papal-hungarian relations in 12th century

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SPECIMINA NOVA

PARS PRIMA

SECTIO MEDIAEVALIS

VI.

Dissertationes historicae collectae perCathedram Historiae Medii Aevi Modernorumque Temporum

Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis

A Pcsi Tudomnyegyetem !"p#ori s ora$%#ori T!rtnetiTans"#ne# T!rtneti #!"lemnyei

Pcs, 2011


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Contributionem ad publicationem huius voluminis assignaverat:

Rector of the University of Pcs

Editorial boardMrta Font !ergely "iss Endre #ashalmi $University of Pcs%

&orbert "ers'en $(erder )nstitut* Marburg%Eduard M+hle $,eutsches (istorisches )nstitut* -arschau%

"laus (erbers $Friedrich./le0ander.Universit1t* Erlangen.&+rnberg%"atalin #2ende $Central European University* 3udapest%

Redegerunt: Mrta Font* !ergely "iss* 4ams Fedeles5ayout: !ergely "iss

(U )##& 6778.899

; Claudia /lraum

; !bor 3arabs

; /ndreas (oldonner

;


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PBP#45)C( !EPRB!4E )&4E!R/4)PR


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P1pstlich gepr1gte )ntegrationspro2esse in st. und-esteuropa $66D.6D hD%

Universale Einheit oder vereinheitliche GielfaltH)nternationale 4agung

Pcs* ID ,e2ember 969


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#pecimina &ova Pars Prima #ectio Mediaevalis G)DRedegerunt MD Font !D "iss 4D FedelesDPcs* 966D pD N8D


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&i.lo"atic%s H%#$aia! !ccl!siastic%s ac ci6ilis8)Q)D EdD !eorgiusFe?rD 3udae* 68JZ68TTD$hereafter: FESR C,% )))6D pD 8T\Mo#%"!#ta Ro"a#a E.isco.at%s ?!s.i"i!#sisD ))GD EdD GilmosFra'n=i &ndor"nau2 =2sef 5u'csicsD 3udapest* 68JI6J9ND $hereafter: Mon-esp% )D pD 68\Cat%lai! $@#@al &! lo&! &!s Hos.itali!s &! S8 (!a# &! (@%sal!" 22::;2


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Papal(ungarian relations in the late tKelfth century: Remar's on the H%#$aia 5o#ti/icia

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said not to be paying the tithes on their vineyards in the bishopric of PcsD8#upposedly these lands Kere cultivated as e0traneus vineyards* although itKas not clear from the charter Khether labores or novalia Kere dueD 4hedebates escalated in 66* ?ust before the Fourth 5ateran CouncilD /t aboutthis time the #2'esfehrvr commandery Kas in dispute Kith the bishop of

Ges2prm over the tithe of the rustici of the (ospitallers in that bishopricDJ

4he papal auditor diligently put together the arguments of the opposingpartiesD Pope )nnocent ))) summari2ed the facts in 667I and e0plained tothe (ospitallers of (ungary* in a meticulous Kay* that the grant of `ueenEuphrosyne $given before 66J% and its confirmation by her son $in 66J% didnot automatically include the tithes of the lands donated since tithes couldnot be granted by secular personsD 4hus the basis for praescriptio had lapsed\it Kas alleged by the bishop of Ges2prm that although the (ospitallerscould prove thirty years of peaceful tenure they lac'ed the forty years oftaciturnitas Khat the pope concluded from the ius communeD 4he finaldecision* hoKever* favored the (ospital on the basis of the confirmation of

the e0emption of the commandery $decimas et ecclesias scD Csurg= andV?udvar intra parochiam #D #tephani% by Popes Celestine and 5uciusD 4hechronology suggested by the document is someKhat problematicD 4he papal

bull clearly referred to more than one e0hibited document: it reads inclyterecordationis 3ele regis et Euhprosine matris ipsius* regine (ungarieprivilegia e0hibuitD 4he charter of `ueen Euphrosyne has not come doKn tous nor did the rder ever refer to itD Perhaps the concept of posterior derogatpriori functioned hereD /ccording to Pope )nnocent )))* it Kas a pope CDO*either Celestine or Clement* Kho confirmed the original privilege Khich the(ospitallers actually e0hibited and Khich has accepted as authentic:a%t1!#tic%" a..a!!t that means it most li'ely happened betKeen 66J and66J8D 4he brethren also claimed that the privilege had subseuently beenconfirmed by Pope 5ucius ))) $66866687%\ e0 silentio it folloKs that they didnot produce the later confirmation during the disputeD

)t appears that it must have been Pope Celestine ))) $66J666J8% Kho con.firmed the privilege* since he Kas confirming the 66J grant of the (un.garian ruler\69that interpretation is supported by the fact that the name of the#2'esfehrvr commandery Kas introduced* most unusual for a (ospitaller

8FESR C, )))6D pD 6T6;6TD9Cartulaire nrD 6T8D10 4he edition by D!la6ill! L! Ro%l> reads as Clement and lists Celestine among the te0tualvariants in the notes\ presumably it Kas abbreviated as C in the original te0tD Cartulaire nrD 6T8D


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abbot achieved some success* because he promptly boasted of it to his felloKmon's as Kell as to Pope !regory )Q in 6I6Nand 6ND68

4he (ospitallers referred to confirmation of their rights* and they sup.posedly not only concerned the very case* for instance the controversy Kiththe 3enedictines* but also those general privileges they received during the

tKelfth centuryD -hat these privileges KereH4he establishment and the rapid distribution of the military.religiousorders Kas provided and bac'ed by the group of privileges Khich folloKedthe path paved by the CisterciansD 4hese advances promoted these orders onthe long runD )n the case of the first par e0cellence military order* the4emplars* these e0emptions Kere ac'noKledged in the O"#! &at%" o.ti"%"of Pope )nnocent )) $66966T% issued in 66JD6J Recent literature has*hoKever* emphasi2ed that the initiative originated from Pope Celestine ))$66T66TT%* more precisely* from the content of the Milites 4empli of 66TTD 94he papal charter concerned the burial rights and the antecedent of thisdocument is to be sought in a charter of Pope )nnocent )) issued betKeen

66 and 66N* moreover* another forerunner can be dated to the period of66J66TD64he O"#! &at%" o.ti"%" of 66J released the 4emplars from the

payment of tithe after their oKn landed estates and conceded them the rightto be granted of collecting tithe provided that the achieved the consent$consensus% of the bishop and that of the concerned ecclesiastical institutionD/ccording to the series of privileges* the same either financial importancecan* be attributed to the right of establishment of neK churches and the

burial rights of the deceased brethrenD 4he third important pillar Kas theMilitia D!iof 66T7 issued by Pope Eugene ))) $66T7667% Khich settled theright of the 4emplars for collecting tithe as Kell as the concession for burialoblations provided that they oKned commanderies in the territoryconcerned and the consent of the bishop Kas not mentioned in this charterD#upposedly* both the military.religious order and the pope had plenty ofe0perience of the attitude of the local clergy toKards the assumed privilegesD

17 &ational /rchives of (ungary* Collectio /ntemohacsiana* Photocopy collection $hereafter:,F% 9I88N* 9I888\ PR4 )D pD I89I8D18,F 98J6* U )D pD TNT8D PR4 )D nrD J8D19()E#4/&,6JND pD 9TZ69D20)bidD* pD 6Z6ID21 )bidD* pD 99TD* 6D #ee also Peter ,D C5/R"E: T1! I#t!&ict i# t1! T1it!!#t1 C!#t%,0 A%!stio# o/ Coll!cti6! G%iltD 0ford* 99ND pD IJZN6* 68Z6JD22()E#4/&,6JND pD 6IZ6ND


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pieces of information for the disposal of Rudolf (iestand before he passedthe H%#$aia 5o#ti/iciato #KeeneyD9

4he first of these charters is the A%&i6i"%s !t a%&i!#t!s letter of Pope/le0ander ))) $667J6686%* preserved in the toKn archive of Po2sony$3ratislava%*6Khich Kas dated by Me2ey* on the basis of the itinerary of the

pope* to T ,ecember 66N966ND

#ince the forerunner privilege Kas grantedto the Cistercians in 66NT* Khile the first variant for the military.religiousorders Kas promulgated on 6 &ovember 66NJ* this particular chartershould be dated later* presumably to 6689D 4he papal charter Kas issued forthe sa'e of the 4emplars confirming their e0emption of tithing over laboresand novaliaD )t also confirms the dating as it Kas a clear ansKerO to thecharges raised at the 4hird 5ateran Council $66NJ% Khere the attending

bishops accused the poor 'nights of the 4emple of #olomon Kith the non.payment of the tithesD 4he document Kas sorted out as it belongs to theriens pontificius and not to the H%#$aia 5o#ti/iciaD

4he second document*Ta letter of Pope 5ucius ))) $66866687%* issued in

Gelletri Khich confirmed theA%&i6i"%s !t a%&i!#t!sof /le0ander ))) contain.ing the privilege of the (ospitallers concerning the labores.titheD 4he charteronly indicates the day of issuance Kithout the yearD n the basis of the placeKhere the document Kas recorded Me2ey identified the date as J /pril 668D4he inventory of the &ational /rchives of (ungary dated the documentaccording to the pontificate of 5ucius )))* that is* to 66866687* but the #pringof 668 seems to be the most li'elyD 4he itinerary of the pope Kould alloK tota'e into consideration the previous year too* but as a matter of fact 5uciusconfirmed other privileges for the 4emplars in (ungary in three Kee's asKell as other ones for the (ospitallers in #eptember 668D 4his may implythat the military.religius orders regarded this moment to be timely to havetheir privileges ac'noKledged by the local clergyD &onetheless* having nounuestionable piece of evidence Ke do not rule out the dating thedocument to 668D

30For the recent edition of these charters* see


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copy has been added to the Photocopy Collection of the &ational /rchives of(ungaryD

#trange enough* the surveyed documents are not listed in the elenchusprepared for the second volume of the ,iplomata (ungariae antiuissima$66666JI% Khich otherKise contains almost fifty papal chartersD (aving a

closer loo' of the materials being prepared for edition it seems that the lateProfessor Me2ey left the editorial board at a certain point and too' aKay thefolders attributed to the H%#$aia 5o#ti/iciatherefore they have been omittedfrom the corpusD

/s a sort of conclusion* there must be an e0planation Khy the intensity ofthe acuisition of privileges raised to such e0tent in the 6689sD &or earlier*neither later as far as the tKelfth century is concernedD -hile attempting toget acuainted Kith the efficient causes Ke should turn toKards the contem.porary situation of the overall ChurchD 4he bishops appeared at the 4hird5ateran Council in March of 66NJ fought very hard against those 4emplarsand (ospitallers Kho Kere said to be abusing their privilegesD 4hese prelates

succeeded to convince the Council to condemn in a canonT

those comman.deries of these military.religious orders Kho accepted churches* tithe fromlay hands and those Kho failed to present their priest to the local bishopDMoreover* one may hear about (ospitallers Kho* Khile collecting alms*happened to Kander on territories under interdict and they celebrated mas.sesD )t is tempting to thin' that the above surveyed privileges primarily re.flected to these chargesD /ccordingly* one may encounter a very usual si.tuation: the charters from the autumn of 66NJ 'ept confirming and legi.timi2ing an already e0isting status uo Kith the local clergyD /lthough theprivileges acuired by the military.religious orders $and the Cistercians%mostly incorporated the uestioned e0emptions* the very general Kording ofthe documents and the inaccuracies resulted from this feature led tonumerous abusesD 4hese Kere the military orders Khich have Kon the battleon the short run since the criticism phrased at the ecumenical council did notma'e the 'nights Kithheld* uite the contrary: it pointed out the circle ofprivileges to be gained or confirmed in the futureD

4his impression may be reinforced by the fact that the process of thesettlement of the military.religious orders in the "ingdom of (ungary mostli'ely reached or at least approached the critical massD 3y the end of the66N9s both the 4emplars and the (ospitallers possessed such an amount of

4266NJ: JD D!c!!s o/ t1! Ec%"!#ical Co%#cils8GolD 6D $&icaea 65ateran G%D EdD &ormann PD4annerD -ashington ,D CD* 6JJ9D pD 6I6N* CfD !eorg #C(RE)3ER: K%i! %#& Klost! i" 28

(a11%#&!tD )))D #tuttgart* 6J69D )D pD JT* ))D pD 67* IN* 66I* 7TD


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papal-hungarian relations in 12th century

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