pain control at brain level
DESCRIPTION
How pain is controlled at brain level ?TRANSCRIPT
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Pain control at brain level
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Content
–Our analegsic system–Opioids :a. Endrophinb. Enkaphlin–Receptors–Mechanism–Areas concerned
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Analgesic system • pain has 2 components :
perception & reaction• The degree to which a person
reacts to pain varies tremendously.
• This results partly from a capability of the brain itself to suppress input of pain signals to the nervous system by activating a pain control system called analgesia system
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opioids1.Opioids are the main analgesic system in brain 2.They are of 2 types: endorphins & enkephlins 3.Drugs that mimic their effect are called opiates4. Although the opioids have a broad range of effects, their primary use is to relieve intense pain, whether that pain is from surgery or a result of injury or disease such as cancer
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opiates :
• Drugs that mimic action of opioids.
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Endorphins• The general term endorphins refers
to some endogenous morphine-like substances whose activity has been defined by their ability to bind to opiate receptors in the brain.
• Endorphins(brain polypeptides with actions like opiates) may function as synaptic transmitters or modulators. Endorphins appear to modulate the transmission of pain signals within sensory pathways.
• When injected into animals, endorphins can be analgesic
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Enkephalins
• Two closely related polypeptides (pentapeptides) found in the brain that also bind to opiate receptors are
• Methionine enkephalin (met-enkephalin) and leucine enkephalin (leuenkephalin).
• The amino acid sequence of met-enkephalin has been found in alpha-endorphin and beta-endorphin, and that of beta-endorphin has been found in beta-lipotropin, a polypeptide secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
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Receptors• The major effects of the
opioids are mediated by three major receptor families.
• These are designated by the Greek letters μ (mu), κ (kappa), and δ (delta).
• Each receptor family exhibits a different specificity for the drug(s) it binds.
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Receptors • The analgesic properties of
the opioids are primarily mediated by theμ receptors
• .The enkephalins interact more selectively with the δ receptors in the periphery
• All three opioid receptors are members of the G protein–coupled receptor family and inhibit adenylyl cyclase
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mechanism• block neurotransmitter
release by A. inhibiting Ca2+ influx into the presynaptic terminal, B . open potassium channels, which hyperpolarizes neurons and inhibits spike activity. They act on various receptors in the brain and spinal cord..
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• So, activation of the analgesia system by nervous signals entering the periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas, or inactivation of pain pathways by morphine-like drugs, can almost totally suppress many pain signals entering through the peripheral nerves.
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Areas concerned
• PGA area: enkephalin• Raphe magnus nucleus :serotonin• Periventricular nuclei in
hypothalamus
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• Referneces
Guyton textbook of physiology
www.zuvin.com
www.bioscience.org
www.chemitryexplained.com