overview struktur sel, sistem traffickingvirus ? •macromolecular aggregat, inanimate particles...
TRANSCRIPT
OVERVIEW STRUKTUR SEL, SISTEM
ENDOMEMBRAN DAN MEMBRAN
TRAFFICKING
Materi Ajar Disusun Oleh Fenryco Pratama
Sel: karakteristik umum
• Metabolisme
• Reproduksi (growth)
• Diferensiasi
• communication
• Movement
• Evolution
(Madigan, 2006)
Virus ?
• Macromolecular aggregat, inanimate particles that, by themselvws, are unable to reproduce, metabolize, or carry on any of the other activities associated with life (Karp, 2005)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pingnews/43
4420191/
Viroid dan prion
http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v7/n6/fig_tab/7400706_f1.html
http://biomedme.com/general/beneficial-role-of-prions-in-brain-
function_6411.html
Sel: Eukaryotik dan Prokaryotik
Feature umum/kesamaan
• plasma membrane
• Informasi genetik; DNA
• Mekanisme transkripsi, translasi, ribosom
• Jalur metabolisme; glikolisis, TCA cycle
• Similar mechanism of photosynthesis
• Similar mechanism for synthesizing and inserting membrane protein
• Kesamaan proteosome Karp, 2005
http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v20/n9/fig_tab/2404319f2.html
Sel: Eukaryotik dan Prokaryotik
Perbedaan • Nuclear envelope • Kompleks kromosom • Kehadiran membranous cytoplasmic organelles • Mitokondria dan kloroplas • Sitoskeleton • Flagella and cillia • Endositosis, fagositosis • Perbedaan komposisi dinding sel • Cell division • Diploidy • RNA polymerase type • Sexual reproduction, meiosis, fertilization
Karp, 2005
Sel Prokaryotik
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html
Sel Eukaryotik
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro.html
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Epulopiscium_fishelsoni
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Thiomargarita
http://platea.pntic.mec.es/~rmartini/thiomargarita.html
Ukuran Sel: Luas Permukaan vs volume
meted.ucar.edu
Exploring the Cell
• Mikroskop
• Staining
• Fraksionasi
• Trace/marker
• Cell free system
Struktur Sel Eukaryotik
Nukleus
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/nucleus.jpg
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ribosomes/ribosomes.html
Sistem Endomembran
• Pengertian
• ER, Golgi, Lysosom, Vakuola
• Secretory protein, integral protein, organelle protein
• Biosynthetic pathway, secretory pathway, endocytic pathway
• Constitutive secretion, regulated secretion
• Traffic pathway and molecular marker
Experimental approach
• Microscopy: Electron microscope
• Fractionation: Sentrifugasi/ultra sentrifugasi
• Trace: Autoradiography, GFP
• Cell free system
• Study of genetic mutants
Endoplasmic Reticulum
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rougher.htm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/endoplasmicreticulum.html
http://cells.kaleb-clark.com/index.cgi/details/SmoothEndoplasmicReticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• SER dan RER
• Struktur, ribosom, aktivitas biokimia
SER
• Lipid sintesis
• Ca2++
• Metabolisme karbohidrat
• Detoksifikasi drug; Cytochrome P450s
RER
• Polarized structure of secretory cell
• Intestinal goblet cell, endocrine cell, sel plasma, sel hati
• Sintesis protein: membran (integral), sekretori, internal organel (ER, golgi, lisosom, endosome, vesicle, vakuola tanaman
• Sintesis lipid
• Glycosylation in RER
Karp, 2005
http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/epithelia/epith_lec.htm
http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com/WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp140112.html
VS Free ribosome
• Protein sitosolik, peripheral protein, protein yg ditranport ke nukleus, protein peroksisome, kloroplast dan mitokondria
Sintesis protein • SRP • Ribosom • Signal peptide • Translocon • SRP reseptor • Chaperone, gating protein, disulfide isomerase • Protein G • Signal peptidase • Oligosaccharyltransferase (integral protein)
http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf
http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf
http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf
Gunter Blobel Nobel Lecture, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1999: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/blobel-lecture.html
Gunter Blobel Nobel Lecture, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1999: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/blobel-lecture.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/illpres/protein.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptide
Sintesis integral protein
• Stop transfer sequence
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-22/CB22.html
http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/183/22/6645/F3
Membrane biosynthesis in the ER
• Membrane is asymmetri in composition
• Most of membrane lipids synthesis entirely in ER, exception:
- Sphingomyelin and glycolipid
- Some of the unique lipid in mt & chlr membrane
ER for synthesis lipid; are integral membran protein, with active sites in cytosolic surface
Flip model; inserted newly synthesis lipid. Enzyme role
Karp, 2005
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin
Different lipid composition between organel
• Most membranous organel contain enzymes that modify lipid already present within a membrane
• Pemilihan tipe fosfolipid tertentu ketika terjadi budding vesikel
• Phospolipid transfer protein
Karp, 2005
Glycosilation in ER
http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf
Protein Quality Control
• Glucosyltransferase
• Calnexin
• Glucosidase
• Proteasome
UPR
http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf
From ER to Golgi
• ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment)
• VTR (vesicular-tubular clusters)
http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v9/n4/box/nrm2378_BX1.html
Golgi apparatus
• Structural/morpholgy: stack, cisternae, peripheral tubular
• Bagian: CGN, cis-cisternae, medial cisternae, trans-cisternae, TGN
• Difference type of golgi stack, difference characteristic/composition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg
http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_6_Project
http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/song/688D/Lectures/Endocytosis.pdf
Glycosilation in golgi
http://biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bicd110.SP08/KimHoyt.pdf
Model pergerakan materi melintasi golgi
• Cisternal maturation model
• Vesicular transport model
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html
Vesicular transport
• Variation in size, type and function
• Vesicular transport and protein coat
Vesikel transport
• D = 60-100nm
• Bud and fuse
• Surface: dark staining layers
Vesicular transport and protein coat
• Cause the membrane to curve and form a budding vesicle
• Selecting the component to be carried by the vesicle:
Selecting component:
- Cargo consisting of secretory, lysosomal, and membrane protein to be transported
- The machinery required to target and dock the vesicle to the corret acceptor membrane
Karp, 2005
Protein coat
• COP II-coated vesicle
• COP I-coated vesicle
• Chlatrin coated vesicle
http://colinhopkins.com/new_page_6.htm Albert et al, 2002
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/endoplasmic-reticulum-golgi-apparatus-and-lysosomes-14053361
Protein coat
• Protein coat and GTP binding protein
COPI-coated vesicle
• Transporting escaped protein back to ER
• Retaining and retrieval resident ER protein
• Retrieval signal: KDEL and KDXX
Sorting protein at the TGN
• Sorting and transport lysosomal enzymes: mannose-6-phospate signal, mannose-6-phospate receptor, addaptor protein (GGA), chlatrin
Dissociation chlatrin, returned MPR, vesicle destination
Sorting protein at the TGN
• Sorting and transport non lysosomal protein
Targeting vesicle to particular component
• Movement of the vesicle toward the specific target compartment: microtubule role
• Tethering vesicle to target: Rabs, GTP binding protein
• Docking vesicle to target: SNARE protein
• Fusion between vesicle and target membrane
Karp, 2005
Exocytosis
• Release of neurotransmitter
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~berger/b200sample/unit_8_protein_processing/proteinprocessingoh.htm
Lyososome
• Place for various degradative enzyme
• Phospatase, nuclease, protease, GAG- hydrolyzing enzyme, polysaccharidase and oligosaccharidase, lipid hydrolyzing enzyme
The Endocytic pathway
• Endocytosis: bulk-phase endocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
• Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocyotosis
• Coated pits
• Chlatrin
• Adaptor protein (AP2)
• dynamin
http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3bio315/lecture18.htm
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~berger/b200sample/unit_8_protein_processing/proteinprocessingoh.htm
http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/song/688D/Lectures/Endocytosis.pdf
http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/song/688D/Lectures/Endocytosis.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2552/figure/ch6.f1/?report=objectonly
The endocytic pathway
• Signalling receptor: growth factor (EGF), insulin
• Housekeeping receptor: cholesterol, iron
• Endosomes
phagocytosis
http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v3/n4/fig_tab/nri1053_F5.html
Transport protein to non endomembran system
Mitokondria, peroksisome, kloroplas:
- Post-translationally
- Folded or unfolded
- Specific signal sequence
Daftar Pustaka dan Rujukan
1. Michael T Madigan. “Brock Biology of Microorganism 11th edition.” Pearson Prentice Hall
2. Gerald Karp. “Cell And Molecular Biology: Concept and Experiments 6th edition.” Wiley
3. Campbell.”Biology.” Erlangga 4. Bruce Alberts. “Cell and Molecular Biology 5th
edition.” Garland Science 5. David L Nelson.”Lehninger Principle of
Biochemistry 4th edition. Freeman
Daftar Pustaka dan Rujukan
• Website (tanggal akses 24 Maret-1 April 2011)
Dapat dilihat di tiap link gambar untuk pendalaman dan rujukan belajar