parapsychology. para = “at the side of…” psychological phenomenon that goes beyond the main...
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Parapsychology
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Parapsychology
• Para = “at the side of…”
• Psychological phenomenon that goes beyond the main area of psychological knowledge and interest
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Parapsychology
• The study of certain reported but unsubstantiated events that have no presently known explanation.
• No parapsychology experiment has ever been shown to have both positive results and be replicated by independent researchers.
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Parapsychology
• ESP (extra sensory perception)
– Perception of objects or events through means other than the sensory organs
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Kinds of ESP• Precognition
– The ability to know about events before they occur
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Kinds of ESP
• Psychokinesis– The ability to make objects
move by thinking of them as moving
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Kinds of ESP
• Telepathy– The direct transmission
of thoughts or ideas from person to person without anything being spoken or written down
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Kinds of ESP
• Clairvoyance– The ability to perceive
objects that are out of the range of human senses
• i.e. – sensing the location of a missing child
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Origin of Belief in ESP
• The term “ESP” was used as early as the late 19th century.
• Used to describe the ability of a person who had been hypnotized or in a trance state yet could sense things without using the five senses.
• However, the phenomena of ESP may go back to Biblical times.
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Origins of Belief in ESP
In Western culture, the founders of parapsychology were mostly people who lost their religious faith and began searching for a scientific basis for believing in the meaning of life and life after death (Alcock, 1985; Beloff, 1985).
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Persistence of Belief in ESP
• Misperceptions and Coincidences– Psychic connection between twins
• Confirmation Bias/Selective Recall– Recollection of eerie happenings
• Misinterpretation of Data– Inconsistent measuring techniques
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Persistence of Belief in ESP
• A survey published in 1987 by Univ. of Chicago found that 67% of all adult Americans believe they have experienced ESP, up from 58% in 1976.
• According to leading Russian scientists, "Many people believe in clairvoyance, astrology, and other superstitions to compensate for the psychological discomforts of our time."
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Testing ESP
“Because a good magician can do something shouldn't make you right away jump to the conclusion that it's a real phenomenon.” - Richard Feynman