overview on water
TRANSCRIPT
ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF
GOVERNMENT
DELHI
“Water and health ”
An- Overview for Paramedical
DR.P.P.SINGH
By
Dr. P.P.SINGH
Faculty AIILSGD
Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi
Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..
Source from the book of AIILSG. & WHO publications.
INTRODUCTION
All living have
essential 5
element .
AIR
WATER
EARTH
AGANI
AKASH
DR.P.P.SINGH
AIR
SPACE
EARTHWATER
FIRE
“ H” THEORY
HUMAN
HOMOSEPNIS.
HAPPINESS.
HELP
HAND
HEALTH
HOUSE TO HOUSE.
Hepatitis / HIV
H2O
HOLESTIC APPROCH.
DR.P.P.SINGH
HEALTH
W HO has defined as
“ Physical ,Mental ,Social & Spiritual Wellbeing of human not merely absence of illness”
Environmental Health as
“ The control of all those factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health or survival.
DR.P.P.SINGH
DISEASES
• Communicable
DOSE X
Virulence
•= --------------------------
-
IMMUNITY
•Non
communicable
. Environment.
. Life Style
. Genetics
DR.P.P.SINGH
• HEALTH
• NUTRITION
•SANITATIONPERSONNEL
HYEIGEN
ENIVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENT
“ The Sum total of all external conditions and
influences that effect the life and
development of an organism”
1. Physical Environment.
2. Biological Environment.
3.Social Environment.
4.Economic Environment.
DR.P.P.SINGH
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Also known as bionomics
Relationship between organisms and their
environment
DR.P.P.SINGH
WATERBORNE DISEASES IN RELATION TO
ECOLOGY
Example: CryptosporidiumMay become infected after eating ice made from contaminated water
Can be spread through person to person contactChanging diapers
Touching any body part which feces can be present
Primary Source –cattleOther animal and humans can be infected
DR.P.P.SINGH
WHAT IS A WATERBORNE DISEASE?
Waterborne
transported and supported by water
Disease
an abnormal or harmful condition
MODIFIED BRADLEY CLASSIFICATION
Feco-Oral Diseases
Water Borne Diseases
Water washed Diseases
Water Based Diseases
Water Related Diseases
Water Dispersed Diseases
Contaminated water sources
Poorly functioning water treatment systems
Prevention methods
-water chlorination
-drinking bottle water (trips to foreign countries)
HOW ARE THEY TRANSMITTED?
SYMPTOMS
Diarrhea (can be bloody)
Abdominal pains
Typhoid fever
Intestinal bleeding
Headache
Coughing
WATER RELATED DISEASES
BRADLEY CLASSIFICATION (1977)
A water related disease is one which in some way is related to water or to impurities within water
A. Biological/Specific (water borne-Diseases)
B. Non-Infectious/Non Specific water related Diseases
WATER-BORNE DISEASES
Also called Biological/Specific Diseases
Further classified into
A. Caused by the presence of an Infective
agent
B. Due to the presence of an Aquatic host
CAUSED BY INFECTIVE AGENTS
VIRAL1. Viral Hepatitis A &E2. Poliomyelitis3. Rotavirus Diarrhea BACTERIAL1. Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fevers2. Bacillary Dysentery3. E.Coli Diarrhea 4. Cholera
CONTND.---------
PROTZOAL
• Amebiasis
• Giardiasis
HELMINTHIC
• Roundworm
• Threadworm
• Hydatid Disease
LEPTOSPIRAL
• Weils Disease
NON-SPECIFIC/NON-INFECTIOUS WATER
RELATED DISEASES
These diseases are due to either excess or deficiency of certain chemicals in the water(Chemical Hazards)
1. Lead Poisoning
2. Endemic Goiter
3. Dental Caries/Dental Decay
4. Fluorosis
5. Infantile Methaemoglobinaemia
BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS
1. Provision of Safe WATER supply.
2. Safe disposal of WASTE.
3. FOOD Sanitation .
4. Safe HOUSING.
5. VECTOR control
6. Control of COMMUNICABLE &
ZOONOTIC diseases.
7. Control of POLLUTION In AIR ,WATER
& SOIL
8. Control of OCCUPATIONAL hazards.
HISTORIAL ASPECT AND CURRENT STATUS
.Since Ancient time – emphasis is on Safe Food, Water
,Clothing , Housing & Waste Disposal .
.Sewerage and drainage System were developed --
MOHENJO-DARO near Indus.
4th century B.C Emperor Chandragupta Mourya developed
a good system of Disease reporting.
Kauttilya’s “ARTHASHASTRA “ described details of Town
Planning, Garbage disposal prevention of nuisance 7
Disposal of Dead.
The Edicts of Emperor ASHOKA mentioned details of
Sanitation – Patliputra, ( Bihar) Hampi (Vijaynagar)
Contd--
PURIFICATION OF WATER
A. NATURAL METHODS
Evaporation & Condensation
Storage
Sedimentation
Oxidation
Percolation & Filtration through soil
CONTND.---------
B. ARTIFICIAL METHODS
1. PHYSICAL METHODS
Distillation
Boiling
2. CHEMICAL METHODS
Precipitation
Removal of Hardness & Softening
Germicides
Adsorbents
CONTND.--------
3. FILTRATION METHODS
ON SMALL SCALE
• Pasteur Chamberland Filter
• Berkefeld Filter
• Meta & Stellar Filter
ON LARGE SCALE
• Slow Sand Filtration
• Rapid Sand Filtration
• Desalination
CONTND.--------
3. FILTRATION METHODS
ON SMALL SCALE
• Pasteur Chamberland Filter
• Berkefeld Filter
• Meta & Stellar Filter
ON LARGE SCALE
• Slow Sand Filtration
• Rapid Sand Filtration
• Desalination
CONTND.--------
3. FILTRATION METHODS
ON SMALL SCALE
• Pasteur Chamberland Filter
• Berkefeld Filter
• Meta & Stellar Filter
ON LARGE SCALE
• Slow Sand Filtration
• Rapid Sand Filtration
• Desalination
Contd—
.Unfortunately in many developing Counties current status is
“ VERY POOR”
India BHORE COMMITTEE (1946) suggested plan for 90%
population for potable water for 40 year in phase manner.
-1980 U N launched “ INTERNATIONAL DRINKING WATER
SUPPLY AND SANITATION to all by 1990. ( PHC)
-21st Century the Global concerns is in Environment
Sanitation .
• Safe Water Supply
• Sanitation
• Conservation of Ecosystem
• Sustainable Development.
• Global warming ( Green House Effect )
• Acid Rains
SAFE & WHOLESOME WATER
Free from Pathogens.
Free from Harmful chemical substances.
Free from colour . odour and pleasant to
taste.
Usable for domestic purpose.
Otherwise = (Pollutant or contaminated )
USES OF WATER
1. Physiological – Drinking, Bathing etc.
2.Domestic – Cooking, washing, flushing toilets, gardening etc.
3.Recreational- garden ,fountains, swimming pools, boating etc.
4.Public use – fire fighting, street cleaning, medium of transport.
5.Industrial use – processing and cooling
6.Agriculture - -irrigation
7.Power Generation -- Hydroelectric & Thermal power
8.Waste disposal
WATER REQUIRMENT Estimated per day /per person requirement are
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
USE Water Requirement Per day ( Liters)
URBAN RURAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
1. Drinking 2.50 2.50
2. Bathing & Washing 50. 0 . 20. 0.
3. Cooking 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0
4. Toilets(Sewerage) 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0
5. Miscellaneous 7 . 5 7 . 5
6. Industrial 40 . 0
7. Public use 25 . 0
8. Fire demand 15 . 0
9. Losses 50 .0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
TOTAL 1 3 0 . 0 / 130 . 0 5 0 . 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOURCES OF WATER
A, RAIN WATER
B, SURFACE WATER
Upland water and impounding reservoirs.
Tanks, Ponds and Lakes
Rivers and Streams.
SEA Water
C, GROUND OR SUB-SOIL WATER
Springs
Wells ( Shallow /Deep/Infiltration / Artesian).
Tube Well.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. Open Conduits or Open Sections (for Short
Distance)
Canals
Ducts
Channels
2. Closed Conduits or Closed Sections
Pipes
o Steel Pipes
o Galvanized iron Pipes.
o Cast Iron Pipes
o R C C pipes.
o Asbestos Cement Pipes.
o Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes
Over ground Pipes.
Under ground Pipes
Dual Supply of Water.
Intermittent water Supply
STORAGE.
Dams ( Earthen Dams or Masonry Dames)
Intake Well
Tanks and Ponds.
BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES & THEIR EFFECTS
SUSPENDED Virus, Bacteria. Protozoa Causing Water Borne Diseases.
Algae, Fungus Odour, Colour Turbidity
Silt, Sand clay Turbidity.
DISSOLVED Calcium & Mg Salts Hardness
Iron & Mn Compounds Colour, Taste
Sodium Compounds salts Taste , affect on teeth enamel.
Lead , Arsenic Toxic.
Gases Oxygen (O2) Corrosion
Carbon di oxide (CO2) corrosion , acidity.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) odour, acidity , Corrosion
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Water Quality Requirement Limit
______________________________________________________________
_______
PHYSICAL•Turbidity , NTU mg / litre 5
•Colour ,hagen units mg/litre 5
•Odour Un objetionable
• Total solids mgle mg/litre 500
CHEMICAL• Lead mgl. Mg/litre 0.05
•Arsenic mgl, mg/litre 0.05
•Iron mgl, mg/litre 0.3
•Manganese mgl, mg/litre 0.1
•Hardness mgl, mg/litre 300
•pH 6.5 to 8.5
BIOLOGICAL• E- coli count in 100 ml Zero
•MPN of E- Coli 1 No. per 100 ml.
•B.O.D 1 ppm
WATER TREATMENT1.Aeration
2 Sedimentation.
3.Filteration
A. Gravity Filtration
i) Slow sand filters
ii) Rapid sand filters
B. Pressure Filters
4. Coagulation
5 softening of Water
6. Disinfection of Water
Chlorination ( Horrocks’ Apparatus (test)
Boiling.
Bleaching powder.
Tincture Iodine
Potassium per manganate (2 ppm)
Silver.
Ozone (o3)
Ultraviolet Rays
Domestic Candle Filters
GROUND WATER QUALITY
S.No. Parameters Maximum Acceptable Limits
1. Arsenic 0.02mg/litres
2. Cadmium 0.01mg/litres
3. Chromium 0.02mg/litres
4. Fluoride 1.5mg/litres
5. Lead 0.05mg/litres
6. Mercury 0.001mg/litres
7. Nitrate 10.0mg/litres
8. pH 6.5 to 8.5
9. Conductivity 100 – 200 u mhos/ Cm
10.Total dissolved Solids 500mg/litres
11.Chloride 250 mg/litres
12.Sulphates 1000 mg/litres
13.Colour 5 Hazon units
14.Bio Chemical oxygen demand 30mg/litres
15.Chemical Oxygen Demand 50mg/litres
POINTS TO CONSIDER.
1. SOURCES.
2. STORAGEs
3. DITRIBUTIONS
4. Leakages
5. PURIFICATION Methods
6. Sources of Contamination
7. Quality Monitoring
8. SWATER SURVEILLANCE
INTERVENTIONS
The important role of sanitation and safe water in maintaining health has been recognised for centuries
1980s – International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade
Reviews of the effectiveness of various levels of water supply and sanitation published
INTRODUCTION
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36
17
15
20
33
0 10 20 30 40 50
Water & Sanitation
Sanitation
Water Quality & Quantity
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Hygiene
% reduction in diarrhoeal illness
INTERVENTION CLASSIFICATION (1)
Hygiene – includes hygiene and health
education and the encouragement of
specific behaviours (such as
handwashing)
Sanitation – those interventions that
provided some means of excreta
disposal, usually the provision of latrines
(at public or private level)
INTERVENTION CLASSIFICATION (2)
Water supply – included the provision of a
new water source and/or improved
distribution (such as installation of a
handpump or a household connection)
Water quality – these were related to the
provision of water treatment, either at
source or household level
INTERVENTION CLASSIFICATION (3)
Multiple – those which introduced water,
sanitation and hygiene (or health
education) elements to the study
population
META-ANALYSIS (3)
Developing
Countries
Multiple
(i.e. water, sanitation
and hygiene [or health]
education)
Sanitatio
n
Hygiene
Handwashin
g
Education
Source Pt-of-use
Water
quality
Community
improvement
s
Household
connection
Water
supply
TUCSON WATER SUPPLY & DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Mtns.Avra Valley Aquifer Tucson Basin Aquifer
Tucson
Basin
Wellfield
s
Wastewater
Treatment PlantAvra
Valley
Wellfield
CRW
CRWRecharge
Water
Treatment
Plant
Reclaimed Water
Production Facilities
Recharge and
Recovery Recharge and
Recovery
.
Groundwater