Pangaea and Continental Drift

Bering strait and the Land Bridge

There were three steams of Migration the first about 13,000 years ago the 2nd occurred around 6000 BC and the 3rd around

3000 BC. According to the textbook

Migration may have come by boat to South America

University archaeologists found 14,000-year-old knives while studying elephant ancestors., All of this may indicate that the theory of Exclusive migration from the Bering Strait is flawed.

By 3000 BC (5000 YEARS AGO) Some Native American Peoples began to develop Horiculture.

MayanThe Mayans had an

Advanced civilization which included complex water storage and irrigation systems, Huge stone temples, and astronomy which was used to develop a an accurate calendar which was able to predict solar and lunar eclipses. They also created a wheel and used it as a toy.

AZTECSthe Aztecs built what are called chinampas. Chinampas are areas of raised land, These “raised beds” were separated by narrow canals, which allowed farmers to move between them by canoe. The chinampas were extremely fertile pieces of land, and yielded, on average, seven crops annually.

Hopewell's, Mogollon & Anazazi

Other advanced tribes were the Hopewell's who were mound builders in Mississippi from AD 100 to 400.

The Mogollon & Anasazi of Arizona and New Mexico were Pueblo builders. The Anasazis also built miles of straight roads for trade, but declined presumably by drought.

Many of the labors of native Americans were divided by sex. The men doing the Hunting, and women doing the gathering. As Some tribes East of the Mississippi River developed agriculture, Particularly the Iroquois Nation, The women took on the responsibility of Farming and because agriculture became the source of Wealth for these tribes, this led to a Matrilineal inheritance system.

On the eve of European Colonization of the Americas, Most Western Europeans lived in Small , relatively isolated communities, and rarely went further than 15 miles from their homes in their entire lives.

In Dealing with Pre-Christian Pagan festivals and the agricultural cycle, Roman and Medieval Catholicism Attempted to integrate Pagan traditions with Christian Holy Days and Biblical teachings, In order to aid in conversions.

African Slavery began as one tribe would defeat another tribe, and take the survivors as slaves. As the Portuguese developed strong trade relations in Africa, They began to trade for slaves. As Europe Moved into the American Colonies the need for cheap labor drove other Europeans into slave trade.

In 1492 Cristobal Colon(Christopher Columbus) landed in the Bahamas by luck, as he way underestimated the size of the globe.

The Spanish were able to control the Indian population due to Smallpox and other diseases that they broughtwhich decimated the Native populations from the

40 million people in 1400s to approximately 3 million

that survived in 1650.

THE Columbian EXCHANGE

Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, turnips& Livestock had traveled west across the Atlantic . New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, Pumpkins, Avocados manioc, Tobacco, Chocolate & Alpaca wool traveled East to Europe.

Cortez met Malinche a smart Native Who was quickly able to learn languages and translate for Cortez. Cortez relied on her to help him conquer the Aztecs

Malinche & Cortez

Henry VIII & John Calvin

Spain was the wealthiest most powerful nation in the world because of their American claims. England was behind because of turmoil at home, both religious and political.

John Calvin helps to bring the religious Protestantism to England . Henry Breaks away from the Catholic Church in order to get a divorce. The Church of England is much like the Catholic church except that the King is the head of the church.

John Calvin Introduces the Concept of PREDESTINATION. Members of the Church of England adopt this idea. They want to purify the Church of England and they become known as Puritans.

The Puritans, many would move to the North Eastern American Colonies, believed in Calvin’s Idea in Predestination, and felt that everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible for themselves. For this reason The Puritans believed in education and literacy for everyone (even for women, but in a more limited fashion).

The Enclosure acts in England between 1500 and 1600 took common land away from the peasants and gave it to landed gentry. This had the effect of forcing peasants into begging or factory labor which helped the industrial revolution.

The English decision to remove the Pope from the authority of the English Church, Kept England in turmoil for years, with new Kings and Queens bringing back First Catholicism, then again The Church of England. King Philip the II attacked England in 1588 Primarily to eradicate Protestantism in England & Holland. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 led to the reduced power of Spain and the Increased power of England, Which allowed the English to begin to Colonize the Americas.

When England did get into colonizing the monarchy wanted to insure that the colonies benefitted the mother Country so it developed MERCANTILISM through the Navigation acts. These raised import duties and only allowed the colonies to purchase exports from England, and encouraged the colonies to produce raw materials and farm goods. The British Monarchy gained power from the increased import duties that added to the treasury and maximized exports of manufactured goods , while utilizing the colonies to

Produce unfinished products such as Dyes, lumber, tobacco etc.

New England , Middle, & Southern Colonies Compared

Culture: New England , British, Middle Mixed, Southern British

Religion: Puritan, Mixed, Anglican

Economy: Shipping, yeoman farmers, shipbuilding: Farming, trading. Plantations

1675 former Indentured servants want land. Landlords either renege on property agreements or newly freedman lose the title to their land.

Prediction :What is the effect of the great divide in wealth and the demand for more cheap land?

Revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676, led by Nathaniel BACON . Reasons: High taxes, low prices for tobacco, Gov. Berkeley's refusal to take the offense against Indians. and resentment against special privileges given those close to the governor, Sir William Berkeley.

Bacon led two successful attacks against Indians and was then elected to the House of Burgesses. Berkeley had him arrested before he could take his seat. after released, Bacon’s followers marched on Jamestown, and continued his attacks on Indians. The governor, fled but returned and proclaimed Bacon and his men rebels and traitors.

Bacon recaptured the capital (Berkeley again took flight) and set fire to the town. Bacon died suddenly (Oct., 1676), and without his leadership the rebellion collapsed. Rebels were hanged and Berkeley retook control.. If you were a rich land owner, what would you do to prevent this from happening again?

William Bradford and the Pilgrims

1620 These Puritans were “separatist” who came over on the Mayflower: they landed away from Virginia in Plymouth and did not have a Charter, so they made a covenant, called the Mayflower compact Textbook calls it a “constitution” but it is not.

Plymouth is a democratic system in its structure, and they were determined to separate church from state. In 1630 Governor John Winthrop brought over 900 Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony they were not “separatist” . They insisted on linking church and state and limited its right to vote and hold office to church members.

PURITANSThey became “Congregationalists”Believed in PREDESTINATIONIn spite of Democratic ideals, laws reflected

religious ideals and punishments were harsh.Those that held controversial views were

purged , such as Roger Williams who in 1635 accused the church of mistreated the Indians. He Founded Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

Anne Hutchinson was expelled for holding church in her home, and teaching Antinomianism. ****

SALEM WITCH HUNTS 1692

19 people hanged for witchcraft in Salem and Andover.

Giles Corey Pressed to death

Possible causes of the Witch Hunts:Ergot poisoning (Unlikely)Repressed Society’s impact on young

girlsRivalries between community

members and land ownership conflicts

Indian attacks on villages, left Puritan’s feeling the Devil was in Massachusetts.

The belief in Supernatural causes for natural events.

The Next generation would see the rise of the Enlightenment.

A Puritan whose house had been struck by lightening had obviously offended god….

Ben Franklin experiments with lightening reveal a scientific cause and a scientific solution… The Lightening Rod.