INTEGRATED ENERGY

Rüdiger-A. Eichel

IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry Chair of Energy Conversion & StorageInsGtute of Energy and Climate Research InsGtute of Physical ChemistryForschungszentrum Jülich RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany

11. GöPnger Energietagung ∣ Paulinerkirche, 8. 5. 2019

Power-to-X as Key Enabling Technology & Industrial Implementa=on Aspects

KOPERNIKUS FLAGSHIP-PROJECT“Power-to-X: Exploration, Validation and Implementation of P2X Concepts”

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

page 2

funding:

Consor$um:

17 Research Ins$tutes26 Partners from Industry

3 Civil Society Organiza$ons➞ 64 Working Groups

Budget:

38.3 M€ (1st funding period of 3 years)8.3 M€ (contribu$on from Industry)

Funding term:

10 y in total (of three periods)

Coordina$on:

AcademiaIndustrySocio-economics

Rüdiger-A. Eichel, IEK-9

Walter Leitner, ITMC

Kurt Wagemann

EXCELLENCE INITIATIVE OF THE GERMAN FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

Cluster of Excellence (2012 – 2018)

Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass (TMFB)Cluster of Excellence (2019 – 2025)

The Fuel Science Center (FSC)

funding:

Adaptive Conversion Systems for Renewable Energy and Carbon Sources

DAS RHEINISCHE ZUKUNFTSREVIER

TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY

Status-Quo – ‚Energiewende’ is mainly a TransformaGon of the Energy Sector

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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AGEE-Stat 2017

Proportion of Renewable Energies in Germany

in the sectors: Electricity, Heat and Transport

TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY

Global Warming and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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Source: Dezentrale Solarstromspeicher für die Energiewende, Berliner WissenschaGs-Verlag, (2015)

Previous development

Climate path

Tem

pera

ture

cha

nge

in �

C

Global warming by Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases:

§ Up to 5�in 2100 without Mitigation Measures

332,2

166,8

126,4

65,2

136,6

CO2-Emissions [Mt CO2-equiv.]

Energy

Traffic & Transportation

Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Agriculture

Other SectorsSource: Umweltbundesamt; Na$onales

Treibhausgasinventar 04/2018

Temperature Change [°C]

POWER-TO-X & INTEGRATED ENERGYTransi6on of Key Sectors towards Sustainability

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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Today: Petro-Chemical Value Chains Future: P2X for Integrated Energy

Fossil Resources

Gas CoalOil

Renewable Resources

CO2

DSM DSM

De-Carbonization De-Fossiliza6on

Utilization

Valo

riza

+on

Storage‘INTEGRATED ENERGY’ SCENARIOPower-to-X as Key enabling Technology

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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Energy Sector

Mobility Sector

Chemistry Sector

Renewables

Fuel storage

Ba?ery storage

§ Reduction of Industrial Carbon Footprint

§ Sustainable Value Generation

Electrolysis

Fuel cell

Gas Sector

gas storageCo-electrolysis

Power-to-Gas

Power-to-Chemicals Power-to-Fuels

Power-to-Power

Feedstock

WasteBio

CO2

Storage / Usage / Valoriza0on

CIRCULAR-ECONOMY SCENARIOPower-to-X as Key Enabling Technology

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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Circular Economy(Feedstock Defossiliza$on)

Integrated Energy(‘Sektorenkopplung‘)

Renewables

Electro-cataly0c Synthesis

Bulk Chemicals

Waste & Emissions

Hydro-carbons

‘Circular’ Fuels

Specialty Chemicals

Co-Electrolysis(H2O / CO2 / N2)

§ Chemical Produc$on using Renewables with CO2 from Emissions and (Waste) Water as Feedstock

§ Closed Carbon Loops

(Waste) Water

Air / Exhaust

Biomass

Electricity

H2O

CO2 (N2)

!"

‘POWER-TO-GAS‘Transi1on of the Energy Sector (‘Energiewende’)

Objectives for Chemical Energy Storage:§ Intermittent Energy Supply & Consumption§ Long-term (seasonal) Energy Storage by Chemicals§ Reliable Energy Supply with Renewables

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry page 10

H2-Vector(Cavern Storage)

POWER-TO-GAS-TO-POWERRound Trip Efficiency

Ins-tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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! "#"=%&

−(&

%

Re-electrification(GuD, Gas Turbine)

Storage(Gas Grid)

Chem. conversion(Methanation)

El.chem. conversion(H2O-Electrolysis)

High poten-al of improvement:Efficient Electrolyzer Cells

High poten-al of improvement:Efficient Fuel Cells

CH4-Vector(Grid Storage)

Power generation(Renewables)

el.

H2

CH4

CH4

* ≈ 65 − 80% * ≈ 80 − 85% * ≈ 85 − 95% * ≈ 35 − 55%100%H2O CO2

Re-electrificaJon(Fuel Cell)

Storage(Cavern)

El.chem. conversion(H2O-Electrolysis)

Power generaJon(Renewables)

el.

H2 H2

* ≈ 65 − 80% * ≈ 85 − 95% * ≈ 65 − 80%100%H2O

! "#"=(&

−34

%

Preis pro Tonne() H2 wird aus Methan hergestellt

‘POWER-TO-FUELS’Transition of the Traffic & Transportation Sector (‘Verkehrswende’)

ObjecDves for Synfuels:§ Reduced CO2- & NOx-emissions

Ins4tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry page 12

SYNFUELS

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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SynFuelsPrimary ProductsSyngas

Diesel

CO/H2Syngas

Fischer-Tropsch-ProductsCXHY, CXHYOH

Kerosin

Flüssiggas (LPG)

Methan (SNG)

MethanolCH3OH DME / OME

Benzin

Herstellung flüssiger KraSstoffe:– SyntheVsches Kerosin und Diesel über das Fischer-Tropsch-Verfahren– OYobenzin über die ProdukVon von syntheVsches Methanol mit anschließendem Methanol-to-Gasoline(MTG)-Verfahren– Oxymethylenether (OMEx) als Dieselersatz

ENERGY DENSITY OF SYNFUELS

range, power

...R

ußem

issi

onen

(Sch

war

zrau

chza

hl) /

-

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Stickoxidemissionen (NOx) / g/kWh0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

EN590 Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Rapsmethylester (Biodiesel) OME1

D. Deutsch, D. Oestreich, L. Lautenschütz, P. Haltenort, U. Arnold, J. SauerChemie Ingenieur Technik 2017, 89, 486–489.

OMEx (1; 3 < x < 6)

Synfuel Emissions (Oxymethylene ether, OME)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry Seite 14

Energy Storage CapaciPes

volumetric energy density [Wh/L]

spec

ific

ener

gy d

ensi

ty[W

h/kg

]

liquid fuelsgaseous fuels

baVeries

100008000600040002000

100

1 k

10 k

lead-acid

lithium-ion

CNG*(20 Mpa)high-pressure

hydrogen (35Mpa)

low-pressurehydrogen

ethanol

gasoline

bio-dieseldiesel

*CompressedNatural Gas

FILLING STATION INFRASTRUCTURE (GERMANY)

Hydrogen Filling Station Infrastructure (future)Petrol Filling StaDon Infrastructure (exis+ng)

www.aral.de www.linde.com

Exis+ng infrastructure:§ 14.510 petrol filling sta+ons (2017)§ Capital cost per sta+on: ≈ 2.5 M€

Existing infrastructure:§ 17 hydrogen filling stations (2014)§ Capital cost per station: ≈ 1.0 – 2.5 M€

planned infrastructure (2023):§ 400 hydrogen filling stations (invest ≈ 400 – 1000 M€)

Nutzung bestehende

Tankstellen und -

InfrastrukturBeibehaltung bestehender

Konzepte

‘POWER-TO-CHEMICALS’CO2 as Chemical Feedstock (‘Chemiewende’)

ObjecFves for CO2 as Chemical Feedstock:§ Chemical Produc/on using CO2, Water and Renewables

§ CO2 (and Biomass) as sole Carbon Source for Chemical Industry

Ins/tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry page 16

VALORIZATION ... VALUE CHAINSShort History of Time – towards Power-to-Chemicals

Tagebau Hambach, RWE

Kohlechemie Petrochemie

Leuna Chemie BP

Golf von Mexico, Shell

POWER-TO-CHEMICALSSustainable Value Chain – ‚green‘ syngas chemistry

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

page 18S. Foit, I.C. Vinke, L.G.J. de Haart, R.-A. Eichel, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 5402 – 5411

‘INTEGRATED ENERGY’ SCENARIOSPower-to-X as Key enabling Technology

ObjecDves for ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenarios (‘Sektorkopplung’):§ Reduc&on of GHG emissions by input of renewables into the sectors Chemical Industry, Heat, Traffic & Transporta&on

§ CO2-conversion as chemical Storage Op&on

Ins&tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry page 19

‘INTEGRATED ENERGY’ SCENARIOAvailability of Renewables – Case Study ‚Synfuels‘

1 TWh (@ 550 MW rated power)

➞ ca. 40.000 t annual synfuel production

0.242 TWh (@ 60 MW rated power)

➞ ca. 10.000 t annual synfuel produc@on

‚Worldscale‘-Facility Alpha Ventus(45 km north Borkum)

‚Worldscale‘-Facility Topaz Solar Farm(California, USA)

Foto: NASA Foto: Deutsche Offshore-Testfeld und Infrastruktur GmbH & Co. KG Oldenburg

Assumption: 25 TWh ≡ 1 Mio. t trad. fuel

‘INTEGRATED ENERGY’ SCENARIOAvailability of CO2 as Feedstock

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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‘INTEGRATED ENERGY’ SCENARIOAvailability of Renewable Power

Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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Courtesy of DLR

?

OFF-GRID SCENARIOSDecentralized or Autonomous Technologies

Ins$tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

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➞ Scalability (‘Terawatt Challenge’) ➞ Versatility (Fuels, Chemicals, …)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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funding:

Ins+tute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry

Team High-Temperature P2X:

§ Dr. Lambertus G.J. de Haart§ Dr. Isaak C. Vinke§ Dr. Kevin Schiemann§ Dr. Vibhu Vaibhav

§ M.Sc. Severin Foit§ M.Sc. Lucy DiMrich§ M.Sc. Markus Nohl§ M.Sc. Kevin Schiemann§ M.Sc. Trutz Theuer§ et al.

Team Low-Temperature P2X:

§ Prof. Josef Granwehr§ Dr. Hans Kungl§ Dr. Hermann Tempel§ Dr. Peter Jakes§ Dr. Steffen Merz

§ Dr. Peter P.M. Schleker§ M.Sc. Jörg Ackermann§ M.Sc. Sven Jovanovic§ M.Sc. Ansgar Kretzschmar§ M.Sc. Emmanouil Verou+s§ M.Sc. Heeyong Park§ et al.