sources: Left, Photo by Jeff McNeely in Howarth and Bringezu (2009, Biofuels: Environmental Consequences andInteractions with Changing Land Use, SCOPE); upper right, Stone (2007, Science, vol 317, pp149 ); lower right, Koh and Wilcove (2007, Nature, vol 448, pp993–994)
Perennial grasses
• Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)(native to North America)
• Miscanthus (native to tropical Africa and tropical and temperate Asia)
• Napier grass (native to tropical Africa)• Jatropha curcas (a poisonous weed native to
Central America, used in India)
Figure 4.5 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Source: US Gov public domain
Figure 4.6 Miscanthus sinensus (upper)& Napier grass (Pennisetum pupureum) (lower)
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Figure 4.7 Close-up of Jatropha (left), and degraded land before (upper right) and after being planted
with Jatropha (lower right) in India
Source: Left, photo by Jeff McNeely in Howarth and Bringezu (2009, Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use, SCOPE); right, Fairless (2007, Nature, vol 449, pp652–655)
Woody crops
• Short-rotation coppicing
- Willow (Salix)
- Poplar (Populus)• Modified conventional forestry
- Acacia (N-fixing)
- Pine (Pinus)
- Eucalyptus
Figure 4.8 Harvest of coppice willow and irrigation of new growth with sewage water in Sweden.
Source: Dimitriou and Aronsson (2003, Unasylva 56, 221, 47-50)
Figure 4.9a Five-year old Acacia plantation
Source: Doug Maquire, Oregon State University, www.forestryimages.org
Figure 4.9b Eucalyptus plantation in Spain (left) and 4-year old Eucalyptus in Hawaii (right).
Source: NREL Photo Exchange, www.nrel.gov/data/pix)
Figure 4.9c 14-year old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in Georgia, USA
Source: Dennis Haugen, www.forestryimages.org
Large-scale integration of dispersed renewable energy sources with an HVDC (high-
voltage DC) grid
Figure 3.32 Typical DC and AC Transmission Pylons
500 kV DCroute width: 50 m
800 kV AC 85 m
±
Source: GAC (2006, Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power, Final Report, GAC, www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp)
Figure 3.33 Transmission corridors transmitting 10 GW of electric power
Source: GAC (2006, Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power, Final Report, GAC, www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp)
Figure 12.1c Minimum of CSTP and wind electricity cost (cents/kWh) (excluding transmission cost)
5 6 7 8 10
From C. Macilwain (2010, ‘Supergrid’, Nature 468, 624-625)
Nuclear Energy? The issues are:
• How fast we could ramp up
• Cost
• Long term U supplies
• Isolation of waste from the biosphere
• Terrorism/arms proliferation
• Safety
Figure 8.27 Nuclear reactor ages
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Age (Years)
Nu
mb
er o
f R
eact
ors
Source: Data from www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/index.html
Maintaining existing capacity
• As of April 2007, 114 out of 436 nuclear power reactors in the world were more than 30 years old
• Assuming the normal reactor lifetime of 40 years, 114 new reactors will be needed during the next 10 years, or an average of one every 5 weeks – just to maintain the existing capacity
• The following decade, a new reactor would be needed every 22 days on average just to maintain the existing capacity
Resource Constraints
• Its hard to say how much uranium might become available with large increases in the price of uranium (due to scarcity)
• However, in the absence of reprocessing and use of fast breeder reactors (which pose enormous terrorism risks in today’s world), the supply would likely not be adequate for more than 100 years (and possibly much less) if we were to somehow double the current supply of electricity from nuclear reactors.
• However, nuclear wastes would be a problem for 100s of thousands of years – is it fair to burden future generations with this just so that we get (at most) an extra 100 years from nuclear energy?
Figure 8.16 Capital cost of nuclear power plants
Source: Cooper (2009, Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School)
0
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12000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Ove
rnig
ht
Cap
ital
Co
st (
$/kW
)
Early Vendors,Government &Academics
Utilities
Wall Street &IndependentAnalysts
Completed NuclearReactors
My conclusions on nuclear energy
• It will at best be too little too late
• It is unlikely to be less expensive than reliable renewable energy systems
• There are many important unresolved issues