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EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER1

Meaning if educational Psychology, Definition and scope

The term psychology is a combination of two Greek words psyche (soul) and logu(word or talk). So it means talk about the soul, but in modern time it is called science of mind.

Acc to Aristotle, it is dwelling in the human body and leave the body when man die. Acc tophilosophers mind appear through his behaviour and it is reality behind the mind. Aristotle

considered mind as made up of independent faculties.Acc to Charak, heart is the seat to the human mind. But acc to Egyptians stomach is the

seat of mind. So psychology is not the science of mind.Explain the scope of educational psychology? How is it useful to the teachers?

The following are the reason for it. The function of the teacher is to teach. He mustknow the subject matter correctly. He must know about the pupil in order teach effectively. The

knowledge of educational psychology will help the teacher to do it.All the boys cannot understand the teaching of the teacher due to individual capacity of

mental age, attention, learning, motivation and so on. Some teachers teach very well in higher

standard whereas they cannot teach the same subject well in the lower standard. He must usemore concrete and less abstract knowledge in the lower standard. The teacher subdue the extraworks without discouraging them and can be removed from the isolation. The personality of the

teacher influenced the personality of the student. The teacher must know the mental health ofthe student and help the student to form good habit or emotions with the educational

psychology.The teacher can test his method of teaching by guidance and counseling. Pupil s

behavior relay on heredity and environment. The aim of education is to bring out children spotentialities. The knowledge of psychology help the teacher in bringing out the potentiality of

child. The teacher becomes pupils friend, philosopher and guide with the help of educationalpsychology.

CHAPTER

2

ATTENTION

Q. What are the objective factors of attention? Explain with examples.Q. What are the various factors that affect attention?

Every activity of the individual is based on interests and attention. A teacher can succeedin imparting education only when attention and the interests of the student are directed towards

education.Meaning and definition of attention :- Conscience is like a stream, it flows continuously. The

stream is composed of sensation, mental experiences, attention etc. Attention is an essentialelement of the stream.

Attention in general, is the act of holding the impression or idea in the focus ofconscience. Ordinarily, however, the term attention is used for a more protracted mental

process . Older psychologist believed that attention is a mental power but modern psychologistdo not accept this theory. They are of the opinion that it is a mental activity. Other

psychologists and educationists have also defined attention .The conditions of Attention :- Attention is cleaner of observation. It is a character of mental

impression. It is determined by the following subjective condition :-1. Interest : It is the most important subjective factor of attention. For example in

newspaper a sportsman will be interested in a sports column. But an unemployedgraduate may read about the employment s opportunity column because of the

personal interest of the readers.2. Kind of interest :- Inborn interest : The interest of the child is to play. Butterfly in

flowers, cat in mice, are called the inborn interest.Learned interest : The interest of the young man and women in clothing fashion. The

interest of the scientist in scientific theory.Temporary interest : While sewing interest in a needle, while writing interest in pen.

Objective conditions :- Colours : It plays major role. Dark colours are more attractive than theother colours. Bright yellow colour is more clearly observed than a dull grey colour.

Intensity : The stimulus object is likened to be observed. For example a loud sound is moreeasily observed than soft whisper.

Size : A advertisement in big letters catches our attention than small letters.

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Change : This attract our attention. Change can be noticed in two ways: One it may be achange in the shape or position of a moving object for example running horse. Second, change

may appear with a contrast colour or form among other objects. For example face among blackfaces, red dress among black dress.

Kinds of attention :- When we hear a loud sound we hear it clearly without any effort, it is calledeffortless attention.

Active attention :- The students read a book for examination is called effortful attention for clearobservation or active attention.

Secondary passive attention :- Because of habits certain things are performed, it is calledsecondary passive attention.

Characteristic of attention :- Attention is shifting by reading book and hear the radio. Theattention is selective.

Attention of the teacher :- The teacher should speak louder to attract the attention of thestudents. The teacher must use the aides in large size, important points must be written in bold

letters. The teacher can change the voice according to the emotion of the passage to catch theattention of the students.

Means and methods of focusing the attention of the students :- the following interesting methodshould be included :-

1. Peaceful environment2. Affectionate and loving behaviour3. Making the subject simple4. Leisure and rest5. Learning by doing6. Change of the subjects7. Creation of interests8. Methods of teaching based on play should be employed.9. Mental stage of the children should be kept in view10. Definite lesson plan11. Education on the basis of natural tendencies

CHAPTER3

IMAGINATION AND PERCEPTION

Acc to Mc Dougall, Imagination is As thinking of remote objects

Imagination is a wonderful power of man. Only man is gifted with this power. In thefield of education, imagination occupies a very important place. Most of development of the

children to a great extent depends on full the imagination and its relationship with other mentalelements.

Nature of Imagination : Imagination is that mental power, with the help of which we present thepast experience in the new order and form. In imagination it is not necessary to have perception

of anything. We cannot call imagination as memory, because in memory there is that element ofpast. In fact, memory is the repetition of the past experiences but imagination deals with future.

In other words imagination is termed as constructive and creative memory. Acc to psychologistimagination is that independent mental capacity with the help of which an individual creates a

new mental world on the basis of these experiences.Difference between perception and imagination :-

1. In perception, we perceive a thing with the help of sense organ, but in imagination we look atthe object in a new manner.

2. In perception, there are more of external stimulus, but in imagination there is no need for anystimulus.

3. Perception is the first stage of mental development, while imagination follows the stages of

perception and memory, in other words it is a more developed and higher stage.4. Perception is possible in almost all the living beings of the world but only man has beengifted with power of imagination.

5. For perception, imagination is not at all needed, but without perception imagination is notpossible.

6. Perception is a presentative process but imagination is not.Difference between imagery and imagination :-

1. Imagery is the state succeeding perception and after imagery the next stage is imagination.2. Imagery is connected or related to the past only. But imagination is related.

3. In imagery we have the same form of the thing that we have observed, but in imagination theform of the thing is changed.

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Difference between memory and imagination :-1. Memory is more or less reproductive imagination. In memory we are able to recollect

our past experience, but in imagination is not possible to distinguish it because there is nosense of time.

2. Memory is completely related to the past but imagination is connected with the past, presentas well as future.

3. Imagination is not at all under the influence of time or place. In other words, it is a newcreation.

4. In the mental development memory precedes imagination. In other words, imagination is thenext stage or a stage higher to memory.

Classification of Imagination :- It is classified into two : 1. Reproductive imagination, 2.Productive imagination. Productive imagination again subdivided into Constructive imagination

and creative imagination.Development of Education in children :- The child in infancy have tender power. The world is

completely new for him. It is natural for a child to feel everything, imaginary and real. Thissituation continues upto six years of the child. (our imaginary world is the world of reality for the

child child infancy).Late childhood or Boyhood :- The imaginary world does not remain the real world of the child.

After six years old, he starts reading. At this stage the teacher have to be very cautious. Theyhave to be take an extra care of child. He should also be made to learn good things with the help

of imagination. The teacher should try to undertake the following duties :-1. They should provide the students good pictures so that their imagination may develop

properly.2. The teacher should also give the training of scouting to the students.

3. The boys should be made to play such healthy games which bring about the development ofthe aesthetic imagination.

4. Aesthetic imagination more or less depends upon the environment. If environment isbeautiful and fine, the result will be good.

CHAPTER

4

MEMORY AND FORGETTING

Mind is divided into two conscious, sub conscious and unconscious mind. The consciousmind select worthy experiences and store them in the subconscious mind. Selection of relies on

the need of the person. The needs of the person differ from person to person. So subconsciousmind also differ. We forget unwanted information s so learning must be useful if it is remember.

Many theories were given by the psychologist to explain the causes of forgetting.Memory consists of four main constituents as : 1. Learning, 2. Retention, 3. Recall, 4.

Reorganization. Some important theories of forgetting is as follows :-1. The theory of discuss of decay :- We forget every thing in the passage of time. Forgetting is

caused by time factor. We cannot forget all things skill likes swimming, cycling are notforgotten with the passage time. Similarly emotional experiences are not forgotten by the

passage of time.2. Learning and recall influence memory

3. The retention of the learning experiences relay on personal experiences.4. Forgetting is the opposite of learning. Forgetting means failure at any time to recall an

experience when attempting to do so, or to perform an action previously learned .We try to recall a name or face but we could not recall the same figure. But in another

situation we recall it correctly. So forgetting is temporary and not an actual loss.5. Forgetting due to repression : Pupil often forget to pay taxes, fees and borrowed money

according to psychologist. It is due to the memories which cause unhappiness of suffering.

According to Freud, the terrible experience of childhood are recorded into the unconscious mindand forget the experiences rebelled in the unconscious mind and influenced behavior.Criticisms :- The forgotten things can be recovered by the method of hypothesis motivation and

influenced retention. The teachers must use the following measures to promote remembering :-a. Effective learning with meaningful and well organized, promoted the retention

and removed the forgetting.b. Hurried teaching are forgotten are interfere with other learningc. Because of over learning we forget the former learning.d. The teacher emphasis important things than the students would remember

correctly.

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What are the causes of forgetting?Q. 1. Lacks of timeR. 2. over learningS. 3. Lack of interestT. 4. FatigueU. 5. Emotional disturbances.

CHAPTER5

HABIT

Habit means a confirmed way of doing things. When we repeat a voluntary behavior fora pretty long time, this action of ours is converted into a habit. It means that habit is an acquired

behavior. Famous educationalist James is of opinion that habit is nothing but another name ofgeneral tendencies. Following definitions will clarify the meaning ;

1. Habit is a kind of motivated behavior Share.2. Habits are secondary and automatic act Stout.

Characteristic of Habit :-1. This is a simple response.2. Once a habit is formed, then the response is automatic which requires no thinking.3. The situation involved in a habit is simple.4. In the formation of habit the learning is repeated again and again.

Law of Habit Formation :-

1. Firm determination :- Determination is very necessary for the work for which we want toform habit. If we decide that we want to break old bad habits, then our firm determination.

2. Acuteness :- Discuss from determination for habit formation, activeness is necessary tomould into an activity.

3. Exercise :- Even after the formation of habit, we should practice a little bit, in order to give itfirmness and stability.

4. Reward & punishment :- If a child forms a good habit she should be rewarded for it.Similarly he should be discouraged for the formation of bad habits.

5. Attention :- Attention is also very necessary for forming habits. It is very necessary to payattention to those activities and standards of behavior for which the habit is to be formed.

Kinds of habits :-1. Mechanical habits :- These are the habits which a child acquires without special efforts. It

needs less intelligence.2. Nervous habits :- these are habits which are related to mental disorders like lacking in self

confidence.3. Habits of thoughts :- Habits related to knowledge and interests and wishes come under this.

4. Habit of physiological :- Smoking, and chewing tobacco.5. Moral habits :- Speaking the truth.

Reasons/Causes of formation of complicated habits :-1. Heritage, 2. Stupidity or illiteracy of the parents, 3. Unhealthy atmosphere at home or school,

4. Excessive punishment, 5. Loneliness, 6. Un psychological behavior towards children, 7.Formation complex, 8. Influence of companions, 9. Early physical maturity.

Functions of the teacher in regard to formation of good habits :- The teacher has to play asignificant role in formation of good habits in the children. He should, therefore do the

following :-1. The teacher should try to present before the children, the importance of good habits and help

them to acquire these habits.2. The teacher should himself practice good habits.

3. By employing the methods of punishment, appreciation, repression, competition etc children

should be encouraged to acquire good habits.4. Teacher should try to understand the desires that are responsible for bad habit and bring abouttheir healthy fulfillment.

CHAPTER7

HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

Q. What do you understand by heredity? What is the importance of heredity education ?The study of heredity is very useful in the field of education. The study of heredity leads

to the suitable answers of the questions like How does the child come into this world? And what

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powers and tendencies he brings with him for his growth and why does he wants to keep hisexistence, after coming into this world?

The meaning and definition of heredity :- Every animate being has the power of creatingoffspring, hidden in him, and so they inherit their features in them. This process may be called

heredity .Heredity, meaning simple tendency of things to produce their own kind . Beal's.

The importance of heredity in education :- We have thrown light on the meaning, definition ofheredity :-

1. Physical feature and education :- The education can undoubtedly make some development inheredity body so it is the duty of the teacher to make psychological study of the child, acc to the

formation of the body.2. The determination of intelligence limit:- This is the most important factor. The limit of an

individual in all the fields should be moral or intellectual.All human beings are not alike. They have differences. The teacher should make a study

of the distinguishing characteristics of each individual child. This will help him to understandthe behaviors of a child under different situation. The other important factors, which effect the

life of a child mentally, morally and socially are, found in the environment in which the child isborn. Therefore the education of the child, the teachers should not only have a knowledge of the

heredity factors, he should also be will acquainted with the environmental factors of the child.As education aims at modifying the behavior of the child so as to make him a worthy

citizen of the country. It must recognize the potentiality of the environmental forces in moldingthe child. The creation of suitable environment for the proper development of the personality of

the children is of utmost important for a good school. There should be a provision of goodlibrary facilities, museums, playfields, etc He should treat them lovingly and have a

sympathetic aptitude towards them. Such an environment would produce students with a goodcharacter.

The psychologist says that the child s mind is not like a blank paper on which anythingmay written. Heredity endows each individual capacities, attitudes, and interests. It is for

education is to provide for the expression and lead them the highest level of development.Meaning and definition of environment : The child when comes to this world, finds himself

surrounded by innumerable objects and circumstances which influence them, all these fromenvironment. In the ordinary sense of the term environments means all that is found around the

individual.Influence of the environment on the growth of the child :- The environment conditions

influence the individuals physical and psychological growth. When the child enters the kindergarden his behavior and pattern has already taken shape. Now, in the school he come in contact

with other persons and they influence them.

CHAPTER 8

INSTINCTS

The theory of instincts was first found y the famous psychologist Mc Dougall . He had

first introduced formic theory of behavior in the psychological world. Acc to him man is theslave of instincts in the same manner as other animals. Modern psychologist have faced the

difficulties and determined the existence of the instincts in human life and their influence onbehavior.

Meaning and definition of Instincts :- Instincts are those nature given powers which inspireone s behavior. It is clear that the instincts are the foundations of our action. These instincts

are the bricks with which the whole structure of human character is built .An instinct is innate impulse to act in a certain way fulfilling some biological purpose .

Instincts are merely phases of will as live Sir . T.P. Nunn.

Characteristics of the Instincts :-1. Instincts are inborn tendencies and are found in all creatures without and defects.2. Instincts are of a changing nature.

3. They are uniformly found in every creature.4. Each instinct has its definite aim.

5. They inspire the behavior of an animate being.6. All the instincts are not found matured from the time of birth.

7. Acc to Mc Dougell, every instinct has a definite emotion attached to it.Classification of Instincts :- All our behavior are determined by horme. At these different

directions by horme are the instincts. In process of human development, we find that the mainpurposes are divided into two categories :-

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1. The instincts of paying attention to things which influence the personal efficiency, and theinstinct of self preservation grows from it.

2. The instincts of paying attention. The things which effect the tendency of raised presentation,they may be called the self instinct and sex instinct. A third instinct is called herd instinct. But it

is not so important as the former.The classification of Kerk Patrik :- 1. Self preservation, 2. The power of making the favourable

circumstances, 3. The tendency of idealism.

Mc Dougall classification :-Instinct

1. Instinct2. Compact

3. Repulsion4. Parental

5. Appeal6. Submission

7. Self assertion8. Social instinct

9. Sex10. Food seeking

11. Acquisition or collection12. Construction

13. Laughter

Accompany Emotion

1. Fear2. Anger

3. Disgust4. Tender emotion, love

5. Distress6. Negative self feeling

7. Positive self feeling8. Loneliness

9. Lust10. Appetite

11. Feeling of ownership12. Creativeness

13.Amusement

Reflex Action :- The reflex action are the reactions of our body being fulfilled in theunconscious stage of the body. Reflex required three organs- first organ gets inspired and it is

called receptor. Second one nerve goes to reactionary organ and it is called conductor. The thirdorgan is the muscle which reacts and is called effect ion.

Similarities between Reflex action and Instincts :-

Reflex action Instincts1. In reflex action, it is nature given and inborn This is also nature given and inborn

2. It pays very little attention to any aim It also pays a little attention towards any aim

3. It fulfills the aim of self preservation It also fulfils the aim of self preservation4. It is a racial trait. It is also a racial trait

5. It is a process of some particular inspirations. Process of instinct includes the wholeenvironment

6. No change takes place in it. Many changes acc to aims are possible.7. It is simply a physical reaction Instincts gets in fluency by impulse, spirit,

mood and will together with physicalactions.

8. It is never impulsive The nature of the instincts is changeable.

CHAPTER9

NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Q. Explain the principle of the child development and bring out the various stages of thedevelopment of the child. Explain also the stages of infancy in the development of the child.

What should be the form and system of education during the infancy of the child ?

Since the child come to the womb of his mother, his development starts. Thedevelopment of the child starts from the day of his birth. We can give a proper system ofeducation only when we have understood the psychological mysteries or the back ground of the

child. Various psychologists have put forward various theories in regard to the development ofthe child. Normally two theories are important.

1. Theory of periodical development :- Acc to the theory it is believed that the development ofthe mental activities of a child takes place acc to a certain in order. At a certain stage a certain

psychological power takes birth and start growing shortly, this theory believes that acc to thedevelopment of the child in age, his mental power goes on developing.

2. Theory of concomitant Development :- This theory believes that the psychological activitiesand powers grows, all at a time.

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Indian concept of the development of a child : India is also quite rich in the field of thinking

about the development of the child, Kalidasa the famour Sanskrit poet has his own view in thisregard. Manusmriti has also laid down the various stages of the development of the child. Acc

to Hindu scriptures, following are the stages of the development of the child :Infancy (Kumaravastha) - from 1 to 5 years

Childhood (Pangandavastha) from 5 to 10 yearsBoyhood (Kishoravastha) from 10 15 years

Youth or adult This stage starts at the age of 15 and continues further.Acc to Dr. john, the famous psychologistthere are four stages of the development of the

child.Infancy - from birth to 5 years

Late childhood from 5 to 12 years of ageAdolescence from 12 to 18 years

Adult from 18 years onwards.

Physical development :- During infancy the following developments in the body of the childtakes place. This stage of the child is very important. During this period the child is quite

tender. He solely depends upon his parents for food and other necessities for existence. Theentire structure of the body starts functioning and a sort of balance comes in the various organs

of the body. Future health of the child depends upon the foundation that is laid during this state.So it is necessary that nutritive food should be provided to him

It is during this period the child starts walking. By the age of 2 , the mind weights 2/3of the entire weight of body. Psychologist are of the view that by the age of seven the weight of

the mind assumes its perfect shape and weight. At age of three, the co-ordination between themind and the body of the child starts.

There is co-relation between the development of the body and the development of mind.The boy becomes tall by three years of age. It is during this stage that the teeth starts. By the

end of the age of five years, 2/3 if the teeth are come out. For three to four years of age, thespeed of nervous system is quite fast and quick.

During this period there is no difference between the body of the male child and femalechild. Almost all the organs of the body starts functioning during this period. In the last phsse of

the infancy, the child is also capable of standing on his feet and doing various jobs.

CHAPTER11

STAGES OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

When the child is born, his mind is not at all fully develop. At the advancement of his

age he tries to learn many things by adjusting himself to the environment. So there is acontinuous change in the behavior. The change in the behavior is considered to be mental

development.Meaning and definition :- Man is the only creature that tries to establish his supremacy over his

opposing circumstances. Today human race has reached a stage where mental power isconsidered to be superior to physical power. When a child is born, he is nothing, but a bundle of

meaning less and vague experiences. By and by he starts conquering his circumstances. Thisconquest leads to change, in his behavior and this is what we term as mental development.

Stages of Mental development through a child has to pass :-1. The stage of reflex action :- In the first stage of the mental development, a child is dominated

by reflex action.2. The stage of voluntary actions :- At this stage the child thinks for a while, and then gives out

some response.

3. The stage of purposeful activities :- Such activities may be called responses or reactions ofthe imaginary stimuli. These powerful activities indicates the fullest development of the mind.Characteristics or qualities of the mental development :- In the mental development of a child,

the following characteristics and qualities are seen :-1. Firstly, the child is in the stage of emotional development. This stage is for three to four

months after birth, after it has come to the stage of perception. This stage continues upto thestage 1 year and a half or two years. Then comes the stage of memory. It is from this place that

the seal life of a man starts. It is at this stage that the development of the language takes place.2. The knowledge or the sense of time developed by and,

3. Wit the development of mind, children starts using symbols.

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4. It is only due to mental development that it is impossible for the man to develop the capacityto take advantage of the past experience.

5. There is an order in the mental development. There is individual difference in the mentaldevelopment.

6. Environment casts a lot of influence on the mental development.7. Physical development has its impact on the mental development.

8. Conscious and unconscious are the two forms of the development of the mind.9. Like the physical development, mental development of the girls takes place earlier than the

mental development of the boys.Mental growth in Infants :- At the time of birth the child has certain instincts and the mental

development starts with them. The child feels hungry and starts crying.In the second month if a particular object is carrying from one place to the other, child

tries to pay his attention to it. 4th

month if toy is given to the child, it tries to look at itattentively.

6th

month the second stage of development. Now if some support is given to the child \,he tries to sit.

8th

month the child starts weeping if something in his or her possession is snatched away.10

thmonth the process of imagination starts. The child tries to imitate the ringing of bell

and also tries to take the lid of a thing.Mental growth during boyhood :- This stage starts at 6 years and runs upto 12 years. Following

are the steps:-6

thyear :- Now it is possible for the child to count 13 14 things. It shall be possible for him to

furnish proper answers intelligently.7

thyear :- it is also possible for him now to tell the similarity and difference between the thing

like wood, butter, curd etc8

thyear :- Now the child develops the power of distinction and similarity. It is also possible for

him to repeat sentences of 16 17 words.9

thyear :- It is possible for the child to tell the time, the date, the month etc.

10th

year :- It is possible for the child to distinguish between the meaning, less things and themeaningful sentences.

11th

year :- Now the child can repeat sentences with 20 words.12

thyear :- Now it is possible for the child to find out the wrong words or phrases in sentences.

Activities that the teacher should undertake for the mental growth :- without education propermental development cannot take place. In order to bring about this development, teacher should

take the following activities :-1. If the child is physically healthy, proper mental development shall take place. Aristotle had

said long before, Sound mind resides in a sound body.2. Mental development take place in natural manner. If the teachers, therefore, do not try to

bring about mental development quickly.3. The child should be provided various opportunities for learning. For the mental development

and education language is necessary.4. Learning by doing and experimental education should have proper place in the educational

centre.5. Due attention should be paid to the fatigue whether it is physical or mental. Moral concept is

the highest stage of the mental development. The teacher should therefore, try to impart sucheducation to the children so that the develop their character.

CHAPTER12

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD

In defining social development, Sorenson has written that by social development we

mean the improving and increasing ability to g et on well with our self and others. Man is asocial being influencing the contact of others and being influenced by their behavior in his turn.Social relationship depends upon the mutual adjustment between such behavior. Interests,

attitudes habits, etc bear much importance for his mutual behavior. The individuals socialcircumstances are constantly under going change. This is the process of his actual social

development.Characteristics of Socially mature individual :- An individual, mature from the social stand

point is one who cooperates with all dose with whom he comes into contact, and contradictsthem only when such a course of action becomes inevitable. He is never ill-mannered,

considerate understanding and friendly to all. Consequently he has a larger circle of friends.

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Social undeveloped individual :- On the contrary, an individual who is undeveloped or immatureas looked at from social standpoint, he is one who hesitates in society and shows signs of being

disturbed.Social development in infancy :- The new born baby performs very foew social functions. The

only thing that he has started understanding the objects and individuals in his environment.When he is 2 months old, the only thing he is capable of holding, is the wooden block preferred

to him. As his social development progress towards ultimate maturity, he learns to divide andshare his own with others and to cooperate with them.

Social development in childhood :- Most people sent their children to school as soon as theinfants enter childhood. Between the ages of 6 and 12, the child manages the maximum social

adjustment in this changeable and variable social world.The teacher must keep an eye on the development of child s qualities in the groups of

children studying under him. In groups, qualities of leadership developed which later blossomout into the great leaders that guide the destinies of nation. The child social development is

further influenced by the mutual interaction between various child groups, their competition,conflict and cooperation.

CHAPTER13

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD

Like instincts, emotions are also found in almost all the living beings. Instincts andemotions are very closely related. There are three aspects of every activity :- i.e 1.Cognitive, 2.

Effective, 3.Conative.Effective aspect has a relationship with emotions. Emotions are very important in our

life. We feel happy when we see somebody happy, and we feel pain, when we find that someoneis in trouble. Emotions are present in some form or degree in every action of a men. Life,

smelling in flower, emotions are present in every activity of human being. Under the influenceof excessive joy, anger, fear, worry or sorrow, mental powers of the individual.

Characteristics of the emotions :- Followings are the various qualities and characteristics of theemotions :-

1. Past ness :- Reasons for the growth of the emotions are varied. It may be called that thecauses of emotions are more or less vast. It can be caused by perception, memory, imagination

or thinking.2. Generation of one emotions under various circumstances :- Various circumstances can lead

to the growth of development of one particular emotion for example emotion of anger can begenerated by teasing a dog while he is eating.

3. Influence on the whole body :- Emotions have their influence on the entire structure of thebody.

4. Emotions are paracytal.5. Strong emotions affect the power of reasoning, determination and decisions.

Role of Education in the development of emotions :- It is very necessary to train the emotions.Causes :-

1. Violent emotions are likely to have a harmful effect on the personality of the child.2. It is not possible to exhibit the naked emotional behavior in the society. If such a thing is

allowed, the society as likely to become a centre of riots.3. The behavior of the children, as compared to adults is more emotional.

CHAPTER 16 & 17

DEFINITION OAND LAW OF LEARNING

In the field of education learning occupies a very important place. We want to educate

the students and it is only learning which is education.Modification of the behavior by experience is learning . There are various schools of

psychologists and they have their own definitions of learning. As soon as the child is born, he

tries to learn something from the environment. If he has been burnt by the fire, he learns to beaway from the fire in future. Instincts of men are very people.

Definitions :- Learning is the process by which the individual acquir3s various habits,knowledge and attitude that are necessary for meeting the demand of life in general. G.D.

Booz.Learning is progressive improvement in behavior directed towards a goal of society on

one hand, with successive presentation of the situation and on the other hand with repeated effort

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of an individual to react effectively until the goal is reached . Learning is a apprehension ofmeaning and relationship with or without reference to previous experiences.

Laws of learning :- There are three kinds of laws of learning. According to Thorndike1. The law readiness - If the learner is ready to learn he will success at learning more quickly

and effectively. That is why well began it half done. The first thing that the teacher should dois to make the student mentally alert.

2. The law of frequency or exercise. This law has two aspects :- 1. The law of use or newness.2. The law of disuse.

The laws of newness or use involve that if a particular action is performed repealed itbecome a part of the habit. On the hand the law of disuse proves that if something is left after

learning, it is of no use. A teacher should also keep in mind that the students do not practice awrong thing. If a wrong thing gets rooted it is difficult to remove it.

3. The law of effect :- It is also called the law of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. It may alsocall the law of pleasure and pain. We have generally seen that certain instincts linger in our

mind for a long time. Those instances are generally concerned with out experience of pleasure.4. The law of primacy :- This is also called to be the law of learning.

5. The law of recency :- According to this law reasons acts done are lasting. We alwaysremember the last days of our college or the last visit to a place.

6. The law of intensity of stimulus :- According to this law the learning depends on the strengthof stimulus.

7. Law of belongingness :- The teacher showed use this law by creating a natural atmosphere inthe classroom and make use of natural tendencies.

8. The law of maturity :- A matured child will learn quickly than the immature one.Methods of Learning :- There are four methods,

1. Theory of learning by trial and error2. Theory of learning by imitation

3. Theory of learning by insight4. Theory of learning of conditioned reflex.

1. Methods of learning trial and error :- The methods may be employed and are employed theway of learning.

a. Spontaneous response, b. Doing away with unsatisfactory responses, C. Substitutingresponse, d. Combination of responses.

The theory of learning by trial and error requires good deal of energy. This method isgood for the children of tender age. After a long time it is possible for an individual to achieves

success in his job.2. Theory of learning by imitation :- It is normally for the children to imitate what others do. In

educational psychology this theory occupies a very important part. Only the imitative individualcapable of learning and the most imitate is the most educable. With this method, it is possible

for the child to learn quickly. For constructive activities this method has proved to be veryuseful. In the lower classes the students learn language and literature by imitation. The

character of the children is built with this method. For intellectual development as well thismethod has also proved to be very successful. By learning through imitation the development of

the personality can also take place.3. Theory of learning by insight :- This is the method of learning at the direct level. This

method is the best. It is possible for him to understand situation and learn. Insight is based onimagination and those who have a good deal of imagination are able to learn by this method

more successfully. This theory saves a lot of time. The child is able to understand the situationand solve the problem. This theory leads to the development and betterment of the power of

imagination and intellect. This theory is very helpful in creative and constructive activities. Inorder to understand a difficult subject, this method has proved to be very useful. It is necessary

for the teacher to develop his insight with the help of the project method of education.

4. Theory of learning through conditioned reflex :- Important of this theory in education :-1. The process of learning of child starts since his birth. This method helps him, all through hislife.

2. Student are saved from dangerous circumstances.3. This method is very useful for writing, reading, spelling etc.

4. With this method it is possible for children to develop good ideas, good habit and form goodsentiments. For self control, this method is very useful.

5. The theory of punishment and reward is based on this very method.6. With the help of this method bad habits may be broken.

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CHAPTER18

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

The teachers should bear in mind the following factors which exists in the process of

learning. To some extent it is responsible for bringing about the betterment and improvement inlearning :-

1. Physical and mental health :- It is with the help of the sense organs that a child acquiresknowledge. These sense organs are connected with the nervous system. Nervous system can

function effectively and successfully only when the physical health is good keeping all thesethings in mind, the teacher should try to help the proper physical and mental development and

the health of children.2. Curriculum according to age :- Learning has a good deal of relationship with age. The

curriculum should be constructed in accordance with the age of children. Some psychologist areof the view that with the growing age, nervous system starts defects . Now people have started

realizing the childhood is the best period of learning and memorizing.3. Proper organization and categorization of the classes :- It is also necessary for the teachers to

classify their students properly, students with two types of I.Q. should not be classed together.4. Environment :- The teacher should therefore make an attempt to keep the environment

cheerful, healthy and congenial.5. Realization of success :- If a student is learning something new, he should be made fully

conscious of the fact that he shall definitely achieve success.6. Learning by doing :- In modern era, revolutionary changes has taken place in the field of

education. In every subject, the student learns by doing. In order to experience a theme, thechild tries to make his own attempt. A teacher only acts as a guide and a philosopher.

7. Concentration of attention :- This shall help them to learn very quickly. In this regard, theinner self of the children as well as their external environment should be good and healthy.

8. Time for study :- If the children are taught for a very long time, they shall get tried and thisshall result into no progress in learning. It is therefore, necessary to determining the period of

study on the basis of knowledge, capability, nature of work etc.9. Strong desire to learn ;- Efforts of the teacher can be successful only when the student has a

keen desire to acquire a thing.10. Law of effect or reward and punishment :- As and when required, the method of reward and

punishment, appreciation and blame should also be used.11. Practice :- Without proper practice it is difficult to achieve the desired progress.

12. Interest :- It is very necessary to have interest in learning. Unless the student himself isinterested in the thing that he is made to learn, the boy shall not learn. First of all the teacher,

should know what is the interest of the child, and what are his general tendencies and capacities.13. Competition :- Reward and competition have a good deal of importance in the life of an

individual. Every teacher should know that the spirit of competition encourages the students tolearn more.

CHAPTER19

PLEATEAU OF LEARNING

Q. What are the causes of plateau in learning? What are plateau in learning? What is theireducational value?

Q. What is meant by the plateau of learning.By and by we find that there is a gradual decline in the progress of learning. For example

if we are learning typewriting, we shall go on making progress for few days, then we shall seethat the speed of the progress has gone down. Then a stage comes when the progress stops. The

stoppage of progress is called plateau.

A common experience in learning is that after a period of satisfactory progress, therecomes an interval of little or no improvement. Such periods of stagnations are called plateau.Reasons for plateau :-

1. Lack of interest, 2. Lack of understanding , 3. Wrong methods, 4. Reorganization of habits, 5.Fatigue.

Acc to Halling Worth, the following may be the causes for the formation :-1. The student has given up labor and hard work.

2. He has taken wrong method.3. The students has been discouraged or he does not posses the necessary enthusiasm.

4. The progress is so slow that it is difficult to evaluate and find it out.In short, given below are the causes for the formation of plateau.

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1. knowledge limit :- When a child tries to learn something, his knowledge progresses anddevelops, but at a certain stage a limit of knowledge is reached. Now it becomes difficult for

him to acquire further knowledge. Such a stagnation is called knowledge limit.2. The motivation limit :- The student starts filtering away his attention. Due to this fact, the

working capacity also diminishes. For example a boy comes to the class, when he shall studyfurther, he shall realize that it is of no use for him to work. With this realization his enthusiasm

starts diminishing. At such stage, the student should be encouraged to make his position felt inthe school.

3. Psychological limit :- Man is a psychological being. There is a limit to psychologicalcapacity. It must always be kept in mind that generally the person lives practicing before he has

actually reached his psychological limit. It is because of this fact that man is afraid of enduringtroubles as difficulties. All these factors help us to understand the cause for the plateaus in the

process of learning.

CHAPTER20

TRANSFER OF LEARNING

If the knowledge of subject would be transferred to some other subject, it is called

transfer of learning. It is said that the knowledge of a particular subject is helpful in theknowledge of the other subject.

Theories of transfer of training :- The followings are the main theories in this regard :-1. Theory of identical elements, 2. Theory of formal discipline, 3. Theory of generalization, 4.

Theory of G & S factor.1. Theory of identical elements :- The theory was propounded by Thorndike . He was of the

view that the study of a particular subject can be helpful in the study of another subject. Forexample a person who is able to ride a motor-cycle can drive a scooter.

2. Theory of formal discipline :- It means that the faculties of the mind could be, by practice,made so strong that these we could be made in any situation in an efficient manner.

3. Theory of generalization :- Acc to C.H. Dade theory if an individual through his ownexperience finds out a principle, which can be used in other situations, it is called transfer of

learning.4. Theory of G and S factor :- Acc to Spearman . Man has two types of intelligence, (a)

general, (b) special. For the study of any subject, both these types of intelligence are needed.G factor is common, S factor is different for different activities.

Importance of the trainer of training and learning :- The transfer of training or learning is acomplicated problem G learning. It forms the basis of construction of the curriculum. Through

education, reasoning, thinking etc are developed. Children should be taught only such subjectsthat may be useful for their future life.

CHAPTER21

MOTIVATION AND TEACHING

The role of motivation in teaching is very important. It takes part in any form of in alltypes of teaching. Without motivation nobody even animal can learn anything. There is

difference in motivation of human beings and animals. The animals learn a thing on the basis ofsimple and biological motivation. It has effects on him in various forms. These forms of

motivation are as follows, by which it excites.1. Reward :- To know the influence of reward some of the psychologists have experimented on

9 aged same children. These children were grouped into three and each group has asked to learnthe right part of max and final their goal. The experiment showed that the group which has

motivated by money, took very little time in learning, was slow which was motivated only by

psychological reward, and the rate which did not get any type of reward, the rate of learning wasvery slow and this group also committed errors. From this experiment we can see that thereward and the type of reward has much effect on learning process.

2. Praise and Blame:- Those persons who are praised for their work, made progress in theirlearning, but those who were blamed did not make any progress.

3. Competition and recognition :- Competition and recognition both help very much in theprocess of learning. When there is competition between two or more persons to complete certain

works and they also hope for honor for early completing the work, then each of them tries withhis heart and soul to complete the work early.

4. Influence of hunger :- This form of motivation mainly effects on animal learning. The otherfactors that create efficiency in learning :-

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a. Knowledge of result :- Good results always increase the speed of accurate learningwhile the results which are not favourable decrease the speed of learning.

b. Subject matter :- If the subject matter is not suitable to one, to takes either much timein learning.

c. Practice :- Practice also effects much on the process of learning on the basis ofpractice, the errors as well as time is reduced after every trial and the learning is

increased.d. Method of teaching :- The method of teaching is also somewhat helpful in the process

of learning. The efficient of whole method and part method depends upon the followingfactors :-

(i) The age of subject :- It is found that children learn efficiently things by part methodwhile in case of adults, it is not so.

(ii) Ability of learner:- This method is helpful in the case of intelligent children but inthe case of dull ones, it is not helpful.

5. Interest :- It is observed that we pay much attention towards the interested things. The resultis this that we can learn them quickly and without committing much errors and taking much

time.6. Intelligence :- Intelligence counts much in the process of learning.

7. Maturation :- Learning is very much based on maturation. In comparison to children thematured ones easily learn a thing.

CHAPTER -22

IMAGINATION

Imagination is a wonderful power of man. Only man is gifted with this power. In thefield of education, imagination occupies a very important place. Most of the development of the

children to a great extent depends on fully the imagination and its relationship with other mentalelements. We all know that the school curriculum offers various suitable instrument like history,

geography, literature, nature s study, through which the teacher may train the child simagination.

Nature of Imagination :- Imagination is that mental power with the help of which we present thepast experience in the new order and form. In imagination, it is not necessary to have perception

of anything. We cannot call imagination as memory infact memory is the repetition of the pastexperiences but imagination deals with nature. Imagination is that mental independent capacity

with the help of which an individual creates a new mental world on the basis of his experiences.

CHAPTER -23

THINKING, REASONING AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Q. What do you understand by the process of thinking. What are the various factors of thinking.

Bring out the various types of thinking and explain how far the teacher is responsible for trainingthe thinking?

Almost all the psychologist are of the view that thinking is an activity of man s mind.More the power of thinking a man has, the better man considered to be as compare with others.

Nature of thinking :- Acc to Drever thinking is the activity of the growing point of individualmind. Acc to James P. Chaplin and T.S. Krawice, thinking is as much as out chief tools of

though concepts are learned. Moreover, a great deal of our thinking is based on memories,recollections and memory images. In deed, much of what is called thinking is actually

remembering.Difference between thinking and ideas :- Thinking is a mental activity while idea is an

element that he uses at the time of thinking. Thinking is a conscious effort in narrow sense. If

we take its broader meaning then cognition, or perception or perceptional actively. Imaginationor imaginative activity conceptual or concepts are included in it.Characteristics of thinking :- Following characteristics are observed in the process of thinking :-

1. Presence of problem2. It is an adjustment to hypothetical situation

3. There is the coherence of item.4. There is internal speech in it

5. There is use of trial and error methodFactors of thinking :- In thinking we have following factors:-

1. Image :- The image of the object or thing perceived is formed. These images or imaginariesare of different variety.

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2. Concept :- As compared to images, concept has greater role to play in the process ofthinking. Process of concept is nothing but a pattern formed by various characteristics and

various object. Due to concept the speed of thinking grows fast.3. Language :- In order to establish the unity and relationship in image and concept man has

introduced another symbol and this is the symbol of words. Every word of language representssome image or some concept. The process of thinking is quite complicated.

Types of thinking :- Given are below are the various types of thinking,1. Perceptual :- This is more or less a presentative type of thinking ex. When a child see his

father after dosing himself and raises his hand and says tata.2. Imaginative thinking :- In imaginative thinking perception is missing. In the imaginative

process of thinking we think about future on the basis of memory.3. Conceptual thinking ;- It is possible only when certain concepts have been formed. In the

process of thinking the place of perception and imagination is takes over by the concepts.4. Logical thinking :- This is the highest type of thinking. It is more or less a purposeful

activity. For a logical thinking it is necessary that a problem should be present.Responsibility of teachers to impart thinking :- The aim of education is to develop and improve

the capacity and power of thinking. The teacher should give the student the freedom andopportunity to express his own ideas. When a student puts a question the teacher should not

discourage and scold him. On the other hand, we should give him a proper answer andencourage him. Their language should also be proved and reformed, they should be helped to

acquire to control over the language. If the teacher shall give a proper co-operation to thestudent, the power of thinking of the student shall be developed.

Reasoning :- Man is the crown of creations. He is gifted with certain powers that we do not findin other living beings.

Nature of Reasoning :- Reasoning is the highest activity of stage of thinking. It is only when themind has been thoroughly and properly organized that it is possible for an individual to take to

reasoning. Since children do not have properly developed and organized mind, it is not possiblefor them to have reasoning. Following two factors are necessary for reasoning:-

1. The concepts and the judgment should have been formed in the mind of the individual.2. He should have also acquired the power of making judgments.

Steps of Reasoning :- Acc to Dewey, there are five steps of reasoning.1. Problem or the realization of the difficulties

2. The examination of the object3. Attempt to solve the problem or explain the difficulty

4. Making experiments or making attempts to verify the solution.5. Decision

Types of reasoning :- There are two types of reasoning 1. Deductive reasoning, 2. Inductivereasoning.

1. Deductive reasoning :- When a particular problem has been solved on the basis of certainprinciple, then it is said to be deductive. In this system, first of all problem is put before us.

When the problem has been put forward, we start solving. In order to solve the problem we lookat our past experiences and try to learn theories. Thus with the help of this principle, we are able

to solve a problem.2. Inductive reasoning :- In this system of reasoning we try to find a solution of a problem on

the basis of a new theory. In education, a combination of both the method is useful. Thereforewhile educating a child both the types of reasoning should be developed in him.

Training of logical thinking or reasoning :- When the education has been co-related with theproblem of daily life only then it shall be possible for the children to have a proper problem.

For the solution of a particular problem certain hypothesis have to be laid down. Thepower of logical thinking can be developed with the help of project method, debates, seminars

and other such activities. In order to lead to deep and serious study of certain subjects, this

power can be developed in the students with the help of the lesson being taught or questionanswer method.

The teacher should try their best to give ample opportunities to the students to study their

environment. They should teach the students in such a way that they are able to think for theirown self. Children have the tendency to take interests in new things. While presenting new

problems their physical and mental activities should also be developed. So far the problem ofeducating, deductive or inductive reasoning is concerned, they should the development of

reasoning power of the children.

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CHAPTER24

INTELLIGENCE

Q. Define intelligence. What is difference between intelligence and knowledge.

Q. What is the importance of intelligence testing of the children in education?Since very olden days, educationalist have been debating these questions. In olden days

the child who could learn a lot with the help of memory was considered to be an intelligentstudent.

Nature of intelligence :- It is not an easy task to deficit the nature of intelligence. Some timeimmemorial philosophers, poets, scientists etc have failed to define God the sources of

perennial strength and energy similarly psychologists have failed to give a correct definition ofintelligence. Modern psychologists, in order to determine the nature of the intelligence have put

forward various definitions.The nature of intelligence has received much attention from psychologists and

unfortunately a large no of contradictory or conflicting conceptions of the term have beenpresented. Ballard is of the opinion that the various definition of intelligence may be classified

under the following categories :-1. Intelligence is that general capacity which help in almost all mental activities.

2. Intelligence is a combination of two or three different capabilities.3. Intelligence is the special traits and capabilities.

Characteristics of the intelligence :1. Intelligence is an inborn natural power.

2. It help a man in learning things3. With the help of the power of intelligence man is capable of facing the difficulties and

complicated situations.4. There is no difference in intelligence due to difference in sex.

5. Heredity exercise a good deal of influence or intelligence6. The study of the development of the intelligence has proved that if a child is brought up in a

healthy and proper environment, then his IQ hall be more than a child brought up I a differentenvironment.

7. Intelligence test have to proved that (a) intelligence is different from acquired traits and (b)towards the middle adolescence, its development cases.

8. Intelligence tests have proved that generally children are of medium intelligence an ability.9. There is difference between intelligence and knowledge and this we shall discuss in the

following passage.Difference between intelligence and knowledge :-

1. A man may be learned and he may have a good deal of knowledge but it is not necessary heshould be intelligent, also similarly, an intelligent man may not acquire knowledge.

2. Generally intelligence is determined and fixed. It cannot be increased by practice. On theother hand it is possible to develop and increase the knowledge.

3. Knowledge of many things is called learning. In other words, knowledge is nothing butknowing about many things. It is the intelligence only that helps the application of all this

knowledge in the practical life of man.4. With the help of greater intelligence, greater knowledge can acquired but with great

knowledge it is not possible to develop greater intelligence.5. If the intelligence is destroyed the whole knowledge get destroyed but when the knowledge is

forgotten, intelligence does not finish.6. In the words of James, wisdom is the goal and that knowledge is only the means of reaching

it.Utility of intelligence tests in education :- 1. Test of the work of the teacher :- Certain students

prove to posses higher intelligence tests, but secure less marks in the class examination.

2. Helps the classification of the children :- With the help of the intelligence tests, it is notpossible to categorize the students on the basis of intelligence. Feeble minded and intelligentstudents are good in different classes and education is arranged accordingly.

3. Help in annual examination :- Today many intelligent students due to various socio-economic circumstances fail at the annual examination. Under such circumstances with the help

of intelligence tests. It is possible to promote those students to higher classes.4. The student himself can have a proper assessment of his own progress. With the help of

intelligence tests the students himself gets a proper assessment of his progress.5. The decision towards scholarship :- intelligence tests in the present setup can help the

institutions and the government to give scholarships to really intelligent students.

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CHAPTER25

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Man is an animate being and even then the principal of individual difference is applied on

him. Due to this difference, individual psychology or differentiate psychology grew up on thenineteenth century. Today the principle of individual difference has so much influenced the

education that education without knowing, is considered to be incomplete.What is individual difference :- Two individuals are not like each other. Although the principle

of I.D has been practiced for last too many centuries, but it acquired it actual importance after theintelligence testing method. I.D means that no two persons of the world are like each other. It is

due to this reason that all individuals do not behave in the same manner. Different occupationsalso have an influence on the behavior of the individual.

Acc to John, :The psychology of individual differences is largening the study of groupdifferences. This study classifies individuals of age, sex, social class and so on and observe the

differences within and between those groups.Causes of individual differences:- I.D is caused by various factors:-

1. Heredity :- Heredity is the main cause of I.D. Generally it is seen that the parents of thementally backward people are backward. While the parents of the intelligent people are

intelligent.2. Environment :- Environment has various features physical as well as social. Social

environment influences people more than the physical environment.3. Age and intelligence :- These two factors are also responsible for individual differences , (a)

Age- psychological and emotional development is caused by the growth in age. Acc to age,children differ in these qualities. Experiments have proved that with the growth in age especially

after 40 there is decline in intelligence and the capacity to learn. After 60, there is definitedecline I intelligence and it goes on diminishing. (b) Intelligence :- All children do not have the

same and similar intelligence. Some boys are also mentally backward, some are exceptionallyintelligent while others have a normal intelligence. Due to intelligence there is I.D as well.

4. Caste and race5. Economic conditions and education.

6. Self difference7. maturity :- With the growth of age, there is growth in maturity. Some children reach

maturity earlier than the others. Some are more matured while the others are less. This alsoleads ID.

Various experiments and tests for finding out the individual differences :- Binet & Soyman werethe first to introduce the test s method in order to ascertain the difference between the

intelligence of the children. In order to find out the I.Q the mental age is divided by the real ageand then multiplied by 100.

I.Q = Mental age

_________ X 100

Real age2. Special aptitude tests :- These tests are carried out in order to ascertain the aptitudes of

student in commerce, science, art etc.3. Achievement tests :- To ascertain the achievements of the children in history, geography,

arithmetic, science etc. achievements tests are carried out. In these tests certain questions areselected from various subjects and the students are asked to answer these questions. With the

help of the answers, it is possible to ascertain their achievements in various subjects.4. Tests of emotionality :- Psychologists have invented certain instruments with the help of

which is possible to ascertain the emotionality of the students.

5. Personality tests ;- Questionnaire method, evaluation, perception, behavior instincts are thevarious techniques that are employed in personality tests.6. Case history method :- In this method, various questions pertaining to various aspects of

the personality are constructed. The boy or the child is asked to answer them in Yes or No. onthe basis of the answers furnished by the child, the qualities of the personality of the child are

laid down.Importance of individual difference in the field of Education :-

1. Proper division of the class :- Separate classes are held for the students who have higherintelligence. We should classify people acc to which they belong.

2. Attention towards the special aptitude or interest of the children :- Proper attention should bepaid towards the special qualities of the personality and interests.

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3. I.D towards the students :- It is not possible to solve all problems of education by classifyingthe students on the basis of personality. It is necessary to pay individual attention to every

student. Ross mentioned, the real solution of the difficulty is not classification acc to types butindividuals aliased instructions. In Montessory method and under the Dalton s plan, success of

which is beyond doubt.4. Attention towards difference in sex

5. Establishment of multi-purpose school6. Social and economic conditions of the child :- Every opportunity should be provided to the

children to pursue education of their liking and interest.7. Curriculum :- The curriculum should bear in mind the I.D in children. In the elementary

stage, we may give similar education to all children. But in boyhood and adolescence, thecurriculum should be constructed on the basis of I.D.

8. Help in choosing on occupation :- The greatest utility of study of I.D in education is to helpthe child to choose an occupation of his liking.

9. Responsibility of the teachers :- The teacher is charged with added responsibility ofproviding education on the basis of I.D. His teachings does not end with his lectures in the

classroom. Now he has to observed the student at every moment. He has to carry out variousexperiments and tests in order to ascertain I.D. If the teacher is careful and alert he can do a

good deal in this field.

CHAPTER26

NATURE OF PERSONALITY, TYPES AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

Characteristics of Balanced personality :- Personality is a sum total of various human qualities.

These qualities cannot be put together in an ideal, balanced, healthy and normal manner. A man,who is of a balanced personality today can grow into a person of an unbalanced personality

tomorrow. Followings are the chief characteristics of a balanced personality : 1. good health, 2.feeling or cooperation, 3. attempt to do social service by joining such social organization that

brings about the betterment and upliftment of character, 4. good behavior with fellow men, 5. toprepare to undertake any type of intellectual activity, 6. to give greater importance to the true and

the good against beautiful.Factors responsible for the formation of the personality of the individual :- Heredity and the

environment are the two factors responsible for the formation of the personality of an individual.Heredity and environment :- Heredity sends the child actors on the stage of environment, (a)

Nervous system, (b) Reflex, (c) Instincts, (d) Tribes, (e) general tendencies, (f) emotions, (g)intelligence, (h) capacity.

All these factors are responsible for the socialization of the child. Birth is the signal ofexperience to been its work of converting the biological individual into a social person.

Physical of natural environment and personality :-1. Influence of natural or geographical environment on personality:- People of warm countries

are not very hard working while the people of cold climate are hard working and laborious.2. Environment of the family :- The relationship of the individual with the family has an

influence on his personality. Due to family relationship, some children grow into independentbeings while others into parasites.

3. Neighborhood :- If the people in the neighborhood are cultured, educated and good then thechild is also to grow into a good person.

4. Friends and companions :- It is only in the company of the fellowmen that the child getsaffection and respects.

5. Influence of the school :- The child enters the school which is a bigger social circle in whichhe has lived as yet. The relationship of the child with the fellow students and teachers

determines such a form of personality which is to a very great extent, permanent and stable.

CHAPTER28

MENTAL HEALTH AND SCIENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH

National council of education, America has discovered nine elements that have an

adverse effect on the personality of teachers. It is these factors that are responsible for thepersonal mal adjustment of the teachers :- 1. Too much of work, 2.Less salary, 3. Strict control

in taking up outside the school work, 4. Insecurity of tenure, 5. Indifference of the people, 6.Repressive administration and inspection, 7. Undertaking the burden of the job of others, 8. Too

much worrying about details, 9. Too ,much of association with children of immature mind.

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Other than these nine factors, there are other factors as well that have an adverse effect onthe personality of the children. They are being enumerated below :-

1. Heavy burden of work :- Educated young men think that the teaching is very light job. Thisis a wrong assessment. Looking after 35 40 students of the class, preparation of lesson at

home, presentation of the lesson before students, correction of the works of the students, findingout the weakness of the students, and making efforts to do away with them, organization of co-

curriculum activities, maintaining attendance.The inevitable routine of lesson planning, problem construction, motivation of work,

judgment of performance, diagnosis of weakness, application of remedial instruction, andintegration of various program into coherent and related whole is a difficult responsibility which

every teacher assumes when he becomes a leader of 40 children.How to improve the mental health of the teachers :- It is very necessary to improve the mental

health of the teachers. Without the mental health of the teacher it is not possible to have ahealthy scheme of education. In this respect the following steps should be taken:-

1. Proper facilities for recreation :- Recreation is very necessary for the maintenance of mentalhealth.

2. Membership of the teacher s organization :- Generally teachers suffer from weak mentalhealth due to less salary, strict administration and other negative conditions. If the teachers are

properly organized they can fight against such injustice.To protect the interests of service, to which they have concentrated their lives is not

selfish goal. The teachers through their association should protect their members against unjustpractice and should employ pressure methods when necessary to defend the just cause .

3. Internal methods of mental hygiene :- In order to maintain the proper mental health theteachers should undertake the following steps:-

(i) Proper assessment of one s own self:- If the teachers do not keep their eye on thisthing, they are likely to grow greedy and jealous. The teachers should also know their

weakness and make attempt to correct it.(ii) Regulated program of life :- He should plan his future as well as present. He should

normally lay down his aims. With this regulated way of life the teacher can makeprogress as well as maintain his mental health.

(iii) Taking of help of psychologist4. Place for mental hygiene in the curriculum of the teacher s training :- In the syllabus of

teacher s training, mental hygiene should be given a place to maintain their mental hygiene andhealth this can also brighten the future of teacher.

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ALL INDIA

TEACHERSTRAINING COURSE

NEW DELHI

PAPER V

EDUCATION

PSYCHOLOGY

NAME :