p training for resilience

Training for Resilience

Paris, 23-26 March 2015 21st Flight Safety Conference

21st Flight Safety Conference

Paris, 23-26 March 2015

Presented by Dr. Nicklas Dahlstrom

Captain David Owens

AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.

Safety Conference 2014; Monitoring


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What is resilience?


Culmination of all our;

experience + training + ability

the competencies applied in real life!

Resilience is the ability to recognize, absorb and adapt to disruptions *

Examples?

Qantas QF 32 or Baghdad!

United 282 Sioux City

Thinking outside the box

Resilience is primary goal of training!

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*Hollnagel, Woods & Leveson, 2006


The pyramid model


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Not just flight operations!



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Decision Making

Decision Making and Time

Seconds Minutes Hours Split-second

Fuel

Weather

Medical

TCAS

GPWS

Wind shear

Rational

decision

making

Conditioned

reaction ?

All other

decisions

Natural

decision

making

Conditioned Reaction

Typical conditions:

Clear trigger(s)

Time is a critical factor

No competing/complex

information available

The aim is for the reaction to be correct and fast


Lets start with a typical conditioned reaction - RTO

Paris, 23-26 March 2015

21st Flight Safety Conference

Example; Rejected Take-off, Simon Lowe, Airbus has arranged for you to use it Used before by Airbus as an example of Monitoring It is a positive example What was right? They stopped on the runway, straight and safe How did they do that?

They followed their training!!

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What went right?


1. Stopped on R/W

On the centreline

And safe

How?

2. Carried out the

correct actions

Detect.Recognise.Recall.React

They detected a problem

Recognised it correctly

Recalled the correct actions

Carried them out correctly

They did as they were trained; therefore, their training was resilient

IT WAS RESILIENT IN THE REAL WORLD!!

3. Detected the

problem correctly

How?

How?

4. Training

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What about their training?


How to perform a rejected Take-off?.....................

Bang.? Close the Thrust Levers Select max reverse Allow the auto brake to bring the aircraft to a stop Set park brake Call, Cabin Crew at Stations

If we train it this way .. Training is not wrong . Just the way it is delivered MAY not

be usable... Not good enough!!

It is the method of training we need

to consider!

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Detect, Recognise, Recall, React


Detect.Recognise.Recall.React

In many accidents one of these steps was missed

A successful outcome requires the correct steps carried out in the correct order

This applies to the conditioned reaction discussed here and ALL of the other decision making stages

Nic?

What just happened?

I remember this from the sim!

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Decision Making and Time

Seconds Minutes Hours Split-second

Fuel

Weather

Medical

TCAS

GPWS

Wind shear

Rational

decision

making

Conditioned

reaction

All other

decisions

Natural

decision

making

Rational Decision Making

Typical conditions:

Clear and specific goals

Minimal time constraints

Complete and correct info

The aim is an optimal decision Ok, but if we

go there

Natural Decision Making

Typical conditions:

Unclear goals (+ risk)

Available time is minimal

Incomplete/incorrect info

and changing situation

The aim is for a decision that is good enough

Natural Decision Making

Steps involved:

Situation recognition (Based on cues from the situation)

Serial option evaluation (Until get to good enough option)

Mental simulation (To test option and have a plan)

This looks like

This should

work

If we do it this

way it will fix

the problem

Most critical operational decisions will be NDM decisions!

Why is this important now?

? Ok Great!

Turkey

Well-being

Days 29th November 2013 26th November 2014

Shelter

Regular

feeding

Attention

from farmer

(Taleb, 2007)

Why is this important now?

2014

2013 2012

(Flight Safety Foundation, 2015)

EXPERIENCE EXPOSURE

The Changing Situation for Pilot Experience

EXPERTISE

VARIETY REFLECTION PRACTICE

Limited exposure Degraded experience More effective training to achieve expertise

So what can we do?

Evidence Based Training

(Flight Safety Foundation, 2013)

Pilots Training Safety

EBT

REGs EBT EBT

REGs

REGs ATQP EBT

Evolution of Evidence Based Training

1

30

300 300

30

(Heinrich, 1931; Hollnagel, 2014)

2 000 000

2000

1 1

(Heinrich, 1931; Hollnagel, 2014)

Learning from Best Practice

Competence

Sub-competence

Sub-sub-competence

Sub-sub-competence

Sub-competence

Sub-sub-competence

Deconstruction of Competence

I am not seeing

the big picture in

this

Dont worry, just do what I

tell you to do!

Competence

Sub-competence

Sub-sub-competence

Sub-sub-competence

Sub-competence

Sub-sub-competence

Reconstruction of Competence

Provide context Allow exploration

Previously I

flew the 320.

Ok, so lets start with what is the

same on the 350!

Trainee ownership and motivation

Development of general competencies, not only actions for specific situations

Focus not only on correct answers, also on exploring useful methods

Integration of HF/CRM in all training, more HF/CRM knowledge for trainers

Training for Resilience and Expertise

From Safe Actions to Safety Culture

Awareness

Understanding

Changed behaviour

Errors Collect/Communicate Best Practice

Information Exploration in Training

Compliance Aiming for Expertise

Safe Actions Safety Culture

Challenges and Ways Forward

Efficiency and Safety


Advancing learning methods for pilot training

Daniel Willingham professor of psychology at the University of Virginia

Learning pyramid - psychology of learning

A lot of new research in this area has shown learning to be very individual

We know that repetition is a factor and so is the preferred method of learning and learning by discovery also the

time between learning and test

There are many other factors


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Learning Pyramid retention rate

Why

Dont

Pilots Like

Ground

School?


How do we train this?

We need to understand the psychology of learning Evidence Based Training, competency and evaluation principles Realistic scenario but not the immediate recall of the lesson


OR

Train a task,

procedure or

skill

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How to train? More information!

Surprise we are looking for ideas and are developing practical methods of generating surprise

We have sent you a monitoring OTT

EBT principle of first look for recurrent training, ICAO 9995

Then train what the student needs as an individual

May require a significant change in trainer style and methods


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Conclusion

Most accidents were in aircraft that were flyable

In almost every case, the pilots had been trained but for some reason, on that day, under

those circumstances, they didnt or couldnt use that training

We are addressing this by changing the way we train

We must continue to apply EBT principles

But whatever we do, we must train to achieve RESILIENCE!


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Airbus S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS. No intellectual property rights are granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of

its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements

made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof.

AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.

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