paper 2: human geography urban issues & challenges

Paper 2: Human Geography

Urban Issues & Challenges

The world’s population has

grown rapidly since 1900’s.

Since 1900, the total population has

risen to over 7 billion.

What is Urbanisation?

URBAN GROWTH: The increase in the area covered by cities.

URBANISATION: The proportion of the world’s population who live in cities.

Why do cities grow?

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: The movement of people from the

countryside into towns & cities.

NATURAL INCREASE: Where the birth rate is higher than the

death rate.

More than half the world’s population now live in urban areas and cities are continuing to grow. There are TWO main reasons why;

PUSH

FACTORS

PULL

FACTORS

Location & Importance Mumbai - wealthiest city in India. It’s seen rapid urban growth over the last 50 years. Why? Rural-urban migration

LIC/NEE Case Study – Mumbai, India

Causes of Growth in Mumbai

PUSH FACTORS unemployment lower wages crop failure poor living conditions poor health & education natural disasters civil war

PULL FACTORS more jobs higher wages better living

conditions better education &

health services less chance of

natural disasters

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: The movement of people from the countryside into towns & cities.

Opportunities from Urban Growth

• Economic – high employment opportunities = manufacturing industries (electronic items, jewellery & textiles)

• Social – high community spirit = no crimeEverything is recycled!

Named example: Dharavi, India• An estimated 16,000 factories

employing 250,000 people

• Recycling – everything is recycled from soap to electrical & plastics.

Potential 6/9 marker

Challenges from Urban Growth

2. PROVIDING CLEAN WATER & SANITATION• 95% DO NOT have access to clean water• Leads to risk to illnesses & diseases e.g. typhoid

1. RAPID GROWTH• 2 million population increase from 2001-2001 • Growth means poorest have to live in illegal squatter settlements• Unplanned/overcrowded areas = hard to provide services e.g. schools, waste

collection.


3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES• Large volumes of human & industrial waste = contaminated rivers = poor

sanitation• Unregulated industry = more air & water pollution• Older/poor quality vehicles = higher emissions

Improving Quality of Life in Mumbai

MUMBAI SLUM RESETTLEMENT SCHEME• A slum area along a railway line was cleared & residents moved to a new housing area in

a different part of the city.• New apartments have proper water supplies & drains• Reduced risk of typhoid/stomach problems/infections = children miss less school

INCREMENTAL HOUSING SCHEME • Families given the right to the land for their home & grants given > used for

improvements.• Community involved in the design & layout of the area > residents make own decisions

about their homes e.g. colour of outside walls = feeling included & respected

SANITATION PROJECT• 300+ community toilet blocks have been built housing more than 5,000 toilets• Separate toilets for men & women = improved QOL

ELECTRIFICATION STRATEGY10,000 new or upgraded electricity connections = power in their homes = improved cooking facilities

Choose 3 to support 6/9

marker

HIC Case Study – Birmingham, UKLocation & Importance

• Located in the centre of England in the West Midlands.

• UK’s 2nd largest city, 5 major universities

• Home to around 31,000 companies

• More than £13 billion is to be invested in infrastructure development over the next decade.

• Railway links – New Street Station is the busiest station outside of London.

• Birmingham Airport – over 9 million customers in 2014.

• Global communications hub offering flights to a wide range of business & leisure destinations e.g. China, South America & USA.

Causes of Growth – National &

International Migration

National Migration• Birmingham grew as a free-trade (less tax) city & drew in people from surrounding countryside, nearby cities.

• Migrants continue to come to the city to work/study @ university

International Migration• Jewish people fled persecution in 1950’s

creating the Jewellery Quarter• More recently from Syria.• Economic migrants from eastern European countries e.g. Poland

How has migration changed the character of Birmingham?• Migration has given the city a rich cultural heritage & has seen the development of successful multi-cultural communities.

• E.g. ethnic restaurants & cultural events & skill-related businesses

Opportunities from Urban Growth

1. ECONOMIC

Job opportunities including retail (Bullring), leisure, manufacturing & research and

development (University of B.Ham), Strong historical culture – museums, art gallery e.g.

Birmingham Hippodrome and canals have been regenerated = bars & restaurants.

ALL of these opportunities lead to MULTIPLIER EFFECT

2. TRANSPORT

City Council agreed to a 20 year plan to road, rail & bus links & better/more cycle

routes and walkways.

3. BRIMINGHAM’S GREEN VISION- Tree planting- Development of green roofs- Creating blue corridors alongside canals & rivers- Creating parks & recreational spaces- Encouraging walking & cycling.


Challenges from Urban Growth

1) Deprivation • DEINDUSTRILISATION= high unemployment = low income = deprivation

(Lower than expected standard of living) = SPIRAL OF DECLINE!

3) Housing• High population = housing pressures > insufficient quality & affordable housing

for everyone. 5000 houses needed in 2015Strategies to improve = Building on GREENFIELD OR BROWNFIELD. Greenfield = cheaper but destroys rural landscape. Brownfield = expensive but close to city/infrastructure in place

2) Waste Disposal• Population increase = more waste.• Only 30% of Birmingham’s waste was recycled – aim 40% by 2025.Strategies to improve = household recycling schemes & turning rubbish into electrical energy

4) Urban Sprawl (Growth of commuter settlements)• City expanding into rural edges = Out of town shopping centres, golf courses,

large houses. • Commuters live on rural urban fringe = traffic = air pollution.

2018 – 9 MARKER

The plan will include:

• A technology park • A £70 million town centre• Hotel & leisure developments• Bourneville College (£66 million learning

facility)• Range of office accommodation to suit

different size businesses• Residential developments to suit

different age ranges• Large industrial & distribution centre

buildings

The Longbridge Regeneration Plan

AIM: to completely regenerate the former MG Rover car plant site in B’ham.

Sustainable Urban Living Regeneration - improving social, economic & environmental conditions of a

previously run down area

Named ExampleCHOOSE 3!

Sustainable Urban Development

BED ZED is an environmentally friendly housing development in London

Rainwater harvesting provides water for gardens and for flushing toilets.

Zero non- renewable energy used Only solar panels and tree waste is used to heat the homes and produce electricity

Waste is recycled through a recycling facility

South facing windows to conserve heat in the winter

Named Example

Sustainable Transport Schemes Build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres. Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use. Encourage car-sharing schemes in work places Have public transport, cycle lanes & bike hire schemes.

Boris Bikes

Created in 2010, designed for people to hire a bike and travel round London. 13mph speed. Can be dropped off at any point. Easy and convenient.

- Only 16% use the bike

- 467 serious injuries reported from collisions with buses, cabs & cars.

Congestion Charge

Aim is to reduce congestion. This reduces air pollution and reduce costs for businesses who suffer as a result of traffic congestion.

+ Traffic fell 15% leading to a 30% improvement in journey time.

- Less people will go into town and city centres will eventually shut down. Increase in illegal number plates trying to avoid the charge.

Named ExampleChoose ONE!


The Changing Economic World

KEYWORD: Development – refers to how social & economic conditions have improved over time & the typical quality of

life in that country.

GNI (Gross National Income) – total value of goods & products, plus money earned from & paid to a country per capita (person)

HDI (Human development Index) – Life expectancy, literacy rate (how many people can read and write) & GNI showing how economic growth and QOL link.

Birth rate, death rate & infant mortality rate (numbers of babies who die under the age of 1) also indicate development.

Measuring Development

HOWEVER looking at ONE of these could show a false representation of the whole country. Also data could be outdated, unreliable (some governments are corrupt) or inaccurate if informal sector is not accounted for.

• Data could be out of date, unreliable or hard to collect

• Data may not take into account informal economies

Limitations of Measuring Development

Stage 1 – High birth rates and high death

rates cancel each other out. Population remains

stable and low.

Stage 3 – Death rate low, birth rate falls. Population still rising.

Stage 5 – Birth rate drops below death

rate. ‘Greying population’.

Stage 2 – Death rate falls, birth rate remains high.

Population begins to grow.

Stage 4 – Low birth and death rates cancel

each other out. Population high but

stable.

HIGH FLUCTUATING EARLY EXPANDINGBIRTH RATE

LATE EXPANDING LOW FLUCTUATING DECLINING

NATURALINCREASE

UK is in stage four

LIC are likely to be in Stage 2 & 3

HICs are likely to be in stage 4 & 5

DTM

Historical – Colonialism = conflict. HICS took over LICs and took their raw materials = nothing to sell = no money = poorer QOL.

Example: Democratic Republic of Congo gained independence from Belgium in 1960 but it only had 14 university graduates in its population – Why would this prevent development?

Human causes of uneven developmentWhy are HICs more developed than LICs?

Economic – TODAY TNCs buy raw materials from LICs for a LOW PRICE = difficult to develop in LICs. Food prices can also fluctuate due to competition = slowed down rate of development in LICs.

NEEs have benefitted from global trade for example CHINA

Natural Resources Natural Hazards

• Lack of access to safe water = strain on healthcare

• Fuel sources such as oil = profit from exports

• Availability for timber = source of income

• Frequent hazards means acountry struggles to develop = constantly repairing itself

• Benefits from volcanoes = agriculture/expensive minerals i.e. diamonds.

Climate Location

• Must have rainfall to farm (Drought = no farming)

• Extreme climates limit industry and affects health.

• Climate can attract tourists.

• Landlocked countries may find trade difficult = no seas to export/import.

• Mountainous areas = farming difficult.

• Scenery attracts tourists.

Physical causes of uneven

development

WealthPeople in HICS = higher incomes than LICs= better QOL (Multiplier Effect)LICs have lower incomes = DEPRIVATION.

Health

Better healthcare in HICs = higher life expectancy.Poor healthcare in LICs = lower life expectancy.

Migration

If nearby countries have higher levels of development, people will move to seek better opportunities and standard of living= INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION. (SYRIA REFUGEE CRISIS 2015)

Consequences of uneven

development

Reducing the development gapTop down – Governments and organisations like World Bank help LICs to develop through:

1. Large scale industrial investment Governments, World Bank and TNCs invest in infrastructure & industry = employment = higher income = tax = spending disposal income in local businesses = development (MULTIPLIER EFFECT)

2. Large Scale Aid HICs or World Bank gift or loan LICS money = MULTIPLIER EFFECT.

3. Debt relief Debt is cancelled or HICs allow longer repayment time = lower payments allowing LICs to invest in services to improve QOL.

4. FairtradeFarmers get fair price for crops & better working conditions = improved QOL = MULTIPLIER EFFECT.

Part of the price is invested in local community development projects too! Potential 6/9

MARKER

Reducing the development gapBottom Up – Giving people in LICs support to help themselves encouraging development.

1. Intermediate technology Suitable technology that is appropriate for the needs, skills & understanding of local people. Usually support agriculture, water & health. For example: A hand water pump

2. MicrofinanceHICs give small loans (£200) to entrepreneurs in LICs helping them to start a small business = MULTIPLIER EFFECT.

Tourism in Tanzania How can tourism reduce the development gap?

• 11% of population work in tourism in 2013 • Worth $4.4billion in 2013 • Northern Safari Circuit & Climbing Mt. Kilimanjaro are

examples of tourist attractions in Tanzania.

Tourism leads to: Improvements in infrastructureCreates employmentBuilds sports & leisure facilities = better social life Global cuisine (food)

MULTIPLIER EFFECT!

Named Example

2018 – 4 MARKER

Global importance:2.7% of world’s oil!!!21st largest economy including finance, telecommunications, media. 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping

Regional importance (Why is it important in Africa):

Fast growing economy in AfricaHighest GDP in Africa Third largest manufacturing industry in AfricaLargest farm output (most food grown and cattle reared) – Mostly

subsistence farmers.

HOWEVER has internal corruption and a lack of infrastructure.

NEE Case Study – Development in

Nigeria, West Africa

Context of Nigeria Political;WAS a UK colony, became independent in 1960 had an unstable government until 1999. China & USA now invest in Nigeria = multiplier effect.

Social; Multi-ethnic & multi- faith = conflict. Islamic North and Christian South disagree over economic inequality (Difference between rich & poor)

Cultural;

Nollywood = 2nd largest film industry behind Bollywood

Environmental;

North: Semi-desertCentral:Jos Plateau = upland region (wetter & colder) = densely populated with farmland AND Tropical Grassland used for cattle (cows/goats) grazing. Crops such as COTTON grown.South: High temps & high rainfall = forest & cocoa farming.

Since it’s independence in 1960 Nigeria has become a member of the British Commonwealth.It is also a member of: • UN (United Nations)

• OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) –controls the price of oil.

• African Union – economic planning & peacekeeping group.

Imports; Petrol from EU, Cars from USA, Telephones from China

Exports; Crude & refined petrol, natural gas, rubber, cocoa.

Crude Oil – India is the biggest exporter = leads to industry = MULTIPLIER EFFECT

Agriculture – Australia is biggest exporter = farming jobs = MULTIPLIER EFFECT

Nigeria’s Political Links

Nigeria has a balanced economy (equal employment in primary, secondary & tertiary)

• Decline in agriculture due to machinery & better pay in secondary and tertiary sector.

• Industrialisation has increased employment in secondary particularly oil production.

• Growth of communications, finance & retail in tertiary sector.

Growth of manufacturing:Slowed down by dependence of export of oil HOWEVER increased:Regular paid work = more employment = taxes = local products bought = attracts foreign investment = MULTIPLIER EFFECT

Nigeria’s Economy

TNCs in Nigeria Advantages Disadvantages

+ Employment gaining new skills+ Investment in infrastructure+ Local businesses benefit from increase income (locals can buy more)+ Economic growth

MULTIPLIER EFFECT

- Poorly paid - Working conditions poor- Management jobs go to foreign

workers- Profit go abroad

Examples:1. UNILEVER – makes soap & food Employs 1500 people and invested in improvements in healthcare, education & water supply.

2. SHELL OIL – One of the world’s largest oil companies + Employs 65000 people+ Contributed to tax = investment into HC and education.

- Oil spills = water pollution, loss of fishing industry & damaged agriculture. - Oil flares = air pollution

2018

AID in Nigeria

World Bank loaned Nigeria $500M to improve services (HC and education)

Nets for life gave malariaeducation and gifted malaria nets to prevent spread.

USA gave aid to support people against HIV/AIDS.

2018

Industrial growth;Pollutants from industry in Lagos = pollute water = loss of habitats and air pollution

Deforestation; 70 – 80% of forests cut down due to agriculture, urbanisation & industry Loss of habitats (Giraffes & cheetahs)

Urban growth;Waste disposal, traffic congestion & loss of habitats are all consequences of urbanisation.

Mining & oil extraction;

Oil spills cause fires, send CO2 into atmosphere creating acid rain.

Effect of economic growth on the environment

Example: BODO Oil spill 2008 11million gallons spiltLed to a loss of habitats, loss of farmland which affected farmers and led to death of fish which affected fishermen. Cost £55 million.

QOL in Nigeria

+ Higher disposable income (Spare cash after bills)+ Improvements to infrastructure+ Better sanitation & access to clean water+ Better HC+ Reliable electricity+ Better paid jobs particularly in manufacturing

HOWEVER: - 60% people still live in poverty - Gap between rich and poor widens- Corruption threatens foreign investment- Spread of disease due to oil spills & tsetse fly- Boko Haram (Terrorist group) kidnap young girls =

threatened social happiness

Changing UK economy Causes of Economic Change Causes of a Post-Industrial

economy

- De-industrialisation and the decline of the UK’s industrial base. E.g. Coal mines shut in North East, Closure of MG Rover in Birmingham

- Globalisation has meant many industries have moved overseas, where labour costs are lower = outsourcing.

+ Skilled migrants fill gaps in jobs in UK.

+ Foreign companies invest in UK = new technology & jobs

The quaternary industry has increased, whilst secondary has decreased.

Numbers in primary and tertiary industry has stayed the steady.

Increase in finance, IT, research based jobs.

Due to improvements in technology and IT access allowing people to work from home.

Science Parks & Business Parks

Science Parks are groups of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses on a single site. • Access to transport routes. • Highly educated workers. • Staff benefit from attractive working conditions. • Attracts clusters of related high-tech businesses.

Business parks are areas of land occupied by a cluster of businesses.

• Land is cheaper than in town centres• Surrounding land allows to extend businesses• Access is better for workers and distribution- A

roads/motorways/less congestion. • Businesses benefit from working together.

Sustainable IndustriesTorr Quarry

• Quarry is being restored to create wildlife habitats

• 200 acres already returned• Monitoring of noise, vibrations, air and water quality

• Rail transport of goods to avoid disruption• Deepen quarry instead of widen

Named Example

Changing rural landscapes Growing Population:South Cambridgeshire, Bishop Stortford

Declining Population:Outer Hebrides, Stornoway

Increasing population due to migration(Counter urbanisation) Mainly over 65s (retirement & quieter life)

Social:- Commuters use Cambridge services = local businesses suffer- Commuters = traffic congestion = air pollution. - Young people cant afford houses.

Economic: - Decline in agriculture due to farmers

selling land to housing developers. - High petrol price due to commuters- Migrants = pressure on services

Population decline due to younger population migrating out to the main land = few opportunities.

Social: - School closures = not enough children - Declining working population =

economic decline- Lack of young people to look after

ageing population.

Economic: - Services close down- Farms can only offer part time due to

declining industry - Increase in tourism however

infrastructure cant cope

Named Example – Potential 6/9 marker

1. Smart motorways – 4 lanes = less congestion = improved business links between N & S = job creation = economic growth

2. HS2 (High Speed Rail) – reduces commute time between London and norther cities like Manchester = business opportunities between N & S = economic growth HOWEVER controversial due to destruction of natural landscape.

3. Liverpool 2 Port Project – Double capacity (Over 1.5M containers) = job creation = economic growth = reduces goods traffic on roads.

4. Proposed 3rd runway at Heathrow = job creation = international links = economic growth HOWEVER local opposition due to noise & cost is £18.6B

Changes in Transport

Named Example 2018 – 9 MARKER

North – South Divide

North: Mountainous = deindustrialisation (Steel/mining) = high unemployment = lower house prices

South: Flatter = fertile farmland = high employment = higher house prices.

1. HS2 (High Speed Rail) & Smart motorways = quicker commute

2. LEP (Local enterprise partnerships) = agreement between councils & business to encourage employment into northern cities. Example: Lancashire LEP – 50,000 jobs, £62M BT investment to improve internet, 400 new businesses.

3. Enterprise Zones = Encourage businesses to build in areas they have not previously used = Cheaper, superfast internet, easier to build.

How can we reduce North-

South divide?

Named Example

UK in the wider world

Politically: Member of EU = belong to single market = trade freely

TV & media: Peppa Pig screened in 170 countries = £1.28B earned in 2013

Culture: Fashion (Naomi Campbell), Books (Harry Potter) & historical (William Shakespeare)

Transport: Eurostar to France, Heathrow one of the worlds largest international airports.

Internet: UK is hub for cables connecting USA to UK.

Commonwealth: 53 countries connected through sport, trade & human rights.

More connections means more money!


Resource Management

Essential Resources

Essential resources influence human well being, if these essentials are met people have a good QOL.

1. Food – poorly balanced diet leads to malnutrition or obesity

2. Water –Used to drink, wash, irrigate crops & industrial use.

3. Energy –

Domestic (household), transport, industry & processing food.

Supply Vs. Consumption

Food: Correlation between areas of rapid population growth and undernourishment


Water: Water scarcity can be economic or physical. A countries water footprint identifies consumption. HIC have greater consumption compared to LICs.


Energy: Richest 1 billion consume 50% of world’s energy resources, the poorest 4 billion only consume 4%.

Food Demand in UK

•The UK imports about 40% of its food. This increases people’s carbon footprint.•There is growing demand for greater choice of exotic foods all year round. •Foods from abroad are more affordable.•Many food types are unsuitable to be grown in the UK.

Food milesDemand for food increases the distance over which we import food

+ Creates jobs = income = taxes = investment into services = Multiplier effect + Supports families in LICs

- Less land for locals to grow their own food in LICs- Farmers exposed to chemicals due to increasing demand (Intensive agriculture)

Alternative to importing food

- Trends in UK farming AgribusinessFarming as a large industrial business leading to increasing food production. + Intensive farming maximises amount of food produced.+ Using machinery = increases farms efficiency. - Employs a small number of workers. - Chemicals = damages the habitats and wildlife.

Sustainable Food Demand for organic food is rising, these have smaller impact on natural environment. A third of people grow their own food. + Local food+ Reduces emissions by only eating food from the UK. + Supports local shops and farms.

Lynford House Farm

Riverford Organic Farm

2018

Water demand in the UK

The average water used per household has risen by 70%. This growing demand is predicted to increase by 5% by 2020.

This is due to:

•A growing UK population.

•Water-intensive appliances.

•Showers and baths taken.

•Industrial and leisure use.

•Watering greenhouses

Water deficit & surplus in UK Water deficit – An area that does not have enough water.

Water surplus – An area with more water than they need

Water stress – Water available is not sufficient to meet the needs of the population

South east = severe water stress.Wales & North UK = low water stress

Water Management and Transfer

Schemes

• UK has strict laws = limit on the amount of water used in factories and farms.

• Education campaigns to explain what pollutes water systems e.g. oil & baby wipes.

• Waste water treatment plants remove pollutants = safe drinking water.

• Pollution traps catch and filter pollutants. • Green roofs = filter water naturally using succulents = sustainable.

Water transfer involves moving water through pipes from areas of surplus (Wales) to areas of deficit (London). Opposition includes:- Effects on land and wildlife. - High maintenance costs.- The amount of energy required to move water over long distances.

Potential 6 marker

Energy demand in UK & Energy

MiX

The UK consumes less energy now than compared to the 1970s despite a smaller population. This is due to the deindustrialisation.

The UKs energy mix is changing:

Oil Gas Renewable

Nuclear Coal Other

2009 2020

Significant increase in the use of renewables by 2020, decline in coal, oil & gas (fossil fuels)

WHY?

Issues of renewables as UKs

energy mix changes

+ The UK government is investing more into renewables (Wind, solar etc.)+ UK government aims to meet targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. - Do not run out. - Renewables are expensive to install.

Fracking: A new energy in the UK Shale gas deposits may be exploited in the near future which can contaminate ground water, consumer a lot of water resulting in water stress, may lead to earthquakes & cause cancer.

2018

Issues of fossil fuels as UKs

energy mix changes

Nuclear: + New plants provide job opportunities. - Risk of nuclear disaster poses harm to humans wildlife- Expensive

Fossil fuels: + Cheap and reliable + Still 2 to 3 hundreds years worth of coal in UK- Increases greenhouse gas emissions = climate change

2018

Global energy consumption &

supplyAccess to a cheap & reliable energy source encourages economic growth. HICs have a greater consumption = energy security. LICs have low energy consumption = energy insecurity.

Some countries are experiencing an energy gap. They are phasing out their use of fossil fuels but not replacing it with enough alternatives = leading to energy insecurity.

Factors affecting energy

consumption and supply

Physical Economic

• Geology determines the availability of fossil fuels.

• Climate variations will affect the potential use of renewable energye.g. wind/solar

• Natural disasters can damage energy infrastructure – LICs struggle to repair

• Cost of extracting fossil fuels = expensive

• Price of fossil fuels can change due to political differences (affects those countries who import)

• Infrastructure for energy is costly, especially for LICs.

Technology Political

• New technology is making once difficult energy sources now reachable/exploitable e.g. FRACKING

• Conflict and turmoil in energy rich countries can affect exports.

• Stricter regulations over Nuclear.

2018

Impacts of energy insecurity Sensitive environments Food production

Exploration of new energy resources threatens to harm sensitive areas such as the oil

drilling for oil in Alaska or clearing forests for biofuel.

A rise in energy prices = difficult for food production.

Energy conflict Industry

Shortages of energy resources can lead to tensions and

violence.

Decline in manufacturing and services.

Increasing Energy Supply using

Renewables

Wind Solar

No emissions but not always windy.

No CO2 emissions but panels are expensive

HEP Geothermal

Produces a large amount of energy but destroys habitats

through flooding and expensive to build.

Reliable but not accessible everywhere.

Increasing Energy Supply using

Non - Renewables

Fracking Nuclear

Found in shale rock, accessed by drilling down into the rock

and injecting high pressure mix of water and chemicals to

release the gas.

- Causes earthquakes and pollutes the water supply, potential cause of cancer

- Creates jobs and cleaner than coal

Large amounts of energy generated from these power

stations

- Will eventually run out. - Fears of nuclear disaster

(Chernobyl & Fukushima)

- Creates jobs and cleaner than coal

Potential 4 marker Potential 4/6 marker

Energy ConservationSustainability: Meeting the needs of the present whilst protecting it for future generations

Energy ConservationSustainability: Meeting the needs of the present whilst protecting it for future generations

• Hybrid and electric vehicles = less fossil fuels = less CO2. Some vehicles now recharge when braking.

• Modern technology – new vehicles are fitted with technology that reduces their CO2 emissions.

• Demand reduction – encouraging people to switch off lights when not needed or boiling enough water through education.

• Encouraging public transport – encourage the use of public transport through car share/cycle schemes or adding additional train/buses and using card such as oyster cards or contactless payments = quicker and easier to use.

Chambamontera - HEPVery poor area of northern Peru ($2 per day)

Low population means lack of investment in electricity supplies from the government

What is the scheme and how does it help?• Steep slopes and high rainfall make it ideal. • Total cost = $51,000 – subsidised by the

government and Japan.• Provides renewable energy• Low maintenance • Little environmental impact• Local labour and materials used

Impacts• Local population grown as no need to move• Reduced risk of flooding• Improved education as electricity allows for

homework• Improves Health as refrigeration can keep

medicines cool• Improved economy as businesses grow to sell

coffee instead of subsistence farming

Named Example

Potential 6 marker = Assess local energy scheme

paper 2: human geography urban issues & challenges

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