"-""St:*

\*j3*i*^

SO

rO

o

o.

Sll ril 50408

. 2-8.0

Lo Sjb's5o-s ?

'

"3

oo

S &.

35I a^r~205^^S~ "SsSoD si-'-bi B-V ' CO

ioj oJ o ;X

To

THE OF THE

of

SRI KOVVURI CANDRA REDDI VARU,

SRI VYDYA RATNA PANDIT D. GOPALACARYULU

SRI .KOMARRAJU I.AKSMANA RAO M.A.,* *

SKI DKWAN BAHADUR NEMALI PATTABHI RAMA RAO B.A.,

SRI JUSTICE T. V. SESAGIRI IYER AVL.,

As a token of reverence for their love of the advancement of

culture and learning in the Vernaculars.

)

>

?5^r55 w ^

06^(60

;>^/

es a

eso = eso $ s

.

3 aa

S'x. a =e/

=v

* cf

J. A. O. S = Journal of the

American Oriental Society.

"\ *-v

O6

r^

f%==

=

= ^ WF

sft. vrr

s.

..VB^

6

oo oo

50iO)

. 1500

rf

"&5

, (iSo:

> /

5^0x5*0^0 ;

co

Q

^

O

cS

5o.

11

00

eo

} o

j

a

cJSbSo ex;

S^D )155tr s?3

> & co &r> > g.

3

8

11

14

16

17

19

21

rO rO

8

22eo

GO8

- '

o

eo

<e

25

29

32

ex?

. ST^

IV

84-''

-309

37

oo

B

-$

9"STo-eSo^^lc

39

03 O46

co

40

0048

\

V

49

50

51

52

60

61

15

CO

sS

......o

{j

"S

62

64

65

67

~""o

68

70

71

75

76

77

Qrf

o

o

A

s5

78

80

81

83

83

86

SJO

^

t)55ej

87

O

90

92

94.

96

97

CO

99

100

a)

n

^)^>o "sy

79^Q oKOe^i^o^o

VII

101

102

103

105

106

107

108

cp

73-8*

o

eso

110

110

112

113

114

115

.O

116

tfo

118

,O

C'>

O

o AoCOV

2,

Q_

3.

4.

O

5."

6.

SIFI

II

OJ

oo

oo

ooo-O 1

"I

'SS ,CGDO-)no

C| v^Y D tX" ^.Xgs^

S ^ Go \uooJ.^

25

"I,

2^0

o

o

^

goad5:r-o3

o

Q

i t

o

.

\ /

S

"3 dp

fc

CX)00"g~T3

&Y J

elsSb hO<L

o-

oJ OJ

-0 NuJ

^

>

?6o?\5

oo

co

o^960

S3

1

5

7

8

eo

j o

.. o

V_*w/

o),

OOJ^&lS

cp

0200 ex>

5507^

557^0

O

OS)

JSbo-0 esa eo.

e>7Td55"=

lr'!lo5S

9ODOS'

5

o

55

V-X

*."(630, s'. ^5.

<L<LLX>

.S3, 20 OvJ CD

O. 7'

36

&e; e;00

s3

^j>-x > s

sS 2,30

i" n

oc

,!L ??

u9V

(S

s Soo-S JS

OO

Oj

?< o7

v_x

-"ol

K> rfis&n>csSi6o

J U

.

\___/

CO

-035^55^ So

^b^)S55"^**"' ""^ ^^ *..!..^XJ

55b ^?j9

20

So 9

So o

oo.

8

CV>

SjTT3 c33br3"3

9

cvi

CO

V__f

9.

JO

OC

__

S'o Sb.oSo 238^-6

CO

CO

Q_ds?5\ too >c!$o

, ,V__,/

o oC. co

oB

o

\

o

N

cxx;o.

el tfo,

OO

12

CO

d

Stoo

o

?\xo g' ?3o K^

Q zy S0.

r ^

SocSb eSSxo-O^. .^ ^

" '""" Q '--------------

rs.

, ,

9

f%i?fq-

"

es/D "^^25-^^ S'"So^ "B sJfb*.lf^e;RSbo O O \^ ^/

oO

CO

76 8o^roo, "^ 53oo "3

I irera^l^T: u . ST.

oo

14

5

^"

SK fenwra^tf

" i

" *

53

coooeJoo

eo

S3

c)

4

e

u"

: gar: R

^rar SRIT% u (ft

*s

(o

OJ

-ad&o. 35

OJ

^o>55D

9

oo

e

CD

Q

oo

16

o

6o5o#,

CXXT-"

^ "^40*^0^0SJ

KJCOD^O

-O o

2r>Sjo7V

6317

OO

o

3<C

K Ocf rfbD^Sb

o(7)

e

517.)

3

f3)N ' o <o Q .

(4)

a_

-

CO

o

V /

55 o.')

43 39

(5) 14

cSaSTa

5)

CD

ego00^5

rd)

9

GO

?&,

CD

00 tO

(6)" X" o?<

f6)v y

. 22.

SC-ilofiO

\

CO

o

20V )

(7)

D

^55

9 "s&

10

(9)

Sf

CD

CO

00

715.)

efcdSo

146,47.

"^55. MedthatitM on Manu

43

(10) c

"Katyana-LatyaDa

55

D

(11)

(12) GO

o

. s. l.

(11)v y

(12)

(13)

D

Hindu view of life tf0ts

s S5bono X" o^S" tf

jj

eo

63.

. a. oi^" e s.) -z^o. 13,-17-i.

. <2*) (?c3o

22

76^0, ?6o

. -d. 24S

Q_

*"^

x X OJ

S.

o

e8Sb8

rfo

6^\Cx

^-; -Jf

? S). 6; c53oo. 6.

to

ro oJ <o

w5o^'"Snoe;o

24

co

- ^"

e>/0

OJ

. Cj, C) ..

-,

oxer- otfxgoj*8sS\ e5o,^ ^-e

, "looker5

S ?6o23o^oKe;^5b

25

-

4

~*~

oJ

9

o

9

26

S&JsSgo, tftfco

GO

55,38

^0^555

oro

oo

SDS-O So

Sj#o,

eo

on

d)

j U

, e3^o/vS,

A

"

OO

s>o-/v.

' "

^0^555

j ,^*mn*r ^- -J X^

: m^f ^*m***r

5)00x5^0,

g'a

23

-B- ^ "SaSooS)- CD

2?

fr

28

eoft^tfsfcS ^0^55,

ro

CY)

c

,8

-So 55^8

S3

CO

tfsfce

o. 29

(So.

Sj 7jrKS^?5o

en>

oo

S'o.

30

ooooT e

S

O

>-

^J

55^

O

Q- j (5'

li

V-X ~~O

V^m,X .........O

s5bo^0

V ^/ GJ

\

OO

oJ

31

^tf5tf3PsSsSc ^s^cXc as

^6^0^55 esSbi^otoKr 55. ~y__^

CO

358

32

ir-o5

00

oc

_o

ea

33

(^r- ST.

tO

. ST.

oJ

S3

K o^fex

(5

5 1

"

34V,_)

fftfcft i

"

[SJ^cKbA

KPCXX>&

Q

8e/i$ sStf o tfS

eSS'oTT' 558 53^d&> A

CO

V^_x

^^* i^' f * t'~s- ys.oo CXx, (Xo

555 tf

k.

.

ocxn=

o

ejO

35

. Qfy.tf

GO

Cpcr>

- -O

?} Q

OJ

ooo^50

^ t-

v-J

b'Sotf

Q

^ ' ^ ^

36V X

y

?6

o ro

D\

00

as5ix'?rt o

/

6

OO

9

oj e

_

jx

>

aoa4SO^s3,o.

?o?y

o 37

Q

oJ

6

8

00

X"

55boaDC"So?Sa7ro"

tO

\

o a.

CY5

38

o

S3

oJ

CY1

I

> s

ooo&

ro

cp

O

CD

9

U <oj

O

co

oooS

oo

o

o

39

S)o

CO

55 K el

\

-^3507^

/

Cp

aj^o5cs5r6. o

cO

oo

^So EPdn><>?&

40>*X

LO.

,3

6

D

V s

-ET6&ge;s5bOJ

Wo

wo tS

v---'

(7)

^,.5

i

(/

55 S'

SsA(

K5 S^xo^So.V^__}

41

"[ST.

ftes

6

.

42oJ

Q

c a

t u

~S)o ?

9

55.1J

^ bool

oJ

00

......

"Q

o tfx_x

55bsJ'Si)Sc53bt6o^ffi

^roRK

......

"Q OC-

30

oo. 43

a.G5

s3

OO "^

(sS

o

"^^ceT8 ^e5\00

8 SS505D<CX)1$ \~x 6

&.OJ GO

CD

44

oJ

X wo

.

.

o

25

o

45

"only Nandillagopa actually quotes one rule forPaUaci, but implies clearly that in his opinion this onerule was the only one which differentiated Pais'Sci fromMEgadhi."

(J. A. O. S. Vol. 44. Page 118)

Walter Eugene Clark

^-0(2^v J

8 550^55 tfjcfo,^^^^*^ *L U r J %f^ I J

35ors5tf sfo, a.^iSTv j^a. -^b ^s5sSbo 8

&8o

to^dw. -^sioK'Qv ,zS

r*^o (

S^d&^n.

: u"

sSboQ

46

00

89

on ro

sfc*.

00

(tT"."f.

rs

OO

r\

n"

u"

oJ

X" S

OO

O

47

wo

OSS.

OO

.

-uJ

S

oJ

. -53-055

r\. f\

[*. ST.

[R. ar.

"43

ocr>

?3^ s5ev

a.

ftrari u"imimmmmma*mm II

: sfan; ^q^f JFSj^^t a"

CJVx

cxxr- SPSScr' S

WV

7Y*

WO ,ex>. 49

a.on

u"

\\

,O e)

.

e> sj axio.

ET9 V,_)

a

o

-i

00

o

50

\*- }

C~\ it j* >*- .

^J)M * Ou>\^j

""Sej^o^o^

S>

-6c

p ^ /T\

cxx^

s

cSfco^fc

oS ^ "aOTT^S) sj eT'5SSD&e37V >

51

.

v y

_ p

eo o

sibo.

oo

^b13^3^5eo rs

u"

o oco

tf

52

"0

Q_

O

u

305

&fiejo

53

?6o"

\__/SS) e^b^-^ --O--O Q-

o

Q

^600.OO

55

b el

cSSbo&'O

SO IT3 o 2J.

gofcx^S'6

^

O

?5o So

Ifen i

55

OO ................o

Q

"\ * S rv

u

u d

CO

OL

_D/ on

&*v a-D Ot

o

jo

OO

fco ^ ;

"

[I- ^-

[

SI

8-

S3

"

00

OO

Jfge;

8

"I

8

BS-

OJ

*-^ "<*1 6

"

11

^ O

59

2o c)

CY)

oo

eo

-(|)

Q_

CY>

: i

60

.

v^^/ ^s-' >->'

Q?

(53-<5s59

U"

cr>

0-0 \-vJ

-sj^ 8-^5CS5^"^ orfo Kr"^T3

$ec43e>D 535oo

)

'

a-CD

(O; o oJ

r\

U"

u

oo

CSfy 9

^ oo.oc

9

61

*> ?y*eoo3

\

OS, "^* (A^^^ ;) 5^,

\QdSbr6bcSb aS'So "^SfoKrdSb. ^ 00

Q

^

d&oelT6

ota

55Sro-aoa.

n"

63

o

oo oo

u"

?

00

0^2.)

(10. 2)

CO

64

o

5

^

"

S>)

oob

9

u

6

t

U a jr.

i_ a

oJ Q

oo

^o^?6o go

ooooo

cO

9

66

oJ

55

^-6^-rejo?6oo(2

9eS\-<5 obSo^e)^^. S^^^^^Sbex). &

15 Q Q^

; ooo___ n '

r8 ^ ^S)0^ ^e;""

_

Q o

w umMM wt MHy. r\'nr w> *"* ~rr w STil / L i* '

^) oowTT3"^eo

67

tfoyvVfra'T^ KT^'

[I.

dy.^

J^

(5.

S-So^oo^o

rfS)

V, )

3?

ex _^

oJ

,e_k.

;>-T ,yy '""-"t , ^: rv "X '

,' i *^ ' ,-i 1 "^fcr ~-i_

. _ *. . '^*..J'.__ ,

c

"

f\

(5

oo

oo

3

56

ex.

CD

,O 9

.. .

v__/

eooo^)Kr>bo.

"

Co

u"

QV

9

70

we u

PT! U

y

fol "&>ao3 ?

9 SSSe;

"Birbhum"

^0^555^0

oJ

v^,f/'

"o

a s*. 71s-

oC_/

r\ r\

o^D e^ooo.CD

: u

: u

^S**^^ V.r T^B^^ ^^^^^

(Sj (S^

o

oooo^bts3

V

a.

72

-D

13

oo

o co

oL

O

fo^oeo

s5ot

C<;

6

w^/ 73

"3 ;

o X

(6

)

S'

43-^CO

U-(Oj

Q_ Q_

43.^Q

ovj

6 Q

10

o_

= 9,,

-

.

>*-^

";

- <^*^... V "'_, "...

jiSS.X -

*""*"'"X,

""* '

C

to**'J ^H.

**,

>

~X" ^"^ j*' i in.

'''- -^ "' iU

a.

, ... *. = - x,>-^:v * - V-

^J

cs

>^_x o

6o

, fecSb

o Sj

OC

, JSboXD,*

75

SO

ii!cz v-/ V^y o

3 "^S&e;^, ^TS) lo 20OO Q.............

76

"3 ><S-av.__/

T5^c55boex) 3

oop

Co

OO

^0^55

o

co

cvi

OO

o

cr

CO

SD. ^,oo'

eS>

Cp

ex). 77

-gto tfsSS

ONOj

TVOD

00

s6

ro GO

<5

cxx:^-

S3

O

c JoJ

6 6

So

78

16

P -o

78

00

20

oo

eo D

w

S).

OJ

.

'*

79

oL

335^350

oo

--D

SK)-<3

PO

-5851

8

oo o oC

OO

80

s3eSec53bo"^S eS

V^ *-x"^' <^fCOOQJo-QON

TjJ 4 o

OO

"S^^Sb. el

v_/

-....."lO

g^o^So

Ko.. .

c53b o. 81

o

eS Q

oJ

e

oo

11

CY5

\

-yj

^86^55

), ^558,

M

82

98

CO

3

^ So^

"

1 "

2 "

3

4 "

5 "

J.

2.

4.

5.

cv>

a.

eo

fsrv

c^

oo

e; d5b

o\*r

u

83

s&ST1^

_ Q_pg

Sj

84"~

Q_ rf "

oo

roQ^boo ^

so

OQ

8

jj

OO

u

"t 11

^

5

tf-D

d

o ))sr^55

SO

65^oo

1x^0x5?^

CY)

S

Q

;Soe)

oL

86

co

TJ

KT^ oooi

cp

<xJ

oo

u

00\_; i

oo cvo Q_ "3

87

U,',

o

ot ro

OO

oJ

0^855"^,

s

a -9

Slx^o

s3

elX-X

V JV^X

oo cO

: u

: U

"

C,!)

sTl 15"^

O o -u

*. oifsX1 S CO 0\"X) =

TjJ

5

55^3 o $'80x5^0^7^-^)

: \

(V) CO

-"^

a)e;Kj55ovfcx

S'SP'So-ESg' s

12

30

S efi

<a*6otf KOAtf

90

r\

35^0

80

3 tf ty-o>S"sSb^-"S..?r .^8

oj V^/ 00 ,1,1Q Vl/Q

QJ

-IfeSerSb

?TFT

-j;

ejJxD O

r\

l|

s3^8ox5

\i I

<$>O "

i

00 'CO ^

Q

92

(/ OO

3" .

<=

o

CD

U>

. -158

c

23

,

CD

5

6

00

D

K

o

diSbo^S

"So

5015 sSW^sp 20. xil TO o3"(5o ^ ^ eS(5o 3 Ise^l o. S)jj

\^ ^/

2 cX5cc

OS

94

5

; r~. ...wo

>*_^'

9

so A o

S'

o 95

5035- 55

5032

5027-S5

oJ

00

i .tj(

GO

So^

. ok

o

C.9

eS,V _._./ Co

tfo 25>X

oo

,S.

x-x

96

oo ' oo

). A^

"L; outo, ?-ffl

Preface to the 2nd Edition.

Palnati Veeracharitra Is the history of the fratricidal

w;ir, that took place during the latter part of the 42nd

century Kali Era (12th century A. D.) between two princesof the Hyhaya family that had migrated into Palnad from

Chedi, throwing side lights on the great socialistic move-ment led by Brahma Naidu, supposed to be the ancestorof the family of the Maharajah of Venkatagiri, The Chapa-kudu of Palnad heroes mentioned by the author of Kreeda-bhiramam may be taken ns something like cosmopolitandinner of the present day. The army of Brahma Naiduincludes people from all classes irrespective of caste, fromBrahmin to Panchama. Kannama, a Panchama hero consi-

dered as the son of Brahma Naidu, has a temple at Karam-

pudi even to this day. The ballad also gives an account of

the heroism of our people of those ages and also their

religious readiness to lay down even their lives at the call

of what they considered their Dharma. The military

prowess which shone with splendour in Brahma Naidu and

Balachandra eight hundred years ago at Karyamapudi

again manifested itself in their distant kinsmen, the Velamaheroes of Bobbili like Vengalaraya.

Palnati Veera Charitra.

Palnati Veera Charitra may be considered as an im*

portant, original Telugu work fulfilling a few of the condi-

tions of an epic poem, (Tr^rerarop)- The subject matter

viewed as a whole from Gurzala Kodipor to the end is

extensive and grand with some episodes, and the characters

also are to some extent varied in type, Mallidevaraj and

2 PREFACE TO YEBBA OHARITBA

his opponent Nalagamaraj are inactive heroes like Chandra-

gupta of Mudrarakshasa, and Indian literary critics name such

a hero as Hf%wr^T?wfe (one whose purpose is achieved by his

assistants). Anapotu, Balachandra, Brahma Nayudu, Alaraju ;

Perneedu and Kommaraj are all noble heroes for whom

life was not an end in itself but only a means to Dharma

to which it could be sacrificed if necessary at any moment

Of them Brahma Nayudu is treated as an incarnation of

Vishnu but his human side is more prominent throughout

the poem. His rebuke of his son for having shown the

back to the battlefied. is befitting a true Indian hero, The?* *

female characters also are chaste and heroic. Rekhamba'sf

pursuasion of her daughter not to prevent Balachandra;

from marching to battlefield, and Manchala's blessing to1

i

her husband when handing over the sword to him, cannot;

but stand before us for all time as noble examples of

Indian womanhood. Rathnala Peridevi, reproaching her

father for his wicked act and performing Sahagamana with;

her husband shows the high phase of the life of a Hindu:

wife. Xayakuralu is the abode of evil like Satan in Paradise*

Lost, Ravana in Ramayana and Sakuni in Mahabharata,

Inspite of her vicious nature, she is represented here and

there as a thoughtful diplomat and her negotiations for!

peace before the commencement .of war show her diplo-'

macy. It is the misfortune of great heroes to have a rival!

in women. Brahma Naidu had it. Bhishma actually!withdrew from the field at the sight of Sikhandi. Brahma!Naidu avoided Nayakural in battle in accordance with the

Indian military traditions. In places of heroism the authorrises to the occasion, and exhibits high fervour as in the

dialogue between JkUchandra and his parents and hisother speeches.

TELUGU WOBKS AND PALNATI VEERA CEABITEA i

He shows some tendency and also skill for portrayingscenes of awe as Kannama's midnight visit to the battle

field and the ecstasy of the devils during the night after

the close of the war. In other situations he is quite

common-place, and does not rise above the ordinary level.

Setting aside the waste trash such as xtix, tftffo^, tfd&Qtf,

&<3&gtf,the narration is on the whole impressive and in some

places vigorous.

As in Mahabharata, the end is disastrous to both parties

and the predominant Rasa may be taken as Shanta, the

auxiliary Rasas being Veera, Karuna etc. Unlike other

classics, Palnati Veera Charitra is written in one continuous

Dwipadee metre and in one strain,

Palnati Veera Charitra is deficient in graphic descrip-tions of even relevant naturesceneries in their picture-*

squeness and grandeur as in Ramayana, Mahabharata,Kumarasambhava etc. It also lacks in conversational or

non-conversational utterances of importance like Ajavilapain Raghuvamsa.

Palnati Veera Charitra cannot claim a very high

place from a literary point of view according to the

canons of advanced literary criticism* When I say that,

i I do not mean that it is inferior to other Telugu works.

It is as good as any other Telugu work. It is even superior

to many of them. I only intend to point out that it is not

an exception to the general order of Telugu works, and

does not exhibit any extraordinary high merit.

works and Palnati Veera Charitra.

Before actually taking up Palnati Veera Charitra, I

shall mention briefly some points about the general state

of Telugu works. Telugu literature began with Puranic

4 PEEFACE TO VEERA CHARITRA

Ibriefs and other such things. Later, some other works 0(1

the Manu and Vasu Charitra type and similar productions

sprang up. :

Translations are mutilated and deformed, and import-

ant poetic details are left off. Srinadha's Nishadha belongs

to the same group. Palnati Veera Charitra too as said;

before is not of high literary excellence. Either in bringing'

out striking situations or in expressing- illuminating and

lofty sentiments, its author does not generally* rise above;

the ordinary level. As will be shown presently,, it was in*;

tended for the lower order of people as other Telugiu

works. Aswaghosha's Buddha Charitra, though history, is?

of a far superior poetic interest.

In ancient and mediaeval times, Telugfu was not the!' O

medium of instruction in the higher courses of study. All

higher learning was received through Sanskrit, and Sanskrit

was the cultural language of the country. Great scholars

did not choose to write in Telugu on cultural subjects in;

several departments of knowledge, including literary criti-

cisms. Telugu was thus relegated to an unimportant posi-

tion, and had no place in academical courses. This back-ward position was not special to Telugu. It was commonwith all the Prakrit languages. The characters to whom,Prakrit is allotted in Sanskrit Drama also to some extentindicate the position which they held in the academiccircles. Perhaps, Pali, which was raised to the dignity ofjcultural and religious language by Bhagavan Buddha, was!an exception to th, general order of Prakrits. It is truly!said that lamil holds the same place in Southern India as!

Pan in the Xorth. But the champions of Vedic culture hadinot recognised Buddha's step and had not allowed Pali to!

tne place of Sanskrit Even Tamil which rose up as aoi

PEAKBITS

ally and not as an enemy was not looked upon with favour

by them* Some of them went even a step furthers and prohi-

bited the adaptation ot Vernacular words into Sanskrit and

denounced them as incorrect. So says Nagesa, the great

Grammarian, in his Manjusha,

(Substantives formed according to the Vernaculars like

'Kunchi' 'Manchi7 and 'Apyakonda' are verily incorrect.)

The progress of Pali stopped with the decay of

Buddhism. The other non-religious Vernaculars of India

were in their undeveloped condition, and Telugu was one

of them. Leaving aside the departments of learning, in

poetry, Prakrits made same mark, though mostly in love

sentiment. Men of cultural attainments wrote original works

in Prakrits some of which drew the attention of greatscholars like Bana, and provided examples for the cele-

brated literary critics like Anandavardhana in their treat-

ment of poetic charm.

As Prakrits were taken up by such eminent scholars,

even original Prakrit dramas, transgressing in some details

some of the Sanskrit Dramatic conventions, rose up like the

Karpuramanjari of Rajasekhara which is now available.

But even in this field, Telugu did not emerge out of its

infant state on account of the crudeness of its verse and,

also other causes which will be explained below. Teluguworks were intended for people of a lower status who had

not access to the treasures of Sanskrit lore. They were

intended to give an idea of the Puranas to the lower order of

people for the guidance of their social and religious con-

duct. The leaving out of Bhagavadgita and other important

portions by the translators of Mahabharatha;the avoidance*

of writing Dramas3the highest form of poetry according to

6 PREFACE 0?0 VIBEA CHAEJTBA

Indian tradition and original poems and sastraic works in

Telugu by famous scholars like Sreenatha, under the

patronage of Ruling chiefs like Komati Vema Reddy,

Kataya Vema and Kumaragiri Reddy who were themselves

outstanding men of letters and commentators on classical

works;and the very mutilated forms of translations like

Telugu Naishadha, seem definitely to point out to the above

fact. I do not propose here to enter into a detailed dis-

cussion on the additions and contractions in Mahabharata,

writings of authors like Vemana and Pingali Suranna,

the works of Manu and Vasu charitra type which do not

generally present high thought or subtler feelings of

human heart or relevant imagery of endless charam. I

do not also give a full account of how these Telugu worksand poems are not useful even to the lower type of peopleand how they misguide the intermediate class of quacks. Themisfortune of Telugu always stands strikingly before myeyes whenever I ponder over the fact that a person like

Ahobala Pandita, deeply interested in Telugu, had to leavesome of his extremely valuable writings in Sanskrit only.

Perhaps such measures were the attempts, though un-successful of people like him to attract real scholars to

Telugu. Whatever it may be, it is plain that Telugu wasnot the medium of higher culture, and that Telugu workswere intended only for people of inferior order. AhobalaPanditha, the commentator of Andhrasabda Chinthamani,in his scholarly discussion on Telugu observes thus.

( 1 he Telugu Puranic works are essentially useful touidras etc., who aspire for liberation (Moksha) and who

HIGHER CULTURE AND MEDIUM OP INSTRUCTION- 7

are not capable of reading Sanskrit Puranas and who are

not anxious even to hear them)The situation has not altered after the ad vent of the

Madras University.

English has taken the place of Sanskrit. On the one

hand, the majority of educated Telugus have been cut off

from touch with Sanskrit in which the invaluable treasures

of Indian culture are stored up. On the other hand, theyhave not been able to properly assimilate alien culture, the

customs, traditions and sentiments being different in manyrespects. To-day the majority of educated people in the

Telugu country receive higher education through English,and some still through Sanskrit.

For further details on this topic my preface to Kavya-

prakasa may be consulted. Then I come to scholars,

Mature thinkers of the stamp of Sir S Radhakrishna donot choose or try to express their thoughts in Telugu.This is evidently due to the fact that Telugu has no

proper place in the realm of higher culture or

thought at present. It is not the medium of higher educa-

tion in collegiate courses in the Madras or Andhra

University, and all higher knowledge is received, and im-

parted through English and also Sanskrit though in a

limited atmosphere. Our ancients though great scholars,

did not give us valuable works in Telugu as they intended

Telugu only for the lower order of people. Our present

authors, equipped with the study of the trivial works of

ancients, are capable only of producing similar or still moretrivial works in Telugu. Perhaps the majority of our present

Telugu writers are the worst sinners in India today in

using quack Sanskrit. This guess language always reminds

me of the famous story of the Sanskrit of the crack-brained

daughter-in-law of a Somapeethin.

8 PREFACE TO VEEEA CHABITBA

The works that have sprung up after the advent of the

University education, from Lexicon down to the story books

and o tlier works that are prescribed for the University

examinations, clearly point out to the above fact. Details

are shown in the Telugu Preface* People study trivial

works, and produce in their turn still more futile writings,

Matters are thus moving in a vicious circle which ends no

where unless the course of education is changed. It should

be so modified that the Telugu youths would find their

way to the original treasures of learning and not merely to

the briefs and other similar works which alone Telugu now

can oiler. Under these circumstances, I think that the

conferring of B, A. (Rons.), M.A., and other degrees for

the study of existing briefs and other such works in Teluguwhich hare little cultural value does not serve any useful

purpose at the present stage. This situation always re-

minds me of the statement of Lord Macaulay in this

connection.

ci Had they (our ancestors) neglected the language of

Cicero and Tcicitos;had they confined their attention to

the old dialects of our own island ; had they printed

nothing and taught nothing at the Universities but chroni-cles in Anglo-saxon and romances in Norman-French,would England have been \vhat she now is ?

"

Xow 1 ask this question following Lord Macaulay.Having neglected the works of Gautama, Kanada andSankara etc, and having confined ourselves to the Puranicbriefs and other works of similar type, what is the worth ofour Vidwans, Bhashapravinas or Ubhayabhashapravinas ?

Or wnat is the range and value of the oriental scholar-ship of our degree holders in Telugu ?

HIGHER CULTURE AND MEDIUM: OF INSTRUCTION" 9

The memorable transition in the history of Telugu

begins^ in my opinion, on the day when it is made the

compulsory medium of examinations in all non-language

subjects for Telugu students for arts and science degrees or

at least Siromani and Vidya Praveena titles, As a first step

to this the University may transform the Telugu Research

section, in which there is no adequate return for the ex-

penditure incurred, into a translation department, and get

as many outstanding works as possible translated into

Telugu from English and Sanskrit at the present stage.

As a step for this, the University should make provision for

the rise of scholars who, in addition to their proficiency in

their special subjects and practice in Telugu composition,

will be equipped with sufficient knowledge of Sanskrit in

which the treasures of Indian culture are stored up and

without a strong control over which, expression of scientific,

abstract and subtle ideas in Telugu is almost impossible*

I close this topic which has come up as a side issue,

and proceed to the subject proper. I pointed out that Teluguwas thus relegated to an inferior position and that Telugu

writings were intended for people only of lower cultural

status. There was no scope for works of high order to

arise, and Palnati Veera Charitra was no exception. More-

over it does not belong to the section of Kavya or Rupaka,

and therefore we cannot apply to it cannons of advanced

literary criticism.

When I say that we cannot expect high literary

excellence as in Valmiki, Kalidas etc., I do not mean as

alredy stated that it is inferior to other Telugu works. Onthe other hand it is far better than many of them. All

that I want to point out is that it is not of exceptional

poetic merit and is not an exception when the general2

10 PREFACE TO VEERA. OHARTTRA

condition of Telugu works is taken into consideration

Palnati Veera Charitra is an unique work in many

respects in Telugu literature, The subject matter, unlike

that of the general mass of Telugu works which are

mostly Puranic briefs or Puranic fictions or stories, with

some descriptions, is the history of local heroes. The

prominent characters are indigenous and exhibit the

valourous life of the Andhras of those times in its brightest

form. The treatment of the subject matter also is different

from that of others where futile word-profusion, with scanty

meaning and mere story skeletons, is predominant or

speculations based on mythological details and hereditary

similies form the important poetic element. It is written in

verse which is half free from trash resulting from letter

adjustment (s5?>, ^x3)which is common with almost all the

Telugu verse productions, It is different from works of

the Bobbilikatha type as it, unlike the latter, attempts to

maintain classic touch here and there.

Ballad Literature,

Palnati Veera Charitra comes under the Veera Gita

(Ballad) group. The ballad is a special branch of Teluguliterature and I have no information whether such a branch

exists in the other Vernaculars of India or not. Whatever

may be the reason, such a branch does not evidently exist

in Sanskrit although episodes of Vatsaraja and Vikrarnarka

etc., are sufficiently inspiring. These ballads are recited

before big audiences generally during moon-lit*nights with

the necessary accompaniments and gestures and are semi-

dramatic in nature. They resemble the Vrittis mentioned

by Bharata which may be considered as the germs of the

developed Indian drama. Generally the purpose of the

ballads is to create mainly reverence and admiration to-

BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME POINTS IN J^ALNATIVEERA. CHARITRA 11

wards the heroic souls by a sort of narration appealing to

the popular imagination and emotions. It is why poetic

sublimity of high thought cannot be expected in it. The

function of the Ballad above mentioned, Palnati Veera

Charitra amply fulfills in a manner in which few others of

this class do.

Brief review of some points in Palnativeeracharitra.

It shows anxiety for the life of her son Balachandra

and tries to prevent him from going to battle. This appears

some what derogatory to the Indian Kshatra (Military)

traditions. She stands in strong contrast to Kunti, who

sends word through Sri Krishna to her sons to fight to the

end. Perhaps the author wished to show here feminine

weakness. Even Vyasa makes Kunti express once that

life without sons would be distressing.

Balachandra's visit to Ms damsel

Under the pretence of taking her to battle field

when he was about to start to Karempudi he meets

his damsel in her house though he never took her

there, This is somewhat repulsive to us of the present

age. It was not so in ancient India. The Vesyas

appear to be an important section of society in those

days. All know how much Hindu mythology is interwoven

with the stories of these damsels. The mother of the

great Bharata race is the daughter of a divine damsel.

Other episodes are too numerous to be mentioned. In

spite of condemnation by thinkers like Bhartrihari they

seem to have kept up their position even in historical

times. Yatsyayana thinks that contact with a damsel is

not sinful as it is neither enjoined nor prohibited in Dharma

Sastras. Omen-experts state that jhe sight of a Vesya in

12 PREFACE TO VEERA CHARITRA

1 *?

front for a man starting for some purpose is auspico'

Katitilya recognises conjugal contract with a dart* 5

and imposes fine upon the intruder. The Liter*1 '

theorists like Dhananjaya, while ignoring the widow it*et>

tioned by Vatsyayana as a fitting object for making lo^

recognised Vesya as a heroine in a poetical composUl n

though as of lower type.

If she is firm and constant in love like a duly w

woman, she certainly rises above the level of ordifl^. V

Vesyas and can find a place in a dignified literary composi-

tion as Vasantasena in Mrichchakati.

Perhaps Rajasekhara thought it a compliment to hi*11"

self when he declared as tradition goes, that he had love

dealings with women of several parts of India. Some ol

these Vesyas were very rich, Some were learned especial-

ly in fine arts and they were called Ganikas as different

from other ordinary Vesyas. The Ganikas of Pataliputra

are said to have deputed a scholar by name Dattaka to

prepare a treatise for their guidance Vatsyayana devotes

a special Adhikarana in his Erotic Science to the affairs of

these Vesyas. Even kings and men of status did not think

it degrading to keep these Vesyas as their consorts.

Vatsyayana refers to the amorous sports of a Chola (Tamil)

king with his damsel Chitrasena- Though we thus see that*J o

intimacy with a Vesya was not considered a social stigmain those days, the whole of the damsel scene in Palnati

Veeracharitra is quite irrelevant and the author ought to

have omitted it at least for artistic considerations. It wouldhave been different had he taken her to the battle field as

Sri Krishna did Satyabhama.Harlot-Mother,

It has been a practice with authors in our country to

bring in the old harlot-mother where a Vesya is concernedas in Nirankusopakhyana etc,

BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME POINTS IN PALNATIVEERACHARITRA 13

These damsel- mothers seem to be notorious from

even early times. Vatsyayana lays down that the damsel

should be under the guidance of either her old mother whois cruel and greedy or choose another woman in her

absence possessing the above qualities to take her place.

Kautilya also refers to the damsel-mother and provides

compensation for her if any one forcibly meddles with her

daughter. Literary critics also take note of this Vesyamatain prescribing the conduct of the Vesya Heroine.

Palnati Veera Charitra gives an interesting descrip-tion of the oldj contemptible Vesyamata.

Balachandra's indulgence with his wife.

Balachandra, before going to war, meets his wife and

takes her blessings as Bhirnasena in Venisamhara. But he

also engages himself in love affairs with his wife. Em-

bracing or sporting in any other way with a woman when

marching to battle field is certainly in-appropriate and

implies a kind of laxity on the part of the hero, That is

-why such a custom did not find favour with the famous

heroes of ancient India. It is not said even of Havana,

Valmiki maintains it in the case of the ill-fated Vali. Theauthor of Parijatapaharana, a Telugu work of the Vizaya-

nagaram period, attributes it to Krishna's enemies whowere going to be defeated. Bhatta Narayana presents a

scene in Venisamhara in which the doomed Duryodhana

amorously deals with his wife. Mammata, the author of

Kavyaprakasa finds fault with him even for that Bala-

chandra's love affairs with his wife, when marching1

to war* O

are not only out of place but also reflect upon his heroic

character. If he did so as it was the first and the last time

to meet her, it is no excuse for a hero who has to sacrifice

everything for his noble purpose, especially when the wife

U PREFACE TO VEBEA CHARITEA

was also to follow him to the other world. If he did so

under the advice of his mother, it must be stated that her

anxiety for her son's wife was carried to the extreme. If

it is merely a statement of the fact of history, then we

must admit that Balachandra has no place in the

galaxy of the noble type of Indian heroes to whom Kshatra

Dharma was higher than anything else. The author for

the sake of propriety, ought to have avoided this in the

case of Balachandara, the prominent hero of the present

portion of the ballad.

Historical Importance of the Veeracharitra.

The time of Palnati Veeracharitra seems to be an

important period in Indian History. It was the time whenMohamed Ghori was creating great havoc besiegingplace after place in Northern India and the fate of the

Hindu Royal dynasties was hanging in the balance. Theinfluence of Ramanuja's preachings and Basaveswara'srei:g;ous overhauling were being strongly felt and thecress currents of Veerasaivism, Vaishnavism, Jainism andbudcnism were causing agitation in Southern India. It is'

tnus we nnd ,n Palnati Veeracharitra aninteresting blend-

:ng of the heroic fervour of the military families of theAorra and the

religious reformation of the spiritual precep-^rs ot tne South. Mere over, Palnati Veeracharitra seemsto oe an important link in Indian

History. It throws light"""*'""of two

ruling dyanasties

,Mr " Vi t Smith in his "Early'

bserves thus - "The Kalachuri ori

r/ast mentioned in an ^p^-

, ,

the ^nner of their disappear-.

ere

' "^ '' ^ there ^eason toe suppian ted by the Bhugels of.Rewa.

VEERA WOESHIP 15

Palnati Veeracharitra reveals how the Hyhayas

migrated from Chedi to Palnad and settled there never to

return to their original homes. The reason of their migra-tion is said to be somewhat religious in Palnati Veera-

charitra. Perphaps the political incident was given a reli-

gious colouring. The migration might most probablybe due to the inroads of the Mahomedan invaders or the

pressure of the Bhugels of Rewa mentioned by Mr Smith

to be the successors of Hyhayas. Palnati Veera Charitra

also shows how the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyancame to an end with the last prince dying in the Karem-

pudi battle.

Veera Cult of Palnad.

To-day Palnad Heroes are worshipped as divinities

and every year a big festival is held at Karempudi in their

memory on the new moon day of Kartika roughly corres-

ponding to November and important scenes of the

episode are enacted there. There is no distinction of

caste in the Veera cult and all have equal religious status.

Balachandra's brothers come from different castes inclu-

ding a barber, a washerman and a Brahmin. A Brahmin

is the Acharya of the Veera group and a Panchama hero

by name Kannama has a temple at Karampudi. But as

all non-vedic heterodoxical religions, Veera cult also

yeilded to the Vedic influence. Followers of this cult

return to their old religious ways after the festivities are

over-

Veera Worship.

Veera worship is not new to India. In Rig Veda* Indra

is addressed as Veera. Agni is also called Veera. Veera-

hatya was looked upon as a great sin, and abandon-

ing Agni was compared to hero murder. In some

16 PREFACE TO VEERA OEARITBA

places the word Veera was taken to mean a son

Perhaps there was a time when every male issue was a 5

hero as in ancient Greece where weaklings were aban-;

doned and only strong- and robust children were preserved j

by the state. In the latter literature Veera is referred to|

in many places and Veeratva was thought to be a precious

quality. Janaka proclaims that his daughter is Veeryasulka,Kalidas repeats the same phrase in that connection.

Patanjali, the author of Mahabhashya uses the word

Veera in connection with Sastric treatise containing

Mangala and mentions it in many places. The Yoga schools

also took this into their fold and applied it to one of the

yogic poses, the Vearasana, Tantrics also apply the word

Veera to Sadhakas.

Hero worship has been continuing in India from very

early times. Of the Avatharas of Mahavishnu, the main-tainer of the Universe, half the number including Kalki are

war heroes. Buddha is a hero ofmercy- Of the above, Ramaand Narasimha have regular temples of worship in our

country. The Veerathva of Veera Bhadra, offspring of

God Siva is well known. His followers still preserve a

dance scene called Yeeranga as a religious ceremony. SreeRama is known also as Yeeraraghava and Bhavabhutimade him famous as Mahaveera. Tiswanatha quotes averse from- Rajahsekhara's Balaramayana to illustratethe warrior heroism of Sree Rama.

Since the time of the kings mentioned in the Puranasas

Bhavishyadrajas I do not know of any other rulers excepttne Palnac heroes, raised todivinity and worshipped in any |

|1 D ,f' h

,

e He WP Cached by Carlyle i

Europe did not take any definite form. Eve/the r^ion

BALLADS AND NATIONAL HEROISM 17

of the Sikhs, the warlike people in India of to-day is not

of the nature of the Veera worship. The Moharam cele-

brations of Mahammadans may be said to resemble it in

some respects.

Features of the Veera Worship.

Although the Heroes themselves were Vaishnavites

and Saivites, yet the Veera cult is neither Vaishnavism

nor Saivism in their present form, It is socio-religious In

nature and has not got any Vedic ritual. It does not

accept distinction of caste, and all have equal status in it.

In the annual festival at Karempudi, people of all castes

participate. The Acharya of the cult, a Brahmin 9 casting

off his sacred thread and offering oblations of blood to the

departed souls of heroes of all castes should be a historic

scene. In uniting the people under one banner and in

exaltino", to the dignity of a religion, heroism which was

necessary to save the country in moments of need

especially at a time when the Muhammadan conquerors

were devouring place after place in the land, the foresight

of the founders of the Veera cult is really worthy of our

esteem.Ballads and National heroism.

In chivalrous ages, Indian valour expressed itself in

various forms. Andhras were second to none in the mani-

festation of heroism. It became a religion with them.

The Telugu Ballads breath the chivalrous life of Andhras

in those ages. It is only a spark of the Kshatra fire

kindled by the onrush of the Semitic conquerers that

blazed forth in the form of the fratricidal war in Palnad.

As sources of original hisory and as records perpetuating

the deeds of National heroism of Andhras, they deserve to

be preserved and published in any suitable form. I cannot

close this topic without refering to Yakshaganas, the dance

3

18 PBEFACE TO YEBRA CHARITEA

dramas of the Telugu country,, which are valuable. The

picture plays (5^e>o #"56 ?-&) also may be included in the""~"0

same category* Though they cannot claim a high place in

literature like the classic drama of the type of Sakuntala

and others, they are very interesting and also amusing as

operas with their rythrnic dialogues, and country tunes,

chorus songs, divided utterances, Nritta and Lasyavarieties of dance etc. The buffoon (SS^TY^) correspond-

ing to the Vidushaka of the classical drama is also interest-

ing if he minds to be within reasonable limits of decency.Like the Prakrit dratna of which Rajasekhara's Karpura-

manjari is a representative, they are without division into

acts. The forerunner (tr^wao) and the sooth sayer (o&^ej^3) are the peculiar features of Yakshagana and theymay be considered as the suppliers of the links of the

story like the Vishkambha or Prave^aka characters

in Bharata. The invocation to God and references

to the audience in Yakshagana might be the primitive formsof the latter Nandi and Prasthavana. They werevery popular in the country and well received even in

Royal courts. I am inclined to think that these Yaksha-ganas are a South Indian Institution that flourished underthe Chola rulers, The subject requires careful investi-

gation. As far back as 1925, if I remember right, I

placed a few Yakshaganas in the hands of Sreeman Yadla-pati Venkata Subb i Rao, B.A., B.L., who was then a pupil,to

critically study them, He prepared some notes undermy guidance and the matter stopped there. In thisconnection he also undertook and completed the transla-tion of Aristotle's Poetics into Telugu. The manuscriptis still lying with me unscrutinized as I could not devotemy attention to it under the

existing circumstances.

BBLIGION AND TEMPLE 19

Chennakesava Temple at Hacherla,

Tradition ascribes the construction of Macherla templeto Brahmanayudu. It is extensive and has fine sculpture.

It is richly endowed and I may mention in this connection

that one of its donors is a lady of the Velugoti family as

known by an inscription at Macherla. It might have been at

one time a prominent religious centre with numerous

devotees. It is now almost deserted except on annual

festive occasions.

Religion and Temple.

There may be some thinkers who do not believe in

the existence of spirit as separate from matter. Most of

them are self-disciplined and are not undesirable members

of society. But that kind of self-discipline and control can-

not be expected of people at large and atheism amongsuch people can only make|the country a scene of murders,

treachery, and other brutal atrocities of frequent occurrence.

So atheism can never be a religion for the general mass of

people in any country. Whatever may be the results of

atheistic experiments in countries like the Soviet Russia

and whatever may be the theories of subtle philosophy, reli-

gion can never cease to be a necessary factor in the life of

the people at large. The purpose of religion is to refine the

gross brutal qualities of man and make him bold and heroic

and fit for higher life. It is true that the mere outer form of

religion without the inner life is not of much value. But it is

better than indifference to religion as it may, at some stage

or other, lead him to the right path which is adjacent to it.

It is also true that there are some people who put on the

cloak of religion to cover up their villainy. It is a misuse

of religion and misuse of a thing cannot lower its value

20 PREFACE TO VEEEA CHARiTBl

Temple Is the stronghold of religion. Besides

being the hall of the throne of. religion and the

suggested philosophy, an Indian temple always appears to

me as the meeting place of art, beauty, music and poetry.

The sum total of the prosperity and loveliness in

the Universe being adored as Sree and Lakshmi, the

nearest and dearest to the heart of Maha Vishnu, the Main-

tainer of the Universe;and the essence of all reverence,

chastity and auspiciousness becoming part and parcel of

Paramasiva, the Lord of Supreme Bliss 9 as Arya 5Sati and

Sarvamangala, cannot fail to appeal to our poetic fancy.

Dhanurdasa finding the face of Maha Vishnu more charming

than that of his wife and Andal (Goda), Vishnuchitta's

daughter, falling in love with Maha Vishnu rejecting the

form of human beings, give us a glimpse of the Vaishnavite

conception of divine beauty. Saivites also have this and

Siva is called Sundareswara in the South. More

details about this topic are given in the Telugu Preface.

Not only this; we have the actual artistic beauty of

sculpture and decoration at their best in temples.

Experts in music thought it an honour to exhibit their skill

at the feet of the deities. Kalidas refers to Narada as

going to the temple of Siva at Gokarna on the West coast

to sing there. Sri Harsha tells us in Nagananda that

Malayavati, the heroine, was in the habit of singing at a

temple on the same West coast.

Idols of Sree Rama, Sita and others are only an illus-

tration or symbolization of the portraiture by the poetValmiki. Vasudeva, the giver of the Gitaand the charioteer

of Arjuua stands in the temple as depicted by the poetVyasa. There are other temples which are conducive to

the manifestation of Bhayanaka and Bibhatsa Rasas which

RELIGIOK AND TEMPLE 21

have their own part in elevating the human mind and

turning it to the grim power controlling the Universe.

Temples also appear to me as illustrations of the

best divine poetry.

I always look upon them as social centres. Theyadmit almost all un-objectionable people of the country

and induce them to sit and entertain higher thoughts

at least for a while. Unlike the clubs of Western

countries where admission is restricted by financial con-

siderations, and where people gather for wordly sport

and enjoyments, Indian temples afford also mirth, rejoicing

and even appeasement of the tongue, all of course, con-

secrated to the divinity, .and thus rid of the grossness

which is generally inseparable from such things.

After the destruction of the Asramas by Yavanas as

the author of Padmapurana regrets and after the Mi-

mamsakas waned in their influence, the centres of culture

and light were shifted from forests and Asramas to temples.

The Puranic legends of Kasikhanda etc., amply illus-

trate this truth. Some of the famous temples are

associated with great thinkers and spiritual leaders of the

country. Tradition connects the temple of Parthasaradhi

at Triplicane with the birth of Sree Ramanujacharya, the

great reformer who influenced the religious thought of the

people of India in a manner in which few others have done,

Udayanacharya the author of Kusumanjali is said to be a

staunch devotee of Purushothamaswami of Jagannatha

temple. Great saints like Kulasekhara and Vishnuchitta are

said to have spent the major part of their lives in the

temples. The birth of Balachandra of the present work is

attributed to the favour of Chennakesavaswamiat Macherla.

Vaishnavite traditions and culture flourished in the

22 PREFACE TO VEERA CHARlTfiA

celebrated temples of Sreeranga and Sree Villi-

puttor etc.,

The healthy and prosperous condition of the temples

indicates the strength of the religious life of the people,

People that are indifferent to religion and to whom it is

only an occasional ceremonial of not much importance,

grow light hearted, timidly evil-minded and merely animal-

like in the ways of living. I know that temples in the

Telugu country in some places have actually become play

grounds of boys and resorts of loafers. This condition

may be to a great extent, due to the absence of great

Acharyas like Ramanuja, Alwars, Nayanars in the South

and Chaitanya and others in the North, who lived and

worked among the people. Religious priests like the

Kalamukha Saivacharyas brought in from Badha by the

Andhra Queen Rudrama Devi and the Vaishnavite

Acharyas sent by the Karnata Kings of Vizayanagar could

not do the work to the necessary extent. The presence oi

a few devotees and religious people like Ramadoss w;is

not sufficient. VMiatever may be the reason for out

present condition, we must wake up and open our eyes to

the deplorable condition of our temples. Even the templ(of Venkatachala which is within the limits of the Telugi

country is in the hands of non-Andhra Mahants and i

bears Tamil names as Tirumalai and Tirupati. Evetthe shrine of Sreesaila, which, besides being mentioned ir

Puranas, was referred to by the celebrated Indian poet

like^Bhavabhuti, Sana, and Sree-Harsha is not receiving

sufficient attention and care which it properly deserves.

Veera Ctaritra and History of Andhras.Since the decline of Pouranic Satavahanas

Andhras fell to the background, They were subjugated bj

VEEBA OHABTTA AN"D HISTORY OF AFDHRAS 23

Pallavas and Ch.alukyas. The Andhras seem to have de-

graded to a great extent. When a Telugu author speaks of

the Telugu armies as Rakshasas and their conqueror, the

Chalukya King, as Vishnu, one can understand how muchthe people had gone down in the necessary national

virtues. But the Andhra kings of Warangal tried to regainthe lost supremacy. After the fall of Warangal conse

quent upon its capture by the Mahomedans, the Beddygenerals of the Kakatiyas endeavoured to revive the

Andhra Rule and set up independent states in the Country.It Is during the time of these Andhra Kings, Kakatiyas and

Reddies that great Scholars like Vidyanatha, Mallinatha I,

Kumaraswami, the world famous Mallinatha II, and VemaReddies flourished in the Telugu Country. But the Keddi

chiefs soon fell a prey to the Karnatic Kings of Vijaya-

nagar. The Telugu Country was entirely subdued. It

was added to and absorbed in the Karnatic Kingdom, and

almost lost its individuality. Thus the final suppression of

Andhras begun by Mahamadans was completed by the

Kama tic Rulers of Vijayanagar. The eminent centres of

culture and other activities like Kondavidu were subjectedto decline and extinction. Outstanding persons like

Nadendla Gopa-mantri and Salva Timma had to migrateto non-Andhra lands as there was not favourable atmos-

phere for their abilities to thrive in their own country.The Hyhayas,

The Hyhayas of Viracharitra from Chedi appeared on

the scene during the latter part of the 43rd century Kali

Era (twelfth century, A. D.) (I may mention here, simplyfor the sake of information, that Tripuri, the site of the next

Indian National Congress was the capital of Chedi.) By the

time the Heroes catne to Palnadj the Kakatiyas firmly esta-

blished themselves as the paramount power in the country.

24 PBEFACB TO VEERA CHABITRA

That the Hyhayas did not meet with opposition either from

the Kakatiyas or from the other subordinate states only

strengthens the fact that they had not come here as invaders

but as expelled persons of the Royal family in search of

refuge and places of suitable settlement These they found

without much difficulty as a result of their matrimonial

alliances with some of the local chiefs.

Srinatha and Palnad.

Though the rest of the Telugu country is in no way

better than Palnad in swallowing extravagant quanti-

ties of chilly-powder etc., of which the evil effects are

obvious, Srinatha is said to have specially blamed its

people as Bilhana did the Gujaraties in his Vikramanka-

deva charita, Such verses are mentioned in the first

preface. Perhaps the people there could not appreciate!

his scholarship and honour him befittingly. Some of them

may be interpolations. His denunciation of Zonna and

Sazza, the staple food of the people of Palnad 9as

coarse is out of place as it is highly nutritious making

people sturdy and stalwart fit to protect the country in

times of necessity. At any rate, we of the present age

degenerating on account of polished mill-rice have no

reason to find amusement in such deprecations.

Palnad.

Palnad is a place of historical interest in the GunturDistrict on the banks of the river Krishna. It is adjoining to

the extensive forest regions of Srisaila referred to by Bana,Sree Harsha and Bhavabhuti in their works and included

by Saivites among the twelve sacred places of Siva worshipsuch as Benares, Ujjaini, Setu and Kedara in the Hiraala-

yas, etc. There is a place called Nagarjunakonda in Palnadwhich in all probability owes its name to Nagarjuna, the

PALANAD 25

celebrated Buddistic Acharya, mentioned in Kathasarit-

sagara (Vide Telugu Preface).

It is now under excavation by the Archaelogical

Department of the Govt. of India and 1 learn that manyvaluable relics are found there. Pendota, the place of the

Andhra architects as known from the utterances of the

Kunja people who are specially attached to the Viswa

Brahmanas is also in Palnad. Palnad which was once the

abode of great heroes also gave birth in recent times to

the heroine Lakshmi of Durgi whose husband reminds us of

the Othello of Shakespeare. Having experienced the hard-

ships of a daugter-in-law in a merciless family, she eagerly

yearned for a kind touch of her husband's hand even when

he was about to kill her. The birth place of this Lakshmi?

heroine of Dharma, is Durgi in Palnad. She belongs to the

Kamma Sect. Her father is Digumarti Musalappa Naidu.

Her husband is Ohirumamilla Venka Naidu ofLinga-

puram. Lakshmi, a venerable model of chastity and Indian

woman-hood, is still worshipped in Palnad. Her episode

is still sung in the villages by the itinerant bards.

The publication of the remaining parts of the Ballad,

The first edition of this was published nearly twenty-

seven years ago. Not long after its publication, the late Sri

Mokkapati Subbarayadu Yarn, the then private Secretary

to the present Maharaja of Pithapuram wrote to me that

the remaining parts of the ballad might be published with

the financial aid of the Maharaja. But the other parts by

Srinatha were not available and the manuscripts which I

secured are the works some others and some of them are in

loose language. Accordingly I intimated the matter to Sri

Subbarayadu Varu. Sometime after, I understood that Sri

Jayanti Eamiah Varu was going to publish the other parts

of the ballad under the auspices of the Telugu Academy.

26 PREFACE TO VEEEA CHARITEA

Bat I came to know that his manuscript was a copy of the

same original from which my copy was prepared. I pub-

lished a letter in the Andhrapatrika dated 14th May 1914

and the matter stopped there. I once again mention that as

original sources of our history and as records of our national

heroism, they deserve to be published as they are, or

re-written in prose.

THE CONCLUSION.

As was already said, Palnati Veera charitra was pub-lished for the first time in 1911. All the copies were ex-

hausted by 1926, and copies could not be supplied, I

There was thus a clear necessity for the publication of

the second edition. It was also prescribed for the part

II of the B.A. degree examination of 1934 of the Madras

University. Sree Vavilla Venkateswara Sastrulu Varu kindly

proposed the second edition and undertook the printingof the work. For this I thank him heartily and express

my feelings of gratefulness to him, The work was begun*-* r>

in my Kuja-period which started in 1931. There were manyobstructions in the execution of the work at every step,which caused immense delay in returning the proofs. The

printing of Kavyaprakas-a and Raghuvams'a, commencedin that period, is still unfinished. The obstructions weresomehow got over by the grace of the Almighty and I

have betn now enabled to offer to the public the book in its

present form. Of my pupils that assisted me in the courseof this work, special mention has to be made of SreemanA. Krishnaswamy B.A., Sreeman K. Cbandrasekhara Mantr!and Sreeman M. Ramachandra Reddy E.A. (Rons). I regre:very much that Sreeman

Krishnaswamy passed away at ai

early age without seeing the completion of the work. Hi

THE CONCLUSION 27

is an enthusiastic student of Telugu with a knowledge of

Sanskrit and also author of some works in Telucru. Hisotranslation of a portion of Raghuvamsa into Telugu verse

is published in Lakshya Khanda compiled by Sreeman

Chandrasekhara Mantri. By his demise the country has

lost one of its promising youngmen and sincere workers

in the cause of cultural renaisance. The perseveranceand interest with which Sreeman Ramachandra Reddy

copied the drafts and prepared the major part of the

index will always be fresh in my memory. But for

the assistance of these ardent lovers of culture and

learning who were by my side even day and night on

some occasions, especially during times of my ill-health,

the work could not have seen the light of day even so late

as this. In this connection I must also remember

with pleasure the assistance rendered by Sreemans

Seelam Madanagopal Naidu, Guna Bhushana B.A.,

Sudarsana Lai, Bhagavatula Chalapathi Rao and others.

I take" this opportunity to express my gratitude to my other

friends who aided me while carrying the work through the

press.

MADRAS:} EDITOR.

I) tf -C5 6

"Unhappy the nation that has no history and happythe nation that can hear the ballads commemorating the

adventures of her warriors sung with fervour and happythe country that can point with pride on the pages of history

to patriots who wept for their countries' wrongs, stood

againt the oppressor and the tyrant* * *

But such Is not our lot and our heroes passed awaywith their deeds unsung and unrecorded. (sjSsHz-sfci

T.r-:

,;T : ku

i>W*

*

x.

1906_, ft

^" '

1907

J<p

2

Or*

85050^0250

S

^3:

CO

120

1050

s5bo33O>oo>iri

'K5s&>

oo

^

sfe

^30^

75

rSbtf>>.^

', -tfo

X o^'s3b 54-55

6)

,

250 ^ 2PX"T

oo

TJ

eo

X*

o

4

crV t

CO9?

Sbo -t5o.2SCO

o

s5bo^Tn=o -do 25

ji

vc) G

s5b.

- 5

17

28

29

- 3

it

I

6

&>> "SsoSDOoX j^er#o3tfoe) oswoo

25

*1

O"~O T" "

V <w & 9

,

cJ5o^)dS^ R^sS.55b?^^^a. ^^)^c Mer^SeJ^S -t5o ^^~* >~x

ir*l6b. o5o ^ sSo^goc w^.Qc&^'sSb^oK'c ao tf

O ~ OPr^aes^c

eJeg

v.^__/*w oo O

K3

3?^

)e>o a^cSSoSSbaKS^OojcsM ,j

co

"I may mention that lead is found in considerable

quantities near Karempudi in the Palnad, but the mines

are not now worked. Copper is found both in the Palnad

and Vinukonda Taluqs."

(sser^ac^s) ^uXsSboo

l

6

eo

8-sS xsosgjksfc) (Memoirs of the Geoloical Survey o\\

India, Volume 8) ey^a 110-sS ^^cxsbo Sl

44

Along the eastern edge of the Tumrukota Range,

there are traces of old diamond workings, more decidedly

around Mallavaram on the right bank of the Kistna where

the limestones lapping round the base of the hill have f

been regularly undermined to get at the quartzite beneathj

them containing diamonds, Here there certainly seenisj

good proof of the existence of a set of diamond bearingj

beds perfectly distinguishable from the quartzites of which

the rest of the Range is mainly made, for the debris and !

other evidence of the old workings are strictly confined to

the edore of the limestones ................. . ...... These workso

date from the Moghul rule.9)

(M. G.)

,s5 23

OO

O-

\__^/ ^ 28 _ f

-

'

~<j

cs cS oatttfSoc

co

e

00

s5 <&X&>~ <%$ ^tfsSbfO c35bo^f^otfc &*&&&. B>x5o;tf25 "S

r >>ae)

CO

"SooSbaS^ott |)o5o^eT^c/^^ O'gS "}&> easfcoooco co ^ eo

),beo to

'(23^ co coco cocoIT3-^25-Og^>tf

5

Ertos525gs^acS^oD^'^ao-cSb^b

S

s3 sir'c^sSaD "^~t c2Tej25b.

fii A more poetical derivation of Palnad is 'Milk Land'

from the light cream-coloured marble that abounds there."

8

CD Q

. a,*

CO CO do

sfcr^&fc

I TT-

e;e)o

3

osxsew 008 2

* '

~nS

9

00 O

r

e>

V-X

OO

Sfo'S'o'S 2xne5ooo X"

0^08 ^8 e^ 53boe>o ^6 55:^5 o*> /

o-O

9

Q

~0 ^** Q . O ........ y J

) ^gbO

ooX ?3

2

10

=CT'e)o-)c55ooc

o)^ o:4o^4

1

^o,o O

.S) cS$b&l^c<b.

>o?Cc

). b5 a5or*^=5oo ejej)J^^c ^cS.^, ba ^r*o5bs5boo6

.

^eeo b :3 ?a-- -So

,

Ti eo co eJ- ^ ^

V^x ' o

11

CO

S'iSo-O

xego&oo&'

^

V^***/

oa

Tpgieso

CODC^

00

s5bo5bo

OsS^fiic

2

__a O

O

O

O1

O

v

y

.

\ /

! i 11100 00

,

18

55 soe oar*

eo

ocoa>s5e>^

12-sSCD O <D co

)

JC3f5'Soc'^S ojQ

84

X*

II^RT n

8.

: II

.

ii

* J!

**-**

(karambel) s,ac&&:5;

I > C"^ V" x' ~ -'

s"* s ^^ f

: II "(fc W>

S>^d5oS5boex) SPjfctf

&r

J

'rtfo-?e'

axr, 8X

15

25.

; i

^

.........

ritefte-

si

CO

16

S9 -tj

'S3 l-ss sjJjiDdfco &&>^^-t&TT-^so: "The Kalachuri or

Haihaya Rajas of Ohedi are last mentioned in an inscription

of the year 1181 A, D, and the manner of their disappe-

arance is not exactly known

i I! #11 1181-35tfo-SS^tf

- x3a7Y^c "3>c>&&)? *

^^^g^oe^ ?>

S^8. qog'c

r'^<3Scrolp'255Se>o

9 4

"'" Q

co

coo^c

oo

^

(Karanbel)

17

j

(Wilson)

TTea55bo^) Tfcpo

X& iv^a&r* S 6c dl)23

thousand miles) S^^tfg&oXc c5SireasSba1

Sa^

("Tchi-ki-to")

iro^Sb-

^\oooo-)7J^eS:) TP^) -&&r> (3

83

)

' 5

(Atlas of Ancient Geography,classical and Biblical) wb X o^oSboe^ fr*o^ Stf-o # 5S?fo< e>\

ew^6^5bo -cSb&M SS ^jy-t)^?^ ^^""& "Sai^s&DTr'cK^ooc55bort>e>o (Colonel

Yule) T^eso spo)^:>. ^^7r5o^

^g^ f^K3 8 *s|T sjodc35^ (Early

History of India) ^^b x o^s5bo?5 ^)^o ^7^8:

SAnd the extensive region to the south of Bandalkhand,which is now under the administration of the Chief Com-missioner of Central provinces nearly corresponds with the

old Kingdom of ChedL (wo#ex> spofa>$ esdea&otfc e>

e; -b"

,

IS

9

H.SS

eo

19

X"

2307^00 "S)o

89

00

ea

o# t '

CD 00

Vr

eoSe5acSSx,

V.L>/

3--

13'

20

~C"-3wj

9

eo

CP

p*..*1

**''* **""

^-XC x#2

MBtfS56:&

* -

>% **

ss-fcea

fe

2]

SOO^SDC ^^b 55

39

rX'5$)RSb 'Sokc'

H63-s5

S'aDo-cSbr'^^

H62-s5

II

1157 K5oll "^OD^OO^S) ^tfsS^tfgX 1157-sS KSosStf ao^^P3e3o

?dosS^2555b8)SOD^ ^?3^^bo^c IsS^cexSsSa Sf&S' I li ^11 1156-sS

95n^^ atfftrftSfc cx

1150-55

CO

eo

OO

TS

v '

e>o

OO Q

35CO

e>o

ofi

o

O

II

T5

HI

IV(8

on

59

489-^ .doll

25

-o5 # oil

592-sS

733

rJ

6^J

do .R)

rf

II tfH 695 tfoll

733 tfoll

> '

i

26

I II tf! 973 K3o!l Ifcotfex) 997 tfoll

^Ttfg

$ll997 tfoll -Sootfeor'a 1008

1008 'Sw!5e>o 1018

a

. ""&>Sex)-.....

{j

. I I! ^11 1018 tfoll "Soo^oor*^) lOiO

I

>3os$ O^ic Xo^). I II $11 1010 RSoll "S>^!5ex) 1069

1076 oll

1076

ra 1127 xSoll sSedSo 51

S'sr-gcisSboDj-ai

O co

. tf|| H271138 oSssSc

27

CO

1150

H38 KSoll

II-5&rc&s$ f^'&^Coa "8O&5$

ll tfH 1150

11639

1162-sS

. D

1182.3$

83

S*

.11Ofrj ^i _ ^^__ B-1-rr.i^

SI ( . j

1150 XSol! 3K>rie>cni5).1163 sSesSSc Tp^o5-iBS>\-5$MftO. I Il^ll 1157-sS

1163-sS

u

rer

vZ>

Ci

> -93 35CV3

ff*^& c&

TO**,

u

I sb d

I

ooo.. ^ -^

29

" "IS

o

ii

1182-sS

\h*^r

9

1104l.55cp

co

co

1158-sS tfoll

1182 K5osSgij6s5bo^

II

u

Ii27-s5

00 CO

00

oar*

.

X'Sfctf M

,

1240-i/

S'ofib.

1182-55 K5oil6o3w "Soo25e>o^^ 1240-S5

s5

i

e) Xo^sSbo^ooS'jj-. 26, 27

'fctSSna "ifiscofetx

1127

r a - - - ^* -'

, x ,, i.-3'i v1 '

*V ;l-- <HT^ ':-,(, i a i j.

"S*i >* -* 4

'

,,\ j '

- j^*

* 1X>' s H3-2

eo

00

1182-3 tf

1176, H82 Soil

co

eo>Ce;&. Oo7r*c5&55bi

1173

173 KS

13-sS

1173, H82

oS tfs5s5-x>8otf ^^^a?

1199 K5

tea c

8^a>^^p25o3sfc X^ts?^S?555bo ^^_a. r^?\^r*^Tr3a^^oa^>

1199-sS o o

32

jg ?C

So. "otoS^tftfb sSbtf!&> ^OJ O-

Si S'

c ?Cs$bTcr>2&5b ^s^o^^^bo K'oiSb.

25

_-rf

__3-> -

\^J

r'

s

s^i

>B ^>.j"'LJt:Tr' Mki" ip^r~ ^; rib s ir r^ r~~TL u ~"% * a"

1* "Z" i^. ^^ & T"*

v^

CO

CO

V. ^11 #11 1158 tfoll 1200

OK- (2)

1182-ss

&JDco

X

00 d)

OO 00

O

fe

co

co

1182-sS

CO

34

So d6oo326e>c$5ba&. asfc&>

153-35

1165 xSoii ^5ex> 1176 tfoll

5S 1165-?S tfoll ^x>^ex3 J 176-35

10

9

X'enooo oo

jfcWlptffa

y- - w-*,. w*wcttfc$orEc e>ern^3^

v -^

1165 tfolld

1176 tfoll

1182 K5o!i "^2^00 H89-sS

1176-sS KSoll

1182-sS

(2

. X

TT

1173, 1182

1182-sS K5oll

II 73, 1182

1182 tfoll 6SS ^KesK^) 1173 KSoll

1178

CO

1176 RSoll tfk IDsSb^)^ 238?\d5bo0^oivS:) Xn5o^ o^feo^t^r6S7r>c A I

u >*-^

,1182

isr""

OX"

eo

oiSb

X"

src^cS3oR)

(Wilson) TP'Sb 1)25^58 ^ sfc*r8^ ooDto sr^c3&or^e5o 4-"Account

of seven years war from 1080 A, D. to 1087, which was

carried on by Brahma Nayudu and Twelve other land-

holders and graziers against two towns, Gurzala and

Macherla in the Palnad country and which originated in a

dispute at a Cock-fight In. Ant Vo. L page 273 (10801087 Kioll

co

ee

K"ej

(Taylor)

9

1308 * 11 1386-S5

1178, 1182 oy

$ assss-a *

V../

9

^

(Early History of India) s-as a &"The Kalachurior Haihaya Eajas

of Chedi are last mentioned in an inscription of the year1181 A. D. and the manner of their disappearance is not

exactly known ; but there is reason to believe that theywere supplanted by the Bhugels of Rewa.

ll 1181-sS

CO

11-sS

s5b

^

o5box>

eo

T^TP^sSboO^"8^

300 & S'SOC

o &

1127 KSoII ^w^exsr'^ 1158 XSolI

115*

39

k ^sSTT^T^d^f^od^^Kj^sScosSe)^ ISOdSbo-s

OOCTJB

00

j

CO OO

1178, 1182

1178-o6

1118-sS ssoss^6'3j"$$" 1122sS xs

1127 xSoll ^oo^e>o^S) 1158 tfoll

SJ^Koj

19,20,21,22,23,24,25 tf*5sSMe)&e>Bd5baC "S

ejsSbo^ r ^TBe)cX5osSboe5v-8) yKS^sSbosSw^KSb ^o-^^S }To$tF>&$> TPlSo 25

6

40 Xjollew^b ^T^o&TT ^ 1 3

,

'v_/ iJ

40

13

fc

oo

^ X" osfco& ^ex)^TTB23^ 6$ ^ g'S) K"%M*r ^*0^

*1lt.....ur *^.JT

Sic

.

co co

rn)2?"l)6c ^s^

co

^<3-e)cJSDd6ooc

41

. btftfO g

cSfiX) cJfiBfli& "

o aas^ (Easternand Indian Architecture)

According to an inscription on its walls

the temple was erected in 1164 A. D. by Pratapa Rudra

who, thoughnot exactly himself a Chalukya in blood,succeeded to their possessions and style." *>

^-5 a"i55-^fii.

w

cSSgc&iSbSr'S'c bd^S^ a^Xj&e J50o-O^c

' wBJ

tftic

6

oo

ooo^eeoO oo

o^o^e^ficXT-t.^ d&aT^oS^tf&D s^odSbQX' os5boe5>r8i>Sbfi\'ES-cS5cofS\a._y Cp oo OV^ .co ^

oo

50 K5ol! o

.

o

T'CsS^^r^cXe;^).

Bi&^Tr ^ 6 <5k-

S9 89

^73^c^

9SJSP ^ sSbo

co

5

fio s&obSj

836.

1323

. 5botfo<&

3. oo

13-sS o

13-sS

c35oro

co CS O

?5o5bs5e;d6oob.

a3boQ

oj a>e)8.

) c55o-:

xJ'S5^boex:,

SxD

do-DoCO

eo

S

V )

d5cr asS>C3SS"So ^OelKSoS^^X SSb^ a. ^-cr8^^^^ tftf

&

SO

K

SQ

9 CO

89

oS

o

e>

. o.

9

X"V ^

9

CO CO

46

oo

\n_..*

"SSojy.sSX'c

_^ Q O gg

.

I ivrSSo^ X"

x.<00

oU ^Wim^

oc

^

o

^^ s^^er^dSo-9

|)35b'

e "^ "-

V V

47

'""""0

83

ex

^ 00

CO (T)

Cb ?)

tfoll

1397 ?3oll

CO V. J

1395

tfoll sSes^o tPz30s5ba^&tf gS^ffftS^^exja^w^e^tf), 1379 tfoll

1101 sSes&S tr^os&o^&tf s5^8^6t5^d&o^e;^er8<&, 1395 tfoll

1423 ea& tP&QSbo^xJtf ^56$ -30-5^^5 -^ussaoe^sSb,<D Co

1415 KSosS&frtfSoc 2xnio tr23s5^?5So55- 1436 JCJ

er'^^^20

s'w^x' (Kulburga)

x? SOD^C^O. -^cJ5c>?5 I II ^B 1422 K5ol>*'

1435 X5oll cSesSo TTaosS^"as&. >^)^ce>iB ts^^o^^bo 1424* *w O eo

T "

ITJ^^C^ 6)o^c36cxDoaSo^^ ^s^^?^^.. -g^^tf ^)^c&> J II ^11 1384

, 140 i

1432 tf

89

^

-c>Trc^. ^^Ser^^sS

"" o

I).

.

49

X"

TP=)

S'ao-O^-

Sjo a

. & ofes&D ^^esj-ss^oxo^o S I

&e908Htfofi5rl'3c

s^R)\o-v^-e5bSba. I --^nS^cdl)00 ^ VL'

"

^TT ^ -i58,

^ 5$* sSo2Sso^

;eT>stfa? sS,

50

O'p5bO(^DnSb

O^6

x *

&">"" (Leslie Stephen) &9i&tf<:<> era o}e)c*ijr (George

Eliot) isfcsa g sSja-ar" "A strong imaginative genius is develo-

ped early; it is an overmastering faculty which forces its

possession into activity often before knowledge or serious

thought has accumulated; draws romances, epic poems,

and dramas from children in their teens; and suggests that

not only the material surroundings, but even the storage of

intellectual accomplishments is but an accidental stimulus

to the innate creative power" esa^xtfko ,1 -&r ** oo ^

v

XejdSSc

r-

A.Cc

51

15

I.

.. .

V x

OQ

* I 1

52

eSr"

4

] 9

89X"

JDo

Go

5

a

eo

7Tor6o-)O

G>5530 d

V__'000600

CO

CO

*

CO

t

m fan

SF ^ si

v

a\^.,- ^-a,

1 jJoD^ JJO <x/o\J?

5)

,

V /

tie

9 co oo

eo 83

CO

5,6,7 8,9

o

00

87ex)

fc, 11, J2, 13 O 7oo

, 16-sS

O oo15-sS

o

O H35 17, 18 K36 19, 20, 21, 22

X^r

c

:

'

II

56

. S'&S'c

9

^ fo

95

n

n"

cfio

?5* RS5&8qj

Id&a

roa

57

sftefo i *rfifer r

O cX 9

*Sje^^b K587n>

^r^5^^-080S^^o

-3556^

*tf$*tfe>oa$p

8

S_

9ea

tftfrf*

a

2.

58

CO

o,V /

s5b\3>?o tf -iTfe)

eo

4 r.

. . o

tij

o

^ - ^~IV* ~~^ Qj 0^ Qj

"Q vV*C"V ^j^tO.

e5. ..

^. e5.

59

^*- eo>

5.

A*

o

^fcr

5 S5 230, RS.

oxr-.tr Sb

7.oo

d SOD

e. VI.

KS. O&-.

60

8. IT8. &r2fc6 s5

CO

A.~

w

9.

A.)

9

s5*

2,

s5gK5^^STl>

25|o. Si- 06-,

ssa )or" ^j-T' K* oc "soS". e.

10.

tiQX 8. X). JDO.

ooaxi -^^^ "0""^ sSboD-^b* e5. sS

32

61

A. tfo.ZS s5bo&oaa

&

JSboo89

-53^ a

,socn>fr> "3.55650CO -T! \L-x o

Sols?

SJ

o ^o ^a5cr X'07T^fr^)'e

"rf^r

2)

A. estftfofcotfoaSb "3s66 o

8

62

eo 9

if^

2.

A. &9o5b&Dd6oob

8. r*.

B .a sJTs^"^9

TT

65.

63

00<J

1,

2-

sS

32-s5

^

060 S s5 Sisk8

ee>o

o

T'S'

X /

fC

eo

3.

> Si 8 X325Qoo

De5^ 87-o5

sfco

CO

-(J 6;

CO

^ss sSbo

17

A.

10 K5

rg

8-SS

66

. 8-sSO

o

x s

O

9

eo

"" y

8-06

X" oS>

00

10 o

K

o

7-c6

*^

A.

e*. 3.

,$

ea K). ~

^

A.

co

00

orS.

oo

-6

68

""T>

6.r

.

A.

o

co

A."

5J ^f ' ' S"-*

r r) 003-

(Hamlet)

(Polonius) ^tftoTT* -^F^cHbSb (Shake

speare) s5-S)o-D^

c* Beware

of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,

Bear it that the oppossed may beware of thee."

o^sfcotf

Socdio

00

OQ

oT

fe

QJ

X

70

c w ilo

8a7rtf & K otfsfco ifob wSX Sr>osScre; tfftO '

-Oo>

c) V y <-)

KT$

K

V X

s5c>3^ 6-)o)tf

>5*S~*a?3

r.

%^' ^"

Z^X "$$ -sre)53boe)07^ ^^805^0 K^oe^ 5$b63SxS'8oS*g9 O O

)S

^3-55^. B

$5s$

c)

71

,

6-2)0 -u^-cSb55-0^^0

ifcce)2Sg'5'

T>

5Sgs5bo"^"Sood^o.

TT>;O

138o

S5bo55^_^ej

s5cp-

6-aoS^Sb.CO 00

o5b^bxD^53bo.SoaSg'S^sSgsSboodSbo^ v>&v&t<>j>&xv Xe>o^)

(Aristotle) e&> A soats^oK&c^s^^ fe I

.

"Still more absurd would it be

to mix different metres as was done by Charemon"

o\!bex3(S)S

.X

72

*j

oo

CO

73

ao

?5

'

10

74

-

(I.

oo

BO

00

??

V--'

00

^y8 o-uJoTo

75

8c

O

o

00

,

"S "S

00

. 41-a

^_J

.O

O CO

76

8 l3

tfoer'e&c'S tf d5ctfo$hotfS

T5

oo

V ) oo

^55^)55 6o-)8.

4

77

&

c5e>os5e>o69

CO

CO

.

cJSo^cdk*

co

78

eo o

o

CO

oo25

co ^eo oo co

00 CO

79

o

cs

>

00

oo ' oo co

CO

X"

^ ^^^ ^>^>. d$ba

x* 0^75-=^ a

^S) ^r^o^"^

25, 38, 43, 50, 60, 102

2>&SC23;&SoX 9S5?ej

*

9

80

X" o'

X

,o

I

*

-

, 1-oS "8a> 1911.*

w

Sbv_X

^ s5b-tr-Tr3- I,

,X

53,57,61,63

06oo

oo co

SSer^fcS

81

^^r^. w ^>co V^-x 15

. 6eSo"S\ ^ c55bo^&otfcK^SSpc

. 7rcS5aSoTyT3ej^)c& r^

\

1

s&o D

aa. Sja ^

CO

s^o D X ^oSb^'^a?3 r^o&^ejs&o ^9irDo-) s5b\D&

SjO&D'S^SaosSbarfc sxiB^a. e^o00

9'c 2S^ KSsfeS

fig)

11

oo

co

ocoo eo

oo

^j

oo

v

a

. 2

INTRODUCTION.

Ever since the evolution of man began from the

brutal state, Great Persons have stepped into and passed

away from this world leaving behind their marks in the

annals of the progress of mankind. They are the light

guiding and shaping men's thoughts and actions in their

bewildering journey of life. They are the proclaimers of

the unspeakable significance, the unreachable height, the

immeasurable breadth and the unfathomable depth of the

Infinite Power. By them the whole world moves; in

them the whole world rests;

for them the whole world

longs. The history of the world is the history of these

Great Men. Leaving the prehistorical periods, a little

thoughtful mind can, from the dawn of documentary

history down to modern times, perceive how the world

has been affected by the appearance of the personages

like Sri Rama, Buddha, Christ, Sankara, Kalidas and

Shakespeare. These Great Men or Heroes, as they are

justly called, are not confined to a certain country or to a

certain age. They have been making their appearance in

different corners in different ages. Wherever the]

appeared, whether in the meditative East or in the practi-

cal West, they were received with divine honour, regarded

with admiration and adored with prostration."The

worship of a Hero" truly says Carlyle, "is transcendent

admiration of a Great Man No nobler feeling than

this of admiration for one higher than himself dwells in the

breast of man/ 7

Architects built temples in their honour;

sculptors carved their pictures on wood and stone;

painters drew their figures in beautiful colours; poets sang

their heroic deeds. Sreenatha sang the valour of the

Heroes of the Palnad and it is the history of these Palnad

Heroes, depicted by Sreenatha that is found in the

following pages of this book. These warriors had left

their distant home on the banks of the Narmada,

migrated for political reasons into the broad grand plains

of the Palnad as a place of refuge and settled there

settled never to return. They obtained rights in the

country as a matrimonial gift and ever since Palnad has

been called their home and they have been styled,* l Palnad

Heroes." They held undisputed sway over it and diffused

their religion and civilization among the people. They

built villages, made tanks, constructed anicuts, dug canals,

erected temples and raised fortresses in the Palnad and

the surrounding country, traces of which remain to this

day whispering in the listening earss dumb as they are,

various tales about the activities of of their makers in days

gone by. Fortunately or unfortunately, the country had

their rule only for a short time. During that short period,

they held a wonderful sway over the country. Their

love for the subjects was unlimited. Their indomit-

able valour was unparalleled. The chaotic battle-field

was their sporting ground. The roar of the trumpets was

their delightful sound. The bare flashing sword was their

walking-stick. They were brave but not ferocious; they

were valiant but not cruel. Timidity they did not know,

Lawlessness they did not tolerate After ably governing the

country for a short period, in a great fratricidal war thatm*

ensued,they, sacrificing their lives in defence of their rights,

displayed astounding and superhuman prowess which, as

was naturally the case in those ancient times, held themdeified in the eyes of the people dumb with awe andwonder. What with their humane government and whatwith their extraordinary character, they earned the love,

respect and admiration of the people as no other

ephemeral sovereign had done. Villages are named after

them. Temples are dedicated to them. Their pictures

are carved upon stones. Gorgeous processions are held

in their honour. People vie with each other in payingtheir adoration irrespective of caste and creed. I cannot

refrain from quoting in this connection the following lines

of that famous archaeologist, Robert Sewell, concerningthese Heroes :

"It is a curious fact that, while the Palnad Heroes

themselves worshipped indiscriminately Vishnu and Siva

and while this mixture of worship is still largely observed

in this out of the way part of the country, we have in this

Heroes 7

temple a sort of Mussalman coalition into the

bargain. The Mussalmans take part in the anuual

festival and pay their devotions to the souls of the

Heroes;and the walls of the temple are discolored with

the splashes of chunam water and red paint thrown on

them by Muhammadan admirers," Lists of Ant. Vol. I

The construction of the temple itself is attributed tc

a Mahammadan whose grave is still to be seen within the

precincts of the temple. Our admiration is all the more

increased when we read the story of a female of Panta

Reddi family, who, as the leading figure one the side of

Nalagama, made such wild charges, evinced such gigantic

valour and fought with such stupendous courage as would

excite the wonder of Nelsons and Nopoleans. Thousands

of people flock together every year at Karempudi, the

scene of the great battle, from almost all parts of the

Telugo country. The people are very ardent in their

faith in the Heroes. They worship them as Gods, In

marriages and such like ceremonies, the symbols of the

Heroes stand on the sacred altars in the houses of the

people even to this day. It is really interesting to see

how Veroism (Hero-worship) which resembles to some

extent the Norse faith of Scandinavia and the Shintoism

of Japan, originated in the Palnad and extended its

influence throughout the Telugu country. This Hero

worship has been continuing here for eight centuries and,

though an orthodox religionist may coldly speak, a gloomy

theologian may disapprove, and a haughty atheist may

laugh at the idea, yet must continue as long as the Earth

turns round the Sun.

The author of this Ballad Sreenatha is a VIra Saivite

for ceremony, but he seems to belong to the school of

rational philosophers as they may be called. Though we

cannot claim for him subtler elements of social morality

according to tradition, his movements seem to be entirely

\ high society and he was one of the most celebrated

;holars of his age in the Telugu country.

This Palnati Veeracharitra, has been uupublished

and unknown to the general public until this time. It,

in the course of four hundred and more years through

which it kept its existence, underwent many changes,

though not radical, in its composition. Somehow or other

the book, from very early times, has always been in the

hands of the illiterate low caste beggars who sing the

story to the people and receive something as reward from

87

them. These illiterate people who possess the book

never like the idea of publishing it thinking that, if

published, every one would know those poems. Orthodox

Brahmins, in general, think it madness to pay close

attention to the singing of these beggars and disgrace to

hold conversation with them. Moreover, this voluminous

poem is not in one place with one person but portions of

it are scattered throughout the Telugu country. Under

such circumstances, the readers can imagine the awkward

position in which I was when trying to get the book and

the difficulties that would present themselves before

finally succeeding in the attempt. In a way, I have now

published this part of the whole poem and eagerly expect

encouragement from the Telugu Public to bring out the

remaining portions also within a short time. I have fixed

the date of the war and the original home of the Heroes

in my Telugu introduction with the light of the few

historical accounts, Puranas and inscriptions I could have

access to and if students of history kindly give their

valuable suggestions upon the points, I shall feel highly

grateful to them and acknowledge my indebtedness to

them. Although the book had been given to the press nearly

one year back, it could not be completed till now owing to

the limited means and time that I could devote for it ii

the midst of other duties. My thanks are, however,

due to Sri D. Kesava Row Pantulu Garu, Proprie-

tor of the Vani Press, for the kind and timely help he

rendered in many ways in bringing the book to its

present form at least so early as this. I must express my

feelings of.gratitude to Sri Akkiraju Sankarayana Garu,

Sri Challagundla Pichayya Gam, and Sri Janapati

Venkatappayya Garo and Sri Unnava Lakshminarayana

Pantulu Gam, for their kind aid in the publication of

this work.

BEZWA.DA,

oth June, 1911. ) ^> THE EDITOR./ J '

'A~3u

in

*ri

i i. .. i'TA^v A^T,i^7^\".;;

.^.3s-.'.'A

1

?r?;v..v .'. .-.v^v.'xsws; *iij"^":'"."3TT;i"5^**7??

*.O"-.**i"'.".'.'^'".'.' !

*""'

^ ***

'^^S^^SeJwl^^^^S2

!-'^;->-i ')'rff^es^lf^tSiS5S5<-?^ 1

Ji-J". :

y^Sk'^^Ta^^'^v?^- 1

^A^AA .*. ," **. /. .', .*. \r,: .: .*.. .. .. /. .*, .% /, A *. ,-, *, ,, -, >j". .-. 7\J .'. -'.^"TA /. -.-.. -A T*.' . *. .- \ , ;. .- .,*

' " "

v-^-i^-J

Q

gQ

89

00

oo

23

10

JTrf

-0

20

CO

^

8 8

00

OC O

00

25

*

t

30

40

CO

89

t ff-125

80

CD

t

CO

.

CO

9

80

CO

90

ft

CO

i

)

100

8S

e;

oo

eo

\

110

120

\*^*

89

>

140

o

V

oo

CO

*a ^S 1188.S5

f -eS6rf

a

9

CO

-s!n>e>

CO CO

CO

c? ej

^Po

f a1

150

160

170

89

eg)"0^0^^5500

^j

J d ^)-CT*o^S'55bo?5So

4-r

IO<L~

180

190

6 P ) TTT) (0 -<> / rVJ V_*_y -SS 8 .

eo

iSG

eo

_jo<V

10

.

55^)6 dSa^b^

. S'o-cSa

o

oo

30

9sfco. 7

o

oo

eo

oo

00

*^tHHUjr^

40

o)s5baiOX'o$b

oo

Q

,j

89

00

oo

CO

8

*u)

co

90

CO

8

f*

CO100

ej

55 do.)

CO

>o

00 CO

oo

no

12C

f /TcfS SipF'tfrfboK' 18

19

6

^ <J>

to

Q .

130

00

140

9

eo

6

83

9

150

160

CO

2

10 V 5 ,

4

8

00

25

CO

170

180

"SCT 2^230^0^ 200

X.

o

co 23

%**^

co

^2$ TS tfe

-g-"5:)C9qs5bo-' 8) -fl

190

..

89 eo

83

> 20

e; -i5 o # c56bo & 5600, LI

g' s^?3cp\ 8

oO ^

^

oo

30

40

9

O

o

CO

50

60

70

eo

80

oo

90

CO

89

110

cxX

&CO

CO CO OO

9

00

oo

co

89

J20

sioo.

918

180

84o

89

""'"CJ

OJ

eo

150

6

.

180

cJ

'"""8

"3 oo6TsS4oc3 "Sgj

8o

ISO

,< o> f

14

^Ko,c .o

8a-. o

CO

19

200

00

CO

o

-6o

V.X o

CO

oo

CO

*

oo

110

eo

20

e; o s&o. 15

oo

u)

9

o-u) esje3o

4

D 40

o

Co

f

60

70

f

ww

^sr^

16

<?

tr*

CO CO

e

Q

so

CO u6

88

o-

90

^

Q tJ

100

110

f

IT*

120

eo

89

89

130

eo

A

eo

Ok)Ss00

CO

140

917

CO

tfsfc&tfbo^ 150

CO

160

18

23O O3DD D

eo

*5

o

89

170

180

190

*

s5b

a 200

4

""""0

ej

S3

\***r

o

20

8

83

20

.O 89

30

S5b?5?c;6f5,

TS

060 "3

ea

eo

V,,^" 8

-w

19

40

50

80

20

<03

&

9

70 CD

80

KJ

oo ~<j

83

90

CO

110

00

CO

CO

63

120

. 130

140

4

o

83

150

a

ou)

150

22 6

CO

8-t&b

tf8\o>{&->#

K

CO

170

180

193

eo

6

o

a

a

a

oo

-tf o9

s&o.

CO

X"is

-u)

\

CO*

>

JD

CO

e

A- X

5

20

OO

CO

TS

30

40

24

sSbo

eo

c*.

eo

63

^d"!^

60

o

............... o

00

oo

00

^

70

CO 00

9

oooo

d 5

,<^cK

e

4

100

no

&

25

9

120

o

a

130

140

CO

26

oc

CO

Soo

oo

150*'

160

*

f

jj

CO

170

180

20CO

tf. -,

CO CO CO

o tf dSbo #\J 9

f

t "S*

CO

00 89

9

190

27

200

JI

29

o 21

t, tf. 1000

. flf 1173-1224

28

23O$DSS6co O

*5

9

20

30

CO

o o

Sio

00

S'

9

> coDcexDixj oj

CO

40

60

29

.

00

3

eo

o

eo

CD

70

CO

oo

80

90

oo

CO

V

o

00

Cj)

J5Q_rf

CO

100

110

30 &

$:><9 &

fj 120

*' *"'

X i/

CO * CO

sfczjo "S

OO

130

oo

&>

00

140

s5bo~

o

sfco Q

00

150

1(30

IT* o9

31

o

6

"f"

00

170

eo

180

CO

^

00

190

"W

\

Csl

CO CO

200

7S5

s5bo

o20

a

eo

o

SooK9

o

XP

o

30

,

CO CO

"3

co

o

"W

co !

50

CO

CO

\-j

o

70

80

90

TJS\CsL CO

a

oo

eo

100

110

a

Co

1140

>

f

CO

120

00130 5

,Co eS

1199

fCo

CO

00

- ^. 1295

Co

13

e; -t o 5600. 85

u)

.

CO

033000

o

160

180

CO

^J

923

6

Q .( co

o

9

190

200

36 d.

QOO

, .

V s

oo

0330

8

9

o

20

oo

O

^8

80

K 40

So

eo

9

50

37

X

fa)

%>

CO

80

60

90

aj

Q

6 70

CO

co

CO

e

t

CO

ee

>

***

CD

OOQ

100

oo

15

110

E9

9

120

o

V /

140i

e; o

CX)

00

oo

-D

9

150

CJ

160

oo

o

"W

89

1/0

00

CO

ou

Q

ISO

.

lie)oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

00

S

190

200

UJ OO

J.

(3

oo

&

00

cJ

20

e;

-on* S3s&r&o ;$";

"3 "3

)

CO

sSbooo

9

40

25

s5o

^

"3 rib $.3

41

O CQ

Ol

70

tfT^

83

42

00

80

90

J O

oo

CO

CO

110

(

....,' O

00

120

e; - o

ot,

eo

oo

>

1301

110

9

CO 00

*"*,v^__^>

150

00

44

-t eo

oo "S

^

oo

170

180

190

CO

556 03X5069

56

^ 00

?

o

CO

9

200

10TO

45

/

20oo

Q

"xJ

CO

O

9

50

,.

V---'

K

co

601$

Cv

46

!06

o

CO

XA)

o

70

80

f

CO

90

100

oo

9 -rf

no

SFVtfo

t

-CS 4?

D

*

120

CO

o

130

"3

-*J

00140

89

OflJ

t

150

^

S'rfbN "3=*.

CO180

OO

*

eo

eo

170

ooO

180

O

oo

**l*'^

190

200

coI

}

e; - o c&o & 0600.

949

oo

CO OO

TO

tJ

20

oo

oo

CO

-6 9

oo

8

oo

00

30

50

00 * 00

9

CO

..... w

d

>

oo

60

o

70

-g)

80

,{

K X"

^

^

90

100

OO

eo

ox

*,

b c3

ij

110

eo

s3boe)

^ ntir

eo

sg)

to

CO

CO

51

120

130

140

52

eo

55

O

eu

CO

6

^

00

150

160

a

cs

55

oo

CO

eo

"3

I&j

53

TJ

oo

00

9

190

-a

200

12

IDo

60

CO

40

54

9

So oS

"5-*^

o

50

SrVtf

fc "ST^

o

6(

70

05

w

e; - o 55

00

o

v

oo

a OsJc-

80

90

-Q

100

S

ee*

. 20

56 e; e3 b tf -tf 9 ,

3\

X "Sooo

cocS5bo

oS

110

120

f xS

130

U (aft)

f

3

o tf c*5bo

*

Q

140

1X1

00

150

*

oo

o^

83

fc

83

t s$trB3&c'3tfgSoSP#

7T

So^sSi

8

tf -tf &

69

"W

00

CO

160

170

>_/ "TS

00

180

191

200

59

co

co

03X3

00

CO

13

ID

w

20

30

o

CO

^

T5

8

50

g'e)

60

9 a

15 02:000

CO

83

5a

o

f

o

60

o

O-rf"

*80

^

70

oo

90

o ti d&o 61

8

.

3o

tS

100

110

120

o

eo

T5

CO

130

140

O

eo

CO

sp >

TJ

"

CO

150

160

o

eT8Softer8 "8

170

o

J90

f

0x08 ^>So.

,.

o 63

c

eo

00

CO

o

o

00

200

14

10

20

* So

8

CO

eo

ej

co

30

64

CX)

\

9

CX3

So00

CD 00

K

oX

*

50

60

70

^ 00

90

9

100

co

u)

Q

m

5&8&J5

ftrar

65

120

130

^-^

HWWWPWT

o

XJ

CO

140

eo

160

5 ft:'5

9

, 4

7

5

, 8

9nsrssfrsr! XBnrsrntxeii

,12

^J

srO, 3

,6

, 10

*v r\

* *nfr^"fa).

..J

67

"3 aO

CO

00

180

200

O oo

15

10

00 00

68

8tf\

0000^1

00

o

o

20

30

CO

40

CO

o

CO

CO

00

50

60

83

oo

5o

o

70

do

80

90

CO

00

o

xJ

CO

o

oX

69

100

11

o <J Ti

CO

$o

~~TD SO

co c)

120

55

130

X

a

140

00

o

150

160

*

W*9

71

T$

8

170

o03300

V ^ISO

CO

6J "w

16

00

CO

C*3

190

OT

Itf

72

*

00

eo

SS'

eo20

X"

23 eo

CO

89

30

ex)

8

ul

40

30

oo

J xP55berS'(8ca&55bofi" xSo^otf^fc 60

oo tf

f

o9

73

oo

^

\M*^

-D

10

70

SO

O

90

o

100

00

<i

74

Q

oo

oo

O

120

180

C?

140

150

16D

"W

a*

e; o

1

00 -<{

3U

o<J

170

180

75

oo

eo

o

CO

01a

00 CO

CO

CO

200

10

76

^ tf 25vo')J ^>\2^\ 40

Q20

o

T

O

-

eo

$

o 77

TS

00

oo

-fc

70

80

>* ^

o

"So a

00

So

es

.

v ^

CO

78

sS "S

er^xS

\o

110

120

o

o

130

8

o eo

x* Sn-oa 140

CO

150

OOO

o9

79

169CO

^/^ ~> "55

d&es

*}

\

l&SSsfcoCj

**

Q

<*J

30

' <p,

oo

-^

eo

(7)

170

eo oo

,

t 23^0*3 f5es

CO

J80

193

^""

t <

t^ta*>|f*^

X.

tJ iJ

o

eo

-tf o & cJSbo & rfbo.

9

200

18

Q

e

.11

8

"B

81

30

50

eo

CO CO

S tf

a >

f

.

~ o

83

60

70

f 8-s5

8-s5

2

f

ol<D

eo

o

o

90

CO

GO

f s5b

100

"W

00

CO

00

no

120

00

130

9

*

^

CO140

OO

Go

CO

150

160

170

oo

-tf o9

180

t

CO

I

co

190oo

i

JD ^oOa))56^"^5e>00 V CO

85

200

20

f

.

1j

86 & ti -85 8

eo

CO

15

eo

io __*>

CO

^

00

O

50

8

60

rv

|53

3.)

d&o 87

t

00 CO

o

00

00

.

V > oo

oiooOO

CO tJ

CX

oo

OO

fe-00 83

CO

70

80

G>

oo

\

90

lOf

o

t

00

11

oO Ol.R)

110

120

u

eo

O

5

130

140

150

989

ej

160

170

CO

00

12

033a

18000

oo o

190

o 200

CO

90

*-?*

20

10

20

co

00

a

o

30

o tf d&o9

CO

CO

CO CX>

o

60

70

CO

oo

ffl

80

90

100

co

92

9

00

5

e>o

o

^<fcB^ ^fc^^

t

110

CO

120

130

a s 140

)

150

98

CO

o&2SsJ 160

X

oc

o

o170

XelsSo

180

.......... o

o

K<=*.

190

200

94 tf tf 5

o

GO

21

10

20

eo

j

O

ol

a

30

o<y '

00

00

995

8 60

70

.

O

CO

23

80

Ca

90

*

96

100

eo

CO

110

120

o

eo

cJ

o

-u)

Xi)

130

140

-tf o

00

130

160

cx>

Q

97

170

180

190

98

200

Tj

30

eg)eao ^^S^KJO3^^ro ac55bo (&ot&

CO

22

10

40

XJ

O - O9

99

sjo a

oo

"S^exxb-J^r* -)

eo

60

70

oo

o

00 00

o

CO

a >

80

So ^w &s5

100

o

65

O3\-u)

Ci

100

110

120

00

CO

14

130

140

9

o

d

oo

CO

150

160

o

TBw

1nZ/i/""*!

102 33 e; 3 > tf *$ 8 eJ .

8fc4) 200

6J

TJ

23

10

9

23W "

cCXr6o 025

XSef o sS S^-SPJ

<5

tj

o-D 20

CO

30

O

ri

-tf o

wx3 50

60

103

70

'""*' o ^*"^

oJ

104

*

SL

90

100

110

rL

''

105

eo

0-0

120

I f 20

130

6

s;;-i5

4}6

ej

SSo^ogex:5SbX'o a

o

o

H

150

160

106

T

aa

170

CO

89

180

-x) o.

190

J

CO 00

CO

*r*"*&8o S'o

o

Q tj

CO

el

2^^x306 0$)

TJ

02:000cp

200

24

10

107

p=

20

3

' -^

108

"$

40

&

50

60

co

o rf

CO

70

u)

8CO

00

80

^J

90

83

CO

100

"Sg'O-O'S

o

COxXJ

10S

120

W "w

CO

so- 2

)

110

CO

,

flu-

eo eo

130

140

"SoCO

s5 0236CO

150

eo

-w

o

160

u

u)

,o .

"W

170

TS

"si ^\

180

c*5bo 111

i

I

\

I

1

o

CO

Ko

190

oo

)

CO '-rf

i

co

00

CO

30

ea

o 10 o O

112

o5boSoexj

o

CO

oo

CO

s$r*&rs5&

oo

60

eo

70o o

eo

sS

50

O3

80

t) -tf o X c$5b 113

X^rn Lif^

00

oo

15

90

100

00 XJ

^-0

S

N^j S3-to \

03

120

oo

eg

114

CO

ti

CO

CO

. o

li

8

TjJ

150

<? O

160

180

o 115

d O

eo

Co \-cSb

190

"So

eo

200

0^007^ X"

26

10

.

CO

JO

20

40

116

-^

*9)

eo

"w

60

15

CO

*

X TO

DO

70

80

CO

C

90

CO CO

>

100eO

^ -u)

eo es

S 110

eo

O

1 o

120

130

140

118 e; ^P 3 t) tf -tf 8

00

eo

>ex00

eo

"IS

150

160

o

ffl

170

tf X "Sa ISOO tJ

190

CO

/

9

o

00

.., "^.

o

o

200

CO

27

IfJ

55bo. 119

eo

20

30

"(%)

120

co

"W

\

d5oo

-tf o

ft

Cp

50

v"W

. 54

,,

k> 85

1

39, 5D, 51,52,58, 87

64, 65

10, 39, 74, 75

47

26

45, 46

3

76

23

7

45

76

76

76

3, 37, 39, 77, 87

83

8

73

62

87

, 17, 3D

81

40 ^5oc 40

35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 48,

49, 52, 71, 72, 79. 84,

&rp>ex> 49, 51 ^^-o 42,

55besce>o 42, "Q^^exj 40 "sr

36, r^.^^o, 40, 42, 50-

18

lb

65o

650 59

81

15, 23, 29

49

o 30

81

85347

46

72

71, 87

2

12

67

49

66

57

75

41

58, 59, 71, 90

: 34, 37, 39, 72

76,87

88

86

73,

24

48

40..

56, 57

38, 57, 76

66, 67

o.

54

39

e3 40, 42

23

50

5

42

53, 66, 71

Q48

75, 76

2

89

59

6 85

5989

15

70

73

51

24

5 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 87

41

51, 78, 79

37, 42, 50>

21

Katyana-Latyana 21

82

48

^o 19, 61

jj u<j)

43

2, 66, 93

74

70

10

-s-l 59, 90

36, 85

<5=sb 49, 50

8, 35, 36, 38, 51, 58, 69,

72, 81

so

54

72

o 10

43

9

43

86

$ o 4:9

76

o 48

72

65, 66, 91

95

'8913

66

43

38

90

e; 49

82

42

93,, 94

46

49

9

74

37a

8200

58

o 60

49

e>o

7Q

44

5

41

40

60

6i

19

77

A 67

2, 89

47

8

4

95

81

77oo

81

69

19

19

71

41

a r 79

CO2

71

o 72

43

40

9a61

el" o 85

78

47

CO

73

91

70

93

95

87

40

69"

71

79

74

74

74

74

60

66

'o 43

61

21

61

79

66

3

82

64

24

44

43

87

43

87

CO86

77

82

"B

36; ,

95 SPsfr*eao 67

79

74

48

70"

e)oX 35

)'o<S 1, 7

61

37

40

19

2

65

e;lx 1, 91o ~^'

70

36

75

O

Co

5

38

fiTB 72

a 31, 32

58

rf

54

3

73

14

8

71

co

61

CO

51

91

44, 457

Nandilla Gopa 45

CO

4400

1, 44, 45

75

76

9

84

38

21

71

38

86

72

75

6

44

75

>\ eo 61QJ

CO

69

27

2, 93'

S3.

48

52

18

71

82

19

76

81

69

48

2

3

72, 89

40

72

8

o 61

53

13

74

45

49

2

37

72

92, 93

co

atf 76oo

48

a ^ 17

56

o

91

0075

45

Pais'aci 45

.

^

71

42

18

1

43

43

69

36

71

37, 42, 52

13, 15 90

61

2cp

31, 10.

72

2

13

2

23

66

00

76

33, 75

76

9

8, 95 10

29

46

46, 47, 67, 71. 72, 76

81

16, 28, 30

eta 67, 76T

6oeo

6 43

55

37

17, 18

18

70

17

88

65

35, 37, 52, 51, 55, 67, 70,

73, 79, 80

6, 9

6, 9, 11, 16,28

o 13

81

56, 64

35

30

62

62

19

71 75, 76

61

80, 81, 85, 87

48, 68"

47, 49, 76

95

40

74

12 94

81, 82, 85

78

9

60

20

67

o 6, 7, 8, 24

8

iS

a5b

15

co

CO

<r\

e)CO

20

68

1,8

52- OQe5O OO

50

46,47

O 44

8

90

40, 48, 4i, 59

42, 52 65, 70, 71, 72

87

7, 8, 10, 17, 29, 81

30

73

18

48

77, 82

85

78

8 9l

68, 85

42, 77

76

85

49

58

61

17

77

7Q

70

^3 1

17, 18

33

51

lagadhi 45

20

2, 79, 86, 88

9

62

s^>o^ 43,O5 7

54

21

2-1

Medhatithi on Manu 20

79

43CO

00

76

87

83

46

35, 36

6

44, 85

38, 79

47, 70

66

26

68

tf,

79

8, 10,11, 19

95

51

9

66

80

33

33

77

70? 84

,15

X"V^

23

53

xD 14 15

7, 8? 9, 10, 31

i

^ 87

o 77

77

17

76

52

>o 76

31

B

93

X ^60 47

75, 76, 77

76

76

^o

69

ro^t) 63

50

56, 60

42 ? 43, 50, 75, 79Co

74

e;.

77

81 j 85

21

21

'x5 79

91

88

48

55

39, 7o

59, 71

71

76

, 87

58

24

10

oJ

17

17

19

64

"06i, 65, 81

Walter Eugene Clark 45

38

43, , 57, 52, 65, 87

43

7, 35 4.0,- 41, 48

56

48

42

46, 50

46

40

o 33, 31, 24

15

77

63

91'&

7, 40, 44, 64, 69, 81, 82,

86

73

61. 8~3,84

, 38, 5), 6 4,63,6768, 69,

70, 71 ,72; 73, 78, 79

, 38, 39, 41 ,43, 47,

49,51,51,64,72,73,74,86o 1, 2, 9, 11

-o8 74

69, 74

70

6, 18

3

93, 94

2

61

88

69

ro 40

91

40

75, 76, 78

79

, 75, 79

9,

77

S

15

2

87

61, 65

81CO

48, 66

xj 85

36, 59, 6i, 24.

1

17

ii

TS* 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 51,

62, 63

62, 63, 64

10, 14

29

9

2

28

77d

57

22

o 22

22, 83

40

8, 30

o 81

s6 48 81, 82, 84, 88

66

74

78

66, 82, 83, 84

81

$&> 51, 67, 69, 74

* /fcratf^i^o 85

Sss^ 82^ V 35, 36, 37, 43, 78, B, 6,

11, 12, 16, 89

82, 83, 85, 86

8

48

69 70

s sgj&- eso 86

,es oO56, 59, 83, 87, 90

71

81

20

61

o 4-1

65, 66

79

76

81

36, 88 344. 57 75. 7

49

;9l

3T5cex; t>4

45, 46, 49

8, 37, 58, 63

ao 58, SO

370

fl^SbOO OD

31

bv 7

82

rs 4T 95

82

931, 32

18

81

19

56b 77d

1

eo2, 8'

li 20

21

93

77

19

CO

70

88

...... o

6

77

88

6,

48

Hindu view of life

3 42

i O

21

>J

5>

II II

41

84

57

8

8

70

84

42

61

82

65

,29

69

46

42

42

65

44

9ft* 82, 86, 85

? 78

14

INDEXOF

Importnnt words in the Second Preface,

A

Agni 15

Ahobala Panditha 6

Alaraju 3

Anapotu 2

Alwars 22

Ananda Vardhana 5

Andhra University 7

Andhra s'abda Cintamani 6

Andal 20

Arya 20

Arjuna 20

Aristotle 18

'Arjiina 20

As'wagho s,a 4

Aita 11

Bana 5, 22, 24

Balacandra 1,2, 11,13, 14,21

Basaves'wara 14

Ballad Literature 10, 11

Balaramayana 16

Benares 24

Bharata 10

, 9 Race 11

Bhagavadgita 5

Bhartrihari 11

Bhisma 2

Bhayinaka 20

Bhasapravina 8

Bhavabhlti 16, 22, 24

Bhimasena 13

Bhisma 2

Bhattanaravana 13^ .

Bhugels of Rewa 14, 15

B*ibhatsa 20

Bilhana 24*

Bobbili I

Katha 10

Brahma Naidu 1, 2, 19

Buddha 4, 16

Buddha Carita 4

Buddhism, 5, 14

C

Carlyle 16

Cicero 8

CapakHdu 1

Candragupta 2

Caitanya 22

Cola 12, 18

Citrasena 12

Calukyas 14, 22

16

Candrasfekharamantri K. 26, 27

Calapaii Rao, Bhagavathula 27

Cennakesavaswami 19, 21

Cedi 14, 15

DDattaka 12

Dhanamjaya 12

Dhanurdasa 20

Duryodhana 13

E

England 8

Gautama 8

Ganika 12

Ghori Mahomed 14

Gita 20

Gokarna 20*

Greece 16

Goda 20

Guntur 24

Gujaraties 24

Guna BhUsana 127*

Gurzala 1

H

Hyhaya 1, 14, 15, 23

Himalayas 24

India 17

Indra 15

Janaka 16

Jainism 14

Jagannatha 21

KKali Era 1

Kalamukha S'aivacharyas 22

KalachUri 14

Kalki 16

KSlidas 9, 16, 20

Kakaiiyas 23

Kannama 1, 3

Kanada 8

Kamma 25

Karempldi 1, 11, 15, 17

Karnata Kings 22

KarpHramanjan 5, 18

KaVi Khanda 21

Kataya Vema 6

Kathasaritsagara 24

Kautilya 12, 13

Kavyaprakas'a 7, 26

Kedara 24

Kornati Vemareddi 6

Kommaraj 2

Kondavidu 23MM

^

Kridabhiramam 1

Krisnaswamy. A. 26

Krisrna 24

Kulasrekhara 21

Kumiarasambhava 3

Kumaraswamin 23

Kumaragiri Reddy 6

Kusumanjali 21

Kunti 11

17

Laksmi 20*

Laksmi of Uurgi 25

Laksyakhanda 27

HMallidevaraj 1

Manchala 2

Mahabharata 2, 3, 5, 6, 10

Manucaritra 4, 6

Macaulay, Lord 8

ManjHsa 5

Madras University 7, 26

Malayavati 20

Mammata 13

Mabavira 16

Mahavisnu 16, 20

Macherla 19

Mahabhasya 16

Mallinatha 23

Mahamadans 17, 23

Mahants 22

Madana Gopal Naidu 27

Moks(

a 6

Moharam 17

Mricchakati 12

M udraraksasa 2

E lagamaraj 2

Mayakurala 2

NTaisadha 4

NsLgesa 5, 6

NSdendla Gopamantri 23

Narasimha 16

C

Narada 20

Nagananda 20

Nayanar 22

Nagarjunakonda 24

Norman French 8

Niranktis'opakhyana 12

Othello 20

Paramasiva 20

Pallavas 23

Padmapurana 21

Parthasaradhi 20

Paradise Lost 2

PSIi 4, 5

Patanjali 16

Patijatapaharana 13

Pernidu 2

Pendota 25

Poetics 18

Prakrits 4

PuruSottama Swami 21

E

RSmanuja, 14, 21, 22

Rama, 20, 16

RImadas, 22

Rajas'ekhara 12, 16, 5, 18

Ravalia 2, 13

Ratnaia Peridevi 2

Ramayana 2, 3

Raghuvamsfa 3, 26

Radhakrinan, Sir. S. 7

Radha 22

18

23

Ratnacandrg Reddy, M, 26, 27

Rekhamba 2

Rigveda 15

Rudramadevi 22

Runja 25

Russia 19

S

b

Sahagamana 2

Satan 2

Sakuni 2

Sanskrit Puranas 7

S'ankara 8

S'aivites 17, 24

Sadhakas 16

S'aivisrn 17

Salva Tirnma 23

Satya Bhama 13

Saii 20

Sazza 24

Sarvamangala 20

Satavahana 22

Setu 24

Sita 20

Shakespeare 25

Sikhs 17

Siva 20, 16

Siromani 9

Sikhandi 2

Smith, Vincent 14, 15

Soviet 19

Soma peethin 1

S'ri Ranga 22

S'ri Villiputtur 22

Sn Saila 22, 24

S'ri Nadha 4, 6,

Sundareswara 20

Subbarayadu, Mokkapati 25

Sfiranna, Pingali 6

Sudars'analal 27

T

Tamil 4, 12

Tacitus 8

Tantrics 16

Tirumalai 22

Tirupati 22

Triplicane 21

U

11, 12, 13

Sri"Harfa20, 22

Ubhaya Bhasapravina 8

Udayanacarya 21

Ujjaini 24

V

Vasucaritra 4, 6

ValmTki 9, 13, 20

vatsaraja 10

Vatsyayana 11, 12, 13

Vasanta Sena 12

Vali 13

Vaisnavistn 14, 17. '

Venkates'wara S'astrulu, 26

Vavilla

Vais'navites 17, 20, 21

Vasudeva 20

Velama 1

Vengalraya 1

Vemana 6

Vedic 15, 17

Vlra Worship 15

Vitagita 10

Ves'yas 11, 12

Ves'yamata 13

Veiii Samhara 13

Vira S'aivism 14

Virahatya 15

Viryas'ulka 16

Viras'aiva 16

Vira Bhadra 16

Viranga 19

Viraraghava 16

Venkatagiri 1

19

i Venkata Subbarao, Yadlapati

! Velugoti 19

iVenkatachala 22

Visno 2*

Vidwans 8

Viziaoagaram 13, 22, 23W M

Vidyapravina 9

Vikramarka 10

Vidfisaka 18

Viskambha 18*

Vis'wabrahmanas 25*

Visnucitta 20, 21y

Vidyatiatha 23

Vikramanka deva carita 24

Vrittis 10

Vyasa 11,20

Zonna 24

oj s.

o.Q

42 43

oO

^d&s&oe^ 8

Cp'O

_D

2

3

5

6

o.

0.

2 S

8

8

9

10

12

13

ra

9

o

S

co.

o.

8

3 S

S

cc

16 )k>) jcSbrS^r, 5&n>$) s3 55-^CeD SStf-c^sfco 8

J9

17\g^

c6 g'r^ejo 8o

13 ^ Df6^oo 355b?6bi58eS e^ 8

3 8

2 8

21 ?&3tfo23) 8

22 Foreign connection of Buddha 1

28 er} 3&Soe;SXex> 8oi

25 S 8oK -atf^^ex)

'

8

26 $3sj\>Sx>en>i- 1 4

8v.^/

8

.

CO CO CO

. 6., eD. ^ef.} ^c^)8. (6] -9-11)

5Ys K"

^~T;

?<

:56oo?&^3|3

, 1 ^s&OoT^^a/v'So, cio. 6., (M. A, Cantab)

(29JO- 11).

OO

24

wo

8

0600,

crft5bd&es3odbe>D7ro&, 0. 6., 0. cSSbeT

5

5

>

ofi.

eo

25

. ilk^*

.....i'

> O

: ^53 S3og)t5

V, )

9?^tJ?/ T

eo

9

f|

D

)

sixjex)

u

26

rx

t 1

u

u

27

oj

Scs

O

CD

s5

oocr-

CO

a'

c^as58c S^c-fiKSto "5^55 ^j^^A^oo^oSD a) Scn>

v T j

CD

grocfc<23. SfioKfc ?5c^o&r

O6

oocr-

"

u

ii

%

ft u

: u

29

"N *\ r\ e\ r\

fs___ _ f\*3r

U

u

II

v\

u

u

FOREIGN CONNECTION OF BUDDHA

Prof. Dr. Richard Schmidt, Munster, Germany, April

6th, 1925:

"..., Interesting paper on Foreign Connection of

Buddha."

Dr. A. Moffat, M.A.B.S.C.L.L.D., F.R.S.E., Madras, December

27th, 1924.

"It is a very interesting paper."^ * * #

Mrs. D B. Spooner, Agra, 14-2-25 & 28-2-25:

''Through the kindness of Dr. Modi of Bombay, I

have a copy of your valuable lecture, 1 am so amazedthat conformation coming from such a source as yourselfshould have succeeded to my late husband's (Dr. Spooner'sof the Archaelogical Department, Delhi) views... It

would have gratified him beyond measure. Only it cameone day too late. Influenza had carried him off the daybefore. I now write to ask if there are more copies of

this address ''Foreign Connection of Buddha" available,..

I should be most grateful if you would send me at least

25 copies Dr. Spooner was convinced that Buddhawas of Magian Origin ^nd now the Archaelogicalfinds at Harappa are surprising and the Summarianremains so clearly proven by Prof. Sayce link up the

Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian evidence so clearly

shown with Pataliputra I am now sending copiesof your paper to the learned Sanskritists of Paris and

London by this week's mail."

31

Kashmir Times, Srinagar, Kashmir 1211937

"The Literary evidence concerning Buddha's foreign

connections has been admirably mentioned. The author

believes that the downfall of India began with the rise of

Buddha. It is a scholarly treatise which should be

seriously read as the idea expressed is apt to raise

controversy but whatever has been said has been

substantiated with quotations from authorities."

BETTY HEIMANN, Professor, School of

Oriental Studies, London :

5th July 1938.

.... ''Interesting article of Foreign connection of

Buddha. There are many doubts for me too acording to

the Buddha-legend about Buddha's RajSship. In mybook s Indian and Western Philosophy,. ..and in my former

German written books I hinted to that problem. And

especially the fact of the decay of Buddhism in former

centuries in India and its finding room in other cuntries

out side India is still for me a problem not yet dssolved."

o o

tf

D

,

X* Oj^tefls^

tf

6

tfO, KS-sj^^o^s^! 9

56

,10 KStfex)*

8

...

. ..

t*

. . .

...

ae

. .

. . .

...

. .

o

.,.

...

t*

2 8

1

3

3 8

I

8

2 8

8

12

1

2

1

1 4

1 4

3 8

1

2

1 3

1

4

2 8

1 4

3 cJXb5bo

'

X

j

,,"

f

*

...

a

...

a

...

...

...

...

1

1

1

na

3

3

I

2 8

3

3

8

o

2

2

2

1

1

3 4

2 8

,0

ot

Ill

IV

c)

rfiStf

CQ00

92

...

...

...

1

60'5

8038605038

2 8

6

3 8

2 8

2" 8

4, 8

2 8

2 S

6