oxygen delivery-systems
TRANSCRIPT
Oxygen Therapy & OOxygen Therapy & O22
Delivery SystemsDelivery Systems
Dr. J. S Dali
MAMC
www.anaesthesia.co.in [email protected]
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy
?
Oxygen TherapyOxygen TherapyPartial Pr of O2 in insp. gas
(Pi o2)
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy
Conc. of O2 (Fi o2)
(Orthobaric)
Total Pressure
(Hyperbaric)
Partial Pr of O2 in insp. gas
(Pi o2)
Father of modern OFather of modern O22 Therapy Therapy
?
Father of modern OFather of modern O22 Therapy Therapy
J.S Haldane-1917
O2 lack not only stops the machine,
but totally ruins the supposed machinery
Aim of OAim of O22 Therapy Therapy
?
Aim of OAim of O22 Therapy Therapy
To restore tissue O2 towards normal
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Air
mitochondria
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Atm. Air
(dry)
Lower Resp. Tract
(moist 37oc)
159mm Hg
(20.95 % of 760)
149mm Hg
(20.95 % of 713)
?
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Atm. Air
(dry)
Lower Resp. Tract
(moist 37oc)
159mm Hg
(20.95 % of 760)
149mm Hg
20.95 % of 713 (760-47)
Humidification
6 Vol % (47mm Hg)
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
149mm Hg
(20.95 % of 713)
?
Lower Resp. Tract
(moist 37oc)
?
Alveolar air
101mm Hg
(14 % of 713) or (15 % of 673)
673 = 760 – 47 – 40
PA O2 = FI O2 (Pb – 47) – PaCo2 x F
= PI O2 – PaCo2
= PI O2 – PaCo2 if breathing 100% O2
R.Q
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
149mm Hg
(20.95 % of 713)
O2 consumption
Lower Resp. Tract
(moist 37oc)
Alv. ventilation
Alveolar air
101mm Hg
(14 % of 713) or (15 % of 673)
673 = 760 – 47 – 40
PA O2 = FI O2 (Pb – 47) – PaCo2 x F
= PI O2 – PaCo2
= PI O2 – PaCo2 if breathing 100% O2
R.Q
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
?
101mm Hg
(14 % of 713) or (15 % of 673)
673 = 760 – 47 – 40
Alveolar air
Arterial blood 97mm Hg
Pa O2 = 100 – 0.3 x age (years) mm Hg
A – a = 4 – 25 mmHg
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Venous admixture
101mm Hg
(14 % of 713) or (15 % of 673)
673 = 760 – 47 – 40
Alveolar air
Arterial blood 97mm Hg
Pa O2 = 100 – 0.3 x age (years) mm Hg
A – a = 4 – 25 mmHg
Venous admixtureVenous admixture((physiological shunt)physiological shunt)
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Low VA/Q Normal True shunt
(normal anatomical shunt)
Venous admixtureVenous admixture((physiological shunt)physiological shunt)
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Low VA/Q Normal True shunt
(normal anatomical shunt)
Pulmonary
(Bronchial veins)
Extra Pulm.
(Thebesian veins)
Venous admixtureVenous admixture((physiological shunt)physiological shunt)
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Low VA/Q Normal True shunt
(normal anatomical shunt)
Pulmonary
(Bronchial veins)
Extra Pulm.
(Thebesian veins)
Normal = upto 5 % of cardiac output
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Venous admixture
PA O2 = 101mm Hg
(14 % of 713) or (15 % of 673)
673 = 760 – 47 – 40
Alveolar air
Arterial blood Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
Pa O2 = 100 – 0.3 x age (years) mm Hg
A – a = 4 – 25 mmHg
??
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Venous admixture
PA O2 = 101mm Hg
(14 % of 713) or (15 % of 673)
673 = 760 – 47 – 40
Alveolar air
Arterial blood Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
Pa O2 = 100 – 0.3 x age (years) mm Hg
A – a = 4 – 25 mmHg
PI O2
PV O2
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Utilization by tissue
Arterial blood
Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
(Sat. > 95 %)
Mixed Venous blood
PV O2 = 40mm Hg
Sat. 75%
Cell Mitochondria PO2 7 – 37 mmHg
– The critical level for aerobic metab. to continue
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Utilization by tissue
Arterial blood
Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
(Sat. > 95 %)
Mixed Venous blood
PV O2 = 40mm Hg
Sat. 75%
Cell Mitochondria PO2 7 – 37 mmHg
Pasteur point – The critical level for aerobic metab. to continue (1 – 2 mmHg PO2 in mitochondria)
A B Hb 14gm (normal) 7gm (Anaemic)
C.O. 5 L (normal) 4 L (Low)
PaO2 23 mm 60 mm
O2 Flux 375ml 350ml
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
A B Hb 14gm (normal) 7gm (Anaemic)
C.O. 5 L (normal) 4 L (Low)
SPO2 40 % 90 %
PaO2 23 mm 60 mm
O2 Flux 375ml 350ml
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
Min. gradient for OMin. gradient for O22 transfer from cap. to cell (app. 20 mm Hg) transfer from cap. to cell (app. 20 mm Hg) == sat. 20 – 30% sat. 20 – 30% == 200 – 300ml O 200 – 300ml O22 flux flux
Critical Level for OCritical Level for O22 delivery / critical O delivery / critical O22 flux flux
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Utilization by tissue
Arterial blood
Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
(Sat. > 95 %)
Mixed Venous blood
PV O2 = 40mm Hg
Sat. 75%
Cell Mitochondria PO2 7 – 37 mmHg
Pasteur point – The critical level for aerobic metab. to continue (PO2 1-2 mmHg in mitochondria, 22mmHg in capillary)
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Utilization by tissue
Arterial blood
Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
(Sat. > 95 %)
Mixed Venous blood
PV O2 = 40mm Hg
Sat. 75%
Cell Mitochondria PO2 7 – 37 mmHg
Pasteur point – The critical level for aerobic metab. to continue (PO2 1-2 mmHg in mitochondria, 22mmHg in capillary)
??
OO2 2 CascadeCascade
Utilization by tissue
Arterial blood
Pa O2 = 97mm Hg
(Sat. > 95 %)
Mixed Venous blood
PV O2 = 40mm Hg
Sat. 75%
Cell Mitochondria PO2 7 – 37 mmHg
Pasteur point – The critical level for aerobic metab. to continue (PO2 1-2 mmHg in mitochondria, 22mmHg in capillary)
PerfusionO2 content (Hb Conc.)
OO22 content content Per 100 mlPer 100 ml
Art. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 mlArt. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 ml Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x 75% = 15ml75% = 15ml Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 25% = 5ml 25% = 5ml
OO22 content content Per 100 mlPer 100 ml
Art. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 mlArt. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 ml Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x 75% = 15ml75% = 15ml Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 25% = 5ml 25% = 5ml 1% = 0.2ml 1% = 0.2ml
Art. blood 7g x 1.39 x 100% = 10 mlArt. blood 7g x 1.39 x 100% = 10 ml Ven. blood 7g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 7g x 1.39 x 50% = 5ml50% = 5ml
Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 50% = 5ml 50% = 5ml 1% = 0.1ml 1% = 0.1ml
POPO22 OO22 content content Per 100 mlPer 100 ml
97mm97mm Art. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 mlArt. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 ml 40mm 40mm Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x 75% = 15ml75% = 15ml Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 25% = 5ml 25% = 5ml 1% = 0.2ml 1% = 0.2ml
97mm 97mm Art. blood 7g x 1.39 x 100% = 10 mlArt. blood 7g x 1.39 x 100% = 10 ml ? ? Ven. blood 7g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 7g x 1.39 x 50% = 5ml50% = 5ml
Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 50% = 5ml 50% = 5ml 1% = 0.1ml 1% = 0.1ml
POPO22 OO22 content content Per 100 mlPer 100 ml
97mm97mm Art. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 mlArt. blood 14g x 1.39 x 100% = 20 ml 40mm 40mm Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 14g x 1.39 x 75% = 15ml75% = 15ml Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 25% = 5ml 25% = 5ml 1% = 0.2ml 1% = 0.2ml
97mm 97mm Art. blood 7g x 1.39 x 100% = 10 mlArt. blood 7g x 1.39 x 100% = 10 ml 27mm 27mm Ven. blood 7g x 1.39 x Ven. blood 7g x 1.39 x 50% = 5ml50% = 5ml
Tissue extraction Tissue extraction 50% = 5ml 50% = 5ml 1% = 0.1ml 1% = 0.1ml
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy
Indications
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
FIO2
Barometric Pressure
PIO2
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
FIO2
- FIO2 during anaes.
- Rebreathing
Barometric Pressure
- High altitude
PIO2
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
FIO2
- FIO2 during anaes.
- Rebreathing
Barometric Pressure
- High altitude
PIO2
PAO2
O2 Consumption Alveolar Ventilation
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
FIO2
- FIO2 during anaes.
- Rebreathing
Barometric Pressure
- High altitude
PIO2
PAO2
O2 Consumption
-convulsions
-thyrotoxicosis
-shivering
-pyrexia
Alveolar Ventilation
-resp. depression
-Resp. muscle paresis
- resp.effort (trauma)
-airway obstruction
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
FIO2
- FIO2 during anaes.
- Rebreathing
Barometric Pressure
- High altitude
PIO2
PAO2
O2 Consumption
-convulsions
-thyrotoxicosis
-shivering
-pyrexia
(7 % / o C)
Alveolar Ventilation
-resp. depression
-Resp. muscle paresis
- resp.effort (trauma)
-airway obstruction
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Low VA/Q Normal Anat. shunt
PaO2
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Low VA/Q
Abn. Pulmonary shunt
- pneumonia
-lobar atelectasis
-ARDS
Normal Anat. shunt
Abn.extra Pulm. Shunt
•cong. heart disease
(R L )PaO2
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Low VA/Q
Abn. Pulmonary shunt
- pneumonia
-lobar atelectasis
-ARDS
Normal Anat. shunt
Abn.extra Pulm. Shunt
•cong. heart disease
(R L )PaO2
Hypoxic hypoxia
Hypoxia due to hypoventilation
Slight increase in O2 conc.
(Thus the importance of ventimask)
Higher O2 conc.– –
Simple Rule
Hypoxia due to hypoventilation
Slight increase in O2 conc.
(Thus the importance of ventimask)
Higher O2 conc.– hypercapnoea– absence of cynosis
Simple Rule
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Low VA/Q
Abn. Pulmonary shunt
- pneumonia
-lobar atelectasis
-ARDS
Normal Anat. shunt
Abn.extra Pulm. Shunt
•cong. heart disease
(R L )PaO2
Cell
PO2
Hb concentration Perfusion
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Low VA/Q
Abn. Pulmonary shunt
- pneumonia
-lobar atelectasis
-ARDS
Normal Anat. shunt
Abn.extra Pulm. Shunt
•cong. heart disease
(R L )PaO2
Cell
PO2
Hb concentration
-Anaemia
-CO poisoning
Perfusion
local - PVD, thrombosis gen – shock, Hypovol., card. Failure cardiac arrest
A BAnaemic patient Patient with Hb 14gm%
Hb = 7gm % Normal Hb 7gm%
Hb Co 7gm%
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
A BAnaemic patient Patient with Hb 14gm%
Hb = 7gm % Normal Hb 7gm%
Hb Co 7gm%
2,3 DPG
Shift to R Shift to L
unloading of O2 unloading of O2
(blood tissue) (blood tissue)
PVO2 – ? PVO2 – ?
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
A BAnaemic patient Patient with Hb 14gm%
Hb = 7gm % Normal Hb 7gm%
Hb Co 7gm%
2,3 DPG
Shift to R Shift to L
unloading of O2 unloading of O2
(blood tissue) (blood tissue)
PVO2 – 27 mm Hg PVO2 – ?
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
A BAnaemic patient Patient with Hb 14gm%
Hb = 7gm % Normal Hb 7gm%
Hb Co 7gm%
2,3 DPG
Shift to R Shift to L
unloading of O2 unloading of O2
(blood tissue) (blood tissue)
PVO2 – 27 mm Hg PVO2 – 14mmHg
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
Hypoxia in co poisoningHypoxia in co poisoning
is out of proportion is out of proportion
to degree of anemiato degree of anemia
A BAnaemic patient Patient with Hb 14gm% Hb = 7gm % Normal Hb 7gm% Hb Co 7gm% 2,3 DPGShift to R Shift to L
unloading of O2 unloading of O2
(blood tissue) (blood tissue)
PVO2 – 27 mm Hg PVO2 – 14mmHg
Cardiac Output
Which patient is better placed – ?Which patient is better placed – ?
Dissolved ODissolved O22 in plasma in plasma
0.003ml / 100ml of blood / mm PO2
Breathing Air (PaO2 100mm Hg)
0.3ml / 100ml of blood
Dissolved ODissolved O22 in plasma in plasma
0.003ml / 100ml of blood / mm PO2
Breathing Air (PaO2 100mm Hg)
0.3ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2
Dissolved ODissolved O22 in plasma in plasma
0.003ml / 100ml of blood / mm PO2
Breathing Air (PaO2 100mm Hg)
0.3ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 (PaO2 600mm Hg)
1.8ml / 100ml of blood
Dissolved ODissolved O22 in plasma in plasma
0.003ml / 100ml of blood / mm PO2
Breathing Air (PaO2 100mm Hg)
0.3ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 (PaO2 600mm Hg)
1.8ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 at 3 Atm. Pressure
Dissolved ODissolved O22 in plasma in plasma
0.003ml / 100ml of blood / mm PO2
Breathing Air (PaO2 100mm Hg)
0.3ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 (PaO2 600mm Hg)
1.8ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 at 3 Atm. Pressure
5.4ml / 100ml of blood
Dissolved ODissolved O22 in plasma in plasma
0.003ml / 100ml of blood / mm PO2
Breathing Air (PaO2 100mm Hg)
0.3ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 (PaO2 600mm Hg)
1.8ml / 100ml of blood
Breathing 100% O2 at 3 Atm. Pressure
5.4ml / 100ml of blood
Basis of Hyperbaric O2 therapy
Benefit of OBenefit of O22 therapy in Hypoxia therapy in Hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia (gas phase) + + +
Anaemic hypoxia (fluid phase – const.) +
Stagnant hypoxia (fluid phase – flow) +
Histotoxic hypoxia (tissue phase) -
Benefit of OBenefit of O22 therapy in Hypoxia therapy in Hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia (gas phase) + + +
Anaemic hypoxia (fluid phase – const.) +
Stagnant hypoxia (fluid phase – flow) +
Histotoxic hypoxia (tissue phase) -
Normal Person (breathing 100% O2)
14gm x 1.34ml = 18.7ml + 1.8ml = 20.5ml (1.8 is 9% 20.5)
Benefit of OBenefit of O22 therapy in Hypoxia therapy in Hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia (gas phase) + + +
Anaemic hypoxia (fluid phase – const.) +
Stagnant hypoxia (fluid phase – flow) +
Histotoxic hypoxia (tissue phase) -
Normal Person (breathing 100% O2)
14gm x 1.34ml = 18.7ml + 1.8ml = 20.5ml (1.8 is 9% 20.5)
Anaemic patient (breathing 100% O2)
4gm x 1.34ml = 5.4ml + 1.8ml = 7.2 ml (1.8 is 25% of 7.2)
Physical effects of O2
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Physical effects of O2
“Air in the body – where it should not be”
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Physical effects of O2
“Air in the body – where it should not be”
Surgical emphysema
Pneumothorax
Air embolism
Bowel decompression
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
mmHg
Art. blood Ven. blood
Breathing air
PO2 100 40
PCo2 40 46
PN2 570 570
Breathing 100% O2
PO2 600 ?
PCo2 40 46
PN2 0 0
Gas Tensions
mmHg
Art. blood Ven. blood
Breathing air
PO2 100 40
PCo2 40 46
PN2 570 570
Breathing 100% O2
PO2 600 50
PCo2 40 46
PN2 0 0
Gas Tensions
Tissue requirement per 100ml = 5ml
Dissolved Fraction = 1.8 ml
Balance = 3.2 ml
0.2ml x 16% = 3.2ml
84% saturation = PO2 50mm Hg
Pre oxygenation / ?
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
Pre oxygenation / denitrogenation
To the O2 reserve in the body – ?
Oxygen TherapyOxygen Therapy IndicationsIndications
OO22 stores in the body stores in the bodyBreathing
air
Breathing 100% O2
Lungs (FRC) 450 ml 3000 ml
Blood 1000 ml 1090 ml
Tissue fluids / myoglobin + +
OO22 Delivery systems Delivery systems
OO22 Delivery systems Delivery systems
Ambient pressure– Variable performance devices– Fixed performance devices
OO22 Delivery systems Delivery systems
Ambient pressure– Variable performance devices– Fixed performance devices
Positive pressure ventilation– Non invasive (BIPAP, CPAP) – Invasive
OO22 Delivery systems Delivery systems
Ambient pressure– Variable performance devices– Fixed performance devices
Positive pressure ventilation– Non invasive (BIPAP, CPAP) – Invasive
ECMO
OO22 Delivery systems Delivery systems
Ambient pressure– Variable performance devices (Pt. dependent) low flow
No capacity system – no rebreathing
nasal catheter / cannulae Capacity system – chance of rebreathing
– Small – (mass shell only)
– Large – (with reservoir bag)
– Fixed performance devices (Pt. independent) high flow HAFOE (ventimask) Anaesthesia circuits
High flow systemThe gas flow is sufficient to meet all inspiratory
requirement
Low flow systemThe gas flow is insufficient to meet all inspiratory
requirement.
Part of tidal volume is provided by room air.
VariablesVariables
O2 flow rate
Patient factors– –
Device factors– –
VariablesVariables
O2 flow rate
Patient factors– Inspiratory flow rate– Expiratory time (active exp. flow + exp. pause)
Device factors– –
VariablesVariables
O2 flow rate
Patient factors– Inspiratory flow rate– Expiratory time (active exp. flow + exp. pause)
Device factors– Physical volume (capacity)
– Vent resistance (tight fit)
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Variable+ =
– =
No cap.
Devices
Capacity devices
FIO2 FIO2 FICO2
O2 flow rate +
–
Patient
Factors
Insp. Flow rate
+
–
Exp. time
+
–
Device
Factors
Physical volume
+
–
Vent resistance
+
–
Nasal CatheterNasal Catheter
O2 Flowrate (L/min)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fi O2
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40
0.44
Normal Anatomic Reservoir
(50ml)
6 Ltr/min
= 100ml/sec
= 50ml/1/2 Sec
Nasal CatheterNasal Catheter
Merits Easy to fix Keeps hands free Not much interference with further airway care Useful in both spont. breathing and apnoeic
10-15 Ltr/min flow rate ----------- 50-60 % O2 conc.
Nasal CatheterNasal Catheter
Merits Easy to fix Keeps hands free Not much interference with further airway care Useful in both spont. breathing and apnoeic Small but definite rise in FiO2 (dose not critical)
Demerits Mucosal irritation (uncomfortable) Gastric dilatation (especially with high flows)
For higher O2 Concentration
gadgets with storage capacity (reservoir)
problem of re-breathing
minimized / avoided by higher flows
Simple face maskSimple face mask
Simple Face Mask – ?
Simple face maskSimple face mask
NO YES
Simple Face Mask
Simple face maskSimple face mask
O2 Flowrate (L/min)
5-6
6-7
7-8
Fi O2
0.40
0.50
0.60
Partial Rebreathing mask (polymask)Partial Rebreathing mask (polymask)
Partial Rebreathing maskPartial Rebreathing mask(polymask)(polymask)
O2 Flowrate (L/min)
6
7
8
Fi O2
0.60
0.70
0.80
Poly mask Poly mask
What type of circuit it is – ?
Poly mask Poly mask
What type of circuit it is – ?
Modified T – Piece
Non Rebreathing maskNon Rebreathing mask
Non Rebreathing Mask
10 – 15 Ltr/min flow rate – 50-100 O2 conc.
Face MasksFace MasksMeritsHigher Oxygen Conc.
DemeritsRebreathing (if O2 flow is inadequate)
Interfere with further airway careProper fitting is requiredUncomfortable (sweating, spitting)
Bag – Valve – Mask assemblyBag – Valve – Mask assembly(Ambu Resuscitator)(Ambu Resuscitator)
Bag – Valve – Mask assemblyBag – Valve – Mask assembly(Ambu Resuscitator)(Ambu Resuscitator)
Bag – Valve – Mask assemblyBag – Valve – Mask assembly(Ambu Resuscitator)(Ambu Resuscitator)
Delivers O2 during BOTH spont. & artf. Vent
O2 concentration – 30 – 50% (without reservoir)– 80 – 100% (with reservoir)
To deliver 100% O2
Bag – Valve – Mask assemblyBag – Valve – Mask assembly(Ambu Resuscitator)(Ambu Resuscitator)
Delivers O2 during BOTH spont. & artf. Vent
O2 concentration – 30 – 50% (without reservoir)– 80 – 100% (with reservoir)
To deliver 100% O2 – Reservoir – as large as bag vol
– O2 flow rate > minute volume (10 l/m)
Drawback – keeps rescuer’s hands engaged
Pocket MaskPocket Mask
Delivers O2 in BOTH spont. & aponeic
Allows use of both hands – for maintaining airway Upto 4 ltr reserve vol. (rescuer’s vital capacity)
O2 Flowrate (L/min)
5
10
15
Fi O2
0.40
0.50
0.80 (Spont.)
0.54 (M - mask)
IncubatorIncubator
Small infants – not on ventilatorWorks on venturi principle Complete air change – 10 times / hourControl of humidity & temperature O2 conc. falls rapidly when access ports are open
OO22 tents tents
For children – not tolerating mask / catheterLarge capacity system Upto 50% O2 concentration
Large tent cap. and leak port – limited CO2
build up.Disadvantage
– Limited access – Risk of fire
– Conflict in O2 therapy / nursing care
Can You name the device ?
Written over it – 28 % @ 4 L P M – ?
If flow is doubled (8 LPM) – what will the %age of O2 delivered by the device ?
If flow is halved (@ 2 LPM) – what will be the %age of O2 received by the patient ?
What is the likely entertainment ratio of this device ?
1 2 4 8 16
What precaution to be taken for humidification of gases while using this device ?
F ixe d P e rfo rm an ce D e v ice
X
R o om
A p p. D e a d S pa ceR e bre a th ing
A n . C ircu itw ith co lla s ib le re se rvo ir
In sp ira to ry f lo w w ave fo rm
K n o w n , fixe d & se le cta b le
H A F O EV e n tu ri
C o n tin ou s f lo w > P IFR
C o n s ta n t Insp ira to ry m ix tu re
•Works on principle of constant pressure jet – mixture.
•O2 jet entrains air as per entrain. ratio.
•Total flow > PIFR (30 – 35 L/min)
•Eliminates the problem of dead space & leak free connection.
Ventimask
Simple face maskSimple face mask
NO YES
Simple Face Mask
•Works on principle of constant pressure jet – mixture.
•O2 jet entrains air as per entrain. ratio.
•Total flow > PIFR (30 – 35 L/min)
•Eliminates the problem of dead space & leak free connection.
•Upper limit is 60 %.
•Humidification of O2 supply is not sensible.
If conc. of OIf conc. of O22 which a patient is getting which a patient is getting
is not known is not known then the situation is similar to then the situation is similar to
a drug being administereda drug being administered without knowing the dose without knowing the dose
which can do harm if given morewhich can do harm if given more or provide insufficient effect if given less or provide insufficient effect if given less
100% - not more than 12hrs100% - not more than 12hrs 80% - not more than 24hrs 80% - not more than 24hrs 60% - not more than 36hrs 60% - not more than 36hrs
OO2 2 ToxicityToxicity
Rest Rest
(read it yourself)(read it yourself)
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