Ozone & Perozone®

Characteristics and Practice

William B. Kerfoot

Kerfoot Technologies, Inc.

In Situ Chemical Oxidation W

orkshop

The 25th Annual International Conference on

Soils, Sedim

ents and W

ater

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

October 21, 2009

C-S

parg

e™

(mic

rob

ub

ble

ozo

ne)

O3

+ 2

H+

+ 2

e‾

→O

2+

2H

2O

Clean by-products

Pero

zon

e®

(pero

xid

e-c

oate

d o

zon

e)

2O

3+

H2O

2→

2O

H•

+ 3

O2

Clean by-products

Ho

w e

ffecti

ve a

re t

he o

xid

an

ts?

•Ove

r 850 in

stalla

tions

in E

uro

pe a

nd t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s

•Ove

r 80%

of

site

s have

been c

leane

d u

p in

less

than 3

years

•Pero

zone®

has

show

n c

apaci

ty f

or

cleanu

p in

perio

ds

of m

onth

s

•Ch

em

ical r

eact

ion o

f P

ero

zone®

rele

ase

s tw

ice t

he h

ydro

xyl

radic

als

pe

r m

ole

of pero

xide t

ha

n F

ento

n’s

Re

ag

ent

Eq

uip

men

t &

Pro

cesses

Sta

tes W

here

Ozo

ne is B

ein

g U

sed

fo

r In-situ

Rem

ed

iati

on

Approved

Oxidant

Price per cubic yard

of soil

($)

Cost Price

$/ton

Cost Price

$/kg*

Type

Fen

ton’s

rea

gen

t7.8

–63

7.4

–60

.5 –

.8

5 –

15%

solu

tion

Ozo

ne/

per

oxid

e

(Per

ozo

ne®

)

1 –

10 plu

me

met

hod

10 –

31 sourc

e m

ethod

.9 –

9.5

9.5

–29.5

.04 -

.38

.4 –

1.2

gas

/liq

uid

Ozo

ne

21 –

31

20 –

29.5

.8

–1.2

gas

Per

man

gan

ate

13 –

52

12 –

49.5

2.7

–4.1

40%

solu

tion

Oxidant

Price per m

3of soil

(€)

Cost Price

€/kg*

Type

Fen

ton’s

rea

gen

t15 –

120

0.7

–1

5 –

15%

so

lution

Ozo

ne/

per

oxid

e

(Per

ozo

ne®

)

2 –

20 plu

me

met

hod

20 –

60 so

urc

e m

ethod

.1 –

1.0

1 –

1.5

gas

/liq

uid

Ozo

ne

40 –

60

1 –

1.5

gas

Per

man

gan

ate

25 –

100

4 –

6

40%

solu

tion

*kg

of

co

nta

min

an

t w

eig

ht

Fro

m:

ISC

O,

In-S

itu

Ch

em

ical

Ox

idati

on

, SK

B,

Neth

erl

an

ds C

en

tre f

or

So

il Q

uality

Man

ag

em

en

t an

d K

no

wle

dg

e T

ran

sfe

r, G

ou

da,

Neth

erl

an

ds

20

00

-20

03

(%

)

CH

LO

RIN

ATED

PETR

OLEU

M

IND

US

TR

IAL

OTH

ER

2000 –

2003

2003 –

2005

%

%

CH

LO

RIN

AT

ED

8

20

PE

TR

OL

EU

M

88

70

IND

US

TR

IAL

1

5

OT

HE

R

35

ME

AN

1.8

2 y

rs

ME

DIA

N 2

.0 y

rs

Ad

van

tag

es o

f O

zon

e w

ith

Petr

ole

um

H

yd

rocarb

on

s

�In

crem

enta

l decr

ease

in c

ost

/hig

h %

clo

sure

/vi

rtually

no r

ebound

�O

xygen d

eliv

ery

15 k

g tota

l oxy

gen p

er

poin

t per

day

Sourc

es:

20%

O2

in a

ir, ozo

ne, and p

ero

xide

�C

om

patib

le w

ith b

iolo

gic

al a

ctiv

ity

�T

reats

reca

lcitr

ant co

mpounds

TP

H –

alk

anes,

alk

enes

MT

BE

–oxy

genate

sP

AH

s –

naphth

ale

ne

TB

A –

alc

ohols

TC

A/D

CA

-ch

loro

alk

anes

1,4

Dio

xane

Mass Removal

Site M

anagement Program

Improves efficiency –reduces time-to-treat

•Converts aqueous to adsorbed equivalents

•Recalculates oxidant mass needed per

Spargepoint®

•Computes tim

e-to-treat per point

•Discloses m

igratory or secondary sources

by m

ass balance

Rad

ius o

f In

flu

en

ce o

f Sp

arg

e W

ells

•T

he r

ad

ius o

f in

flu

en

ce

was c

alc

ula

ted

fro

m

cri

tical

pre

ssu

re t

o

ind

uce f

low

, a f

un

cti

on

o

f lin

e a

nd

po

int

losses,

hyd

rau

lic h

ead

, an

d

form

ati

on

lo

ss.

•Fie

ld a

nd

an

aly

tical

scre

en

ing

in

dic

ate

s t

hat

these m

ay r

ep

resen

t m

inim

um

s.

$100

$50

$20

$5 -

?

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995

2000

2005

2010

Tim

eTim

eTim

eTim

e

Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($)

Ozo

ne S

parg

ing T

reatm

ent

Currently $10-$15 per cubic yard

Bubble

Config

ura

tion

Solub

ility

Hen

ry's

Con

stan

t

Ads

orpt

ion

Str

ippi

ng

O2

H

•O

H

2C

O2

•O

H2

2O

Me

thyl

-tert

-buty

leth

er CH

HC

H3

H

MT

BE

H CO

CH C

3

3

Gas

ph

as

e

(Membra

ne phase)

O

•O

H H2

2

O2

•O

H

(sed

imen

t s

oil)

So

lid

Aq

ueo

us

(gro

un

dw

ate

r)

2O

Adsorption

Solubility

Ex

tracti

on

/reacti

on

Inco

min

g –

Hen

ry’s

Co

nsta

nt

Ou

tgo

ing

–H

yd

rox

yl

rad

ical

plu

s d

isso

lved

ozo

ne

CO

2

Criegee M

echanism of Reaction

Perozone™Type Reactions

Peroxide Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxygen

H2O

2+ 2O

3→

2HO

•+ 3O

2

+ Complex Set of Side Reactions

Ozone Hydrogen Superozone Hydroperoxide

Peroxide Anion Anion Radical

O3+ HO

2‾

→O

3‾+ HO

2•

Superozone Hydrogen Hydrogen Trioxide

O3+ H+ HO

3

Aieta, et al., 1988

Nan

o t

o

Mic

rob

ub

ble

Pro

du

cti

on

Ox

ida

tio

n P

ote

nti

als

Ox

ida

nts

vs

. C

on

tam

ina

nts

1.2

1.7

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.8

2.8

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

O2

MnO

4

H2O

2O

3 (m

olec

ular

)

O3

(gas

) Fento

ns R

eage

ns

Peroz

one

Av

aila

ble

Ox

ida

nts

Oxidation Potential (V)

C-H

: A

lkane

se

.g. M

ine

ral O

il

C=

C: A

lke

ne

s

e.g

. C

hlo

roe

the

ne

s

: A

rom

atic

s

(mo

no

). e

.g. B

TE

X

: A

rom

atic

s

(po

ly).

e.g

. P

AH

Ozo

ne S

tab

ilit

y In

Gas o

r W

ate

r P

hases

Ozo

ne c

an

react

wit

h N

AP

L a

nd

dis

so

lve

do

r ad

so

rbed

co

nta

min

an

ts.

Th

e

gas p

hase h

alf

lif

e m

ay b

e t

he c

on

tro

llin

g r

eacti

on

; n

ote

th

at

the

liq

uid

ph

ase h

alf

-lif

e i

s v

ery

sh

ort

sin

ce i

t re

acts

wit

h w

ate

r to

fo

rm h

yd

rox

yl

rad

icals

as s

ho

wn

on

th

e f

ollo

win

g s

lid

e.

Co

nta

ct

is n

eed

ed

betw

een

ozo

ne a

nd

th

e c

on

tam

inan

t o

r re

acta

nt.

Typ

ica

l O

3 h

alf

-lif

e v

s.

Te

mp

era

ture

Gase

ou

s

Tem

p (

C)

half

-lif

e *

-50

3-m

onth

s

-35

18

-da

ys

-25

8-d

ays

20

3-d

ays

120

1.5

-ho

urs

250

1.5

- se

con

ds

Dis

solv

ed in

Wa

ter

(pH

7)

Tem

p (

C)

half

-lif

e

15

30-m

inute

s

20

20-m

inute

s

25

15-m

inute

s

30

12-m

inute

s

35

8-m

inute

s

(R.

Bro

wn

, 20

05

)

Pu

lsin

g

(Ke

rfoo

t, 1

999

)

•Necessary to m

ove fine

bubbles through soil capillaries

•Effective transport of liquid

•Im

proves contact

•Avoids channelizing

•Produces fine bubbles

Mu

ltip

le S

ing

le P

oin

tsD

ual

Po

ints

Recir

cu

lati

on

Wells

Delivery Systems

Rece

ptiv

ity o

f co

nta

min

ants

to

ward

oxi

dants

•S

um

ma

rize

d b

ase

d o

n O

VA

M (

200

4),

XD

D

an

d O

sg

erb

y (

200

6)

Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu

Co

nta

min

an

tM

nO

4S

O4•

Fe

nto

n's

(Pe

r)o

zon

e

Sa

tura

ted

Hy

dro

ca

rbo

ns

Pe

tro

leum

Hyd

rocarb

ons (

alk

ane

s)

PG

GE

Chlo

rinate

d E

thane

sP

P/M

P/M

P/G

MT

BE

GG

GG

Un

sa

tura

ted

Hy

dro

ca

rbo

ns

Chlo

rinate

d E

the

ne

sE

EE

E

Monocyclic Aromatics

BT

EX

P/E

EE

E

Chlo

rinate

d P

he

no

lsG

EE

E

Ene

rge

tics (

RD

X, H

MX

)E

EE

E

Polycyclic Aromatics

Po

lycyc

lic A

rom

atic

Hyd

rocarb

ons (

PA

H)

GE

EE

Po

lychlo

rinate

d B

iphe

nyl

's (

PC

B's

)P

PP

G

Pe

stic

ide

sM

GM

M/E

P =

po

or,

M =

mo

de

rate

, G

= g

oo

d, E

= e

xce

llent

Fuel Spills

MTBE, TBA, BTEX, Naphthalenes,

Methylbenzenes, EDB

Recent Note: Perozone®counteracts hexchrome form

ation

Au

tho

rsE

ffic

ien

cy

Ma

ss r

ati

o

O3/M

TB

E

Sta

rtE

nd

(m3)

(da

ys)

(%)

(g/g

)

Ke

rfo

ot,

W.B

. &

L

eC

he

min

an

t,

P.

(2001,2

003)

6,0

00

<70

3,6

30

9-1

296.6

3

Nic

ho

ls,

E.M

. &

V

oci.

C.J

. (p

ilo

t-

2001)

6,3

00

<10

2,8

30

7-1

896-9

93

Wh

ee

ler,

K.P

.

(2001)

100,0

00

4,4

00

1,9

10

30-7

595+

3

Ra

lsto

n,

E.

(2001)

4,9

00

<45

4,6

75

10-3

080-9

92.5

(1)

Ma

nh

art

, C

&

Wa

tt,

C.

(2003)

10,0

00

<100

9,5

65

7-6

085

3.4

Pu

rch

ase

, e

t. a

l.

(2005)

5,4

00

19

34,0

00

30

97-9

94.2

Ke

lla

r, E

. (2

006)

Pe

rozo

ne

®7,7

00 (

2)

45

8,5

65

15-6

072

1.3

(1)

Est

ima

ted

(n

o s

oil

sa

mp

les)

(2)

To

tal

VO

Cs

Ra

te o

f

rem

ova

l (t

1/2

)

Aq

ue

ou

s p

ha

se

(µg

/l)

Tre

atm

en

t

vo

lum

e

Observed removal rates, efficiencies and stoichiometry.

Case

stu

dy:

C-S

pa

rge

TM

at

a C

alif

orn

ia

site

Sit

e D

escri

pti

on

•A

ctiv

e b

ulk

fuel a

nd c

ard

lock

faci

lity

(sourc

e: 7 U

ST

s)

•S

ite is

rem

ode

led t

o in

clud

e r

eta

il is

lan

ds

and a

co

nve

nie

nce

sto

re

•T

opo

gra

ph

y: fla

t (5

0 m

above

MS

L)

•S

oil

chara

cterist

ics:

–F

ill: 0-1

.1 m

bgl

–sa

ndy

silt

: 1.1

-3.4

m b

gl

–si

lty s

and (

w/

clay)

: 3.4

-7.6

m b

gl

•G

roundw

ate

r ta

ble

: 1.8

m b

gl

•H

ydra

ulic

cond

uct

ivity

: 10

-3cm

/sec

(=1 m

/day)

•G

roundw

ate

r flo

w: 0.1

m/d

ay

S to S

W

Site

Are

a C

-Sparger®-system: 5-15 g O

3/hr

•Pilot test (2001): 3 Spargepoints®

•Full-scale (2002-2004): 11Spargepoints®

MtB

E in

Gro

undw

ate

r (initi

al)

Max

. co

ncen

trati

on

s

at

beg

in p

ilo

t te

st:

•M

tBE:

12

00

0 µ

g/l

•T

BA

: 8

70

µg

/l

Layo

ut

of

the F

ull

-Scale

Syste

m

Pil

ot

are

a

Pilo

t te

st:

resu

lts f

ield

measu

rem

en

ts (

2)

DO

ag

ain

st

dis

tan

ce

fro

m S

P

0123456789

10

02

46

810

12

14

Dis

tan

ce f

rom

SP

(m

)

Concentration (mg/l)

24-7

-2001

7-8

-2001

21-8

-2001

4-9

-2001

2-1

0-2

001

Esti

mate

d R

OI

Ob

serv

ed

RO

I

Fu

ll-S

cale

Rem

ed

iati

on

: M

tBE

Decay C

urv

e

MtB

E d

ec

ay

cu

rve

of

MW

-1 a

nd

MW

-6F

rom

pilo

t te

st

un

til s

ite

clo

su

re

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000 5-1

2-0

05-1

2-0

15-1

2-0

25-1

2-0

34-1

2-0

44-1

2-0

54-1

2-0

6

Da

te

Concentration MW-1 (µg/l)

020

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Concentration MW-6 (µg/l)

MW

-1

MW

-6

Pilo

t te

st

Fu

ll-s

cale

rem

ed

iati

on

Sit

e c

losu

re

Fu

ll-S

cale

Rem

ed

iati

on

: T

BA

Decay C

urv

e

TB

A d

ec

ay

cu

rve

of

MW

-1F

rom

pilo

t te

st

un

til s

ite

clo

su

re

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 5-1

2-0

05-1

2-0

15-1

2-0

25-1

2-0

34-1

2-0

44-1

2-0

54-1

2-0

6

Da

te

Concentration (µg/l)

MW

-1

Pilo

t te

st

Fu

ll-s

cale

rem

ed

iati

on

Sit

e c

losu

re

#6 Fuel Oil & VOCs Spill

(Brownfield)

Plu

me C

hara

cte

ris

tic

sP

lum

e C

hara

cte

ris

tic

s

•M

ajo

r so

urc

es

–dry

cle

aner

chlo

rinate

d

solv

ents

(P

CE

), U

ST

s (b

unke

r oil)

•C

onta

min

ate

d u

nsa

tura

ted z

one –

limite

d

•C

onta

min

ate

d a

quife

r –

24

0 f

t x

24

0 f

t x

20 f

t d

ee

p4

2,6

67

cu

bic

ya

rds

•M

axi

mum

conce

ntr

atio

ns

–

PC

E 4

,400 u

g/L

TP

H 3

0,0

00 u

g/L

Sp

arg

ep

oin

t®In

sta

llati

on

Ou

tco

me

Ou

tco

me

Cla

ss A

-2/R

AO

Clo

sure

-G

roundw

ate

r

Sta

rtE

nd

Re

mo

va

l

PC

E3

,00

0<

56

0>

81

%

TC

E6

9

<1

1

>

84

%

MA VPH

Alip

ha

tics

C5

-C8

80

0<

20

>

98

%

Aro

ma

tics

12

,00

0

<3

70

>

97

%

MA EPH

Alip

ha

tics

C9

-C1

8

6

,00

0

<2

0

>

99

%

MC

P S

-1 S

oil S

tan

dard

s –

Aft

er

Tre

atm

en

t(m

g/k

g o

r p

pm

)S

tan

dard

s S

ep

t-O

ct

‘02

Aliphatics

C5-C

8C

9-C

12

100

100

011

2.3

Aromatics

C9-C

10

100

1.7

Eth

yl-b

enze

ne

80

2.3

M,P

-Xyl

en

es

100

0B

RL (

10)

O-X

ylene

500

BR

L (

10)

Na

phth

ale

ne

4B

RL (

.1)

PC

E0.5

BR

L (

.1)

TC

E0.4

BR

L (

.1)

VOCs

Chloroethenes

PCE, TCE, DCE, VC

Chloroethanes

1,1,1-TCE, DCA, CE, CTC, MC

Cyclic Aromatics

BTEX, PAHs (C6to C

30)

Alkanes/Alkenes (C4to C

40)

Fede

ral S

up

erf

un

d S

iteF

ede

ral S

up

erf

un

d S

ite

•T

CE

and c

is 1

,2-D

CE

in g

roundw

ate

r

(0.5

–2.0

mg/L

)

•A

ppro

xim

ate

ly 1

5,0

00 s

quare

foot tr

eatm

ent

are

a (

100’x

150’)

•A

quife

r 35’t

hic

k (w

ate

r ta

ble

15’b

gs)

•A

ppala

chia

n P

iedm

ont P

rovi

nce

–S

ap

rolit

e S

oils

(S

ilty

fine

sa

nd

s)

–H

ydra

ulic

co

nd

uct

ivity

(a

pp

rox.

5 x

10–4 c

m/s

ec)

–S

ee

pa

ge

ve

loci

ty (

ap

pro

x. 2

5 –

50

ft/yr

)

RMT, Inc.

Federa

l Superf

und S

ite

•S

pring 2

001: F

ield

Pilo

t S

tudy

-2 s

parg

ing w

ells

–5

0%

re

du

ctio

n in

TC

E,

DC

E in

12

we

eks

•2001-2

002: F

ull-

Sca

le d

esi

gn a

nd c

onst

ruct

ion

–9

Ozo

ne

sp

arg

ing

we

lls w

ith r

eci

rcu

latio

n c

ap

ab

ility

–A

ir/o

zon

e s

up

ply

at 2

-3 c

fm p

er

we

ll, 3

00

-50

0 p

pm

o

zon

e

•O

ctober

2002: S

yste

m s

tart

up

RM

T, In

c.

Ozo

ne S

parg

ing L

ayo

ut and Initi

al

CV

OC

Plu

me

Ozo

ne S

parg

ing L

ayo

ut and Initi

al

CV

OC

Plu

me

Cis, 1-2

DCE >

MCLs

TCE >

MCLs

RMT, Inc.

Fed

era

l S

up

erf

un

d S

ite

•O

ctober

2003 –

12 M

onth

s of T

reatm

ent

–A

ll m

on

itori

ng

po

ints

< M

CL

S e

xce

pt

on

e

–7

of

9 s

pa

rge

we

lls t

urn

ed

off

•M

ay

2004 –

18 M

onth

s of T

reatm

ent

–R

em

ain

ing

mo

nito

rin

g p

oin

t a

chie

ved

cle

an

up

g

oa

ls

–N

o r

eb

ou

nd

eff

ect

ob

serv

ed

in o

the

r si

te a

rea

s

–E

ntir

e s

yste

m t

urn

ed

off

RMT, Inc.

CV

OC

s after

3-M

onth

s of T

reatm

ent

CV

OC

s after

3-M

onth

s of T

reatm

ent

RMT, Inc.

CV

OC

s after

12-M

onth

s of T

reatm

ent

CV

OC

s after

12-M

onth

s of T

reatm

ent

RMT, Inc.

Federa

l Superf

und S

ite

0

150

300

450 O

ct-0

2D

ec-0

2Fe

b-03

Apr

-03

Jun-

03A

ug-0

3O

ct-0

3D

ec-0

3Fe

b-04

Apr

-04

Concentration (ug/L)

cis

1,2

-DC

E

RMT, Inc.

Federa

l Superf

und S

ite

0

40

80

120

160 O

ct-0

2D

ec-0

2Fe

b-03

Apr

-03

Jun-

03A

ug-0

3O

ct-0

3D

ec-0

3Fe

b-04

Apr

-04

Concentration (ug/L)

TC

E

RMT, Inc.

Wood Preservatives

Chlorophenols –PCP, TCP, CP

Creosote –Naphthalenes

Cresols

Site

Conditi

ons

•H

isto

ric

lum

ber

mill

(1955-1

965)

with

fo

rmer

chlo

rophenol r

ele

ase

.

•~

20 k

g o

f so

rbed (

~100 m

g/k

g)

and

dis

solv

ed (

~20 m

g/L

) P

CP

rem

ain

ed.

•T

wo d

istin

ct s

ourc

es

with

plu

me e

xtendin

g

200 feet dow

n-g

radie

nt.

•P

lum

e in

terc

epte

d b

y st

orm

dra

in.

•H

ydra

ulic

gra

die

nt re

vers

ed b

y le

aki

ng

wate

r lin

e.

Ozo

ne

and P

ero

xid

e I

nje

ctio

n M

ass

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1/19

/200

41/

28/2

004 2/

6/200

42/

15/2

004

2/24

/200

4 3/4/

2004

3/13

/200

43/

22/2

004

3/31

/200

4 4/9/

2004

4/18

/200

44/

27/2

004 5/

6/200

45/

15/2

004

5/24

/200

4 6/2/

2004

6/11

/200

46/

20/2

004

6/29

/200

4 7/8/

2004

7/17

/200

47/

26/2

004 8/

4/200

48/

13/2

004

8/22

/200

48/

31/2

004 9/

9/200

49/

18/2

004

9/27

/200

410

/6/2

004

10/1

5/200

410

/24/2

004

11/2

/200

411

/11/2

004

DA

TE

Gallons of Peroxide (H2O2) injected ;100% Equivalent

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ozone injected (Kg)

Pero

xid

e Inje

ction

Ozone Inje

ction

8%

H2O

2

15%

H2O

2

15%

H2O

2

15%

H2O

2

* N

ote

: H

orizonta

l slo

pes r

epre

sent tim

e p

eriods o

f no p

ero

xid

e in

jectio

n.

5%

H2O

2

** 5

% -

- perc

ent by v

olu

me o

f H

2O

2 in

jecte

d f

or

respectiv

e tim

e p

eriod.

Chlo

ride Ion

/PC

P –

Tim

e S

eries

0.11

10

10

0

10

00

10

00

0

10

00

00 1/19

/04 2/

13/0

4 3/31

/04 4/

21/0

4 5/26

/04 6/

28/0

4 7/19

/04 8/

16/0

4 9/30

/04 12

/1/0

4 12/2

0/04 12

/29/

04 12/2

9/04

2/12

/05 3/

29/0

5 5/13

/05 6/

27/0

5

PCP (µg/L)

020

00

0

40

00

0

60

00

0

80

00

0

10

00

00

12

00

00

Chloride (µg/L)

Chlo

ride

(µg/L

)P

CP

(µg/L

)W

ate

r Q

ualit

y O

bje

ctive

(WQ

O)

for

PC

P:

1.0

(µg/L

)

PC

P C

onc

ent

ratio

nT

rend

line W

QO

Reached

June 2

005

Oxi

datio

n P

roce

sses

•260 k

g (

O3 +

H2O

2)

oxi

dant in

ject

ed.

•1600 k

g O

2as

air in

ject

ed.

•1000 k

g o

rganic

carb

on m

inera

lized.

•12 k

g c

hlo

rophenols

min

era

lized.

•150 k

g o

f ca

rbonate

react

ed.

Pesticides

Orthochlorinated Series

Chlordane

Heptachlor

Aldrin

Dieldrin

HCH –Precurser

MECOPROP

DDT/DDD

Case

stu

dy:

Bid

din

ghuiz

en s

ite (

pilo

t te

st)

Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu

•S

ite d

esc

rip

tio

n

–In

du

stria

l site

–G

rou

ndw

ate

r co

nta

min

atio

n w

ith M

CP

P (

com

mon

n

am

e: M

eco

pro

p):

ma

x. 5

80

µg

/l b

efo

re p

ilot

test

•A

rea

: app. 180

0 m

2

•D

epth

: u

ntil

app.

8 m

bg

l

–S

oilt

ype

:

•0-1

,3 m

bgl:

sandy

topso

il

•1,3

-2,3

m b

gl

: cl

ay

•2,3

-8 m

bgl:

fin

e s

and

•8,0

-15 m

bgl

: m

ediu

m to c

oars

e s

and

–W

ate

rta

ble

: 2

,0 m

-b

gs

Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuP

rop

ert

ies

of M

CP

P

•C

om

mon n

am

e: M

eco

pro

p (

aci

d h

erb

icid

e)

•C

hem

ical n

am

e: 2-(

4-c

hlo

ro-2

-meth

ylphenoxy

)-pro

pio

nic

aci

d

•M

ole

cula

r fo

rmula

: C

10H

11C

lO3

•M

ole

cula

r w

eig

ht

: 214.6

g/m

ole

•S

truct

ura

l form

ula

:

•V

apour

pre

ssure

: 1,6

x 1

0-3

Pa (2

5°

C)

(non-v

ola

tile)

•H

enry

’s c

onst

ant

: 2,1

8 x

10

-4P

a m

3/m

ol (

non-s

trip

pable

)

•W

ast

e w

ate

r tr

eatm

ent: e

ffect

ive d

egra

ded u

sing a

com

bin

atio

n o

fozo

ne a

nd h

ydro

gen p

ero

xide

“A b

enze

ne d

eriva

tive”

Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuP

ilot U

nit

Pero

zone

®

Op

era

tio

n p

ilo

t te

st:

•R

un

tim

e:

58

da

ys

•F

low

rate

air

/ozo

ne

: 5

-15 N

m3/h

r

•O

zon

e l

oad

ing

: 59

-85 g

O3

/hr

•F

low

rate

pero

xid

e:

4 l

/hr

(7W

%)

•P

ero

xid

e l

oad

ing

: 0

,3 k

g/h

r (1

00 W

%)

Tota

l mass

of

oxi

dant

inje

cted w

ithin

“in

ject

ion

tria

ngle

”:

Ozo

ne :

16

kg

Pero

xide: 66 k

g

Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuDeve

lopm

ent to

tal m

ass

during

pilo

t te

stM

as

s d

eve

lop

me

nt

MC

PP

0

50

100

150

200

250

015

30

45

60

75

90

Tim

e (

da

ys)

Total mass (%)

Tota

l mass (

%)

Clo

sure

pilo

t te

st

Ove

rall

rem

ova

l of

87%

in 9

weeks

of

trea

tmen

t

Mobili

zatio

n