Review 3RENAISSANCE

ISLAMICMODERN AND POST-MODERN

BYZANTINE

Parmigianino

Madonna with the Long Neck

ca. 1535oil on wood7 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 4 in.

RENAISSANCEMANNERISM

CHARLES MOORE, Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1976-1980.

Historical styles are cited by Charles Moore in his Piazza d’Italia (FIG. 34-48):Italian architecture, all the way back through to the time of Roman culture: the Greek agora or the Roman forum, the Renaissance, Mannerism, and Baroque.

ECLECTICISM

FRANK STELLA, Nunca Pasa Nada, 1964. Metallic powder in polymer emulsion on canvas, 9' 2" x 18' 4 1/2". Collection Lannan Foundation.

Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter and printmaker. He is a significant figure in minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. He was born in Malden, Massachusetts

Frank Stella - 1972

POST PAINTERLY ABSTRACTION

Leonardo da VinciVirgin of the Rocksca. 1485oil on wood6 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 7 in.

Four artists who were most closely associated with the High Renaissance:Leonardo da VinciRaphaelMichelangeloTitian

Compositional devices Leonardo used in The Virgin of the Rocks to knit the figures together;Pyramidal grouping of the figures.Light simultaneously reveals and veils the forms, immersing them in a layer of atmosphere that exists between them and the viewer’s eye.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Willem de KooningWoman I (detail)1950-52oil on canvas6 ft. 3 7/8 in x 58 in.

MODERNIST FORMALISM

Raphael

Marriage of the Virgin

Chapel of Saint Joseph in Città di Castello near Florence, Italy

1504oil on wood5 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 10 1/2 in.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Moses

San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy

ca. 1513-1515marbleapproximately 8 ft. 4 in. high

Three figures that Michelangelo is believed to have created for the tomb of Julius II.

Moses

Bound Slave

“Unfinished Captive”

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Donato d’Angelo BramanteTempiettoSan Pietro in Montorio, Rome, Italy1502

Four aspects of the sculptural appearance of Bramante's Tempietto.

Lower level directly inspired by Roman round temples.

Resembles a sculptured reliquary.

The dome, drum, and base bear a logical and harmonious relationship to each other and to the whole.

Rhythmical play of light and shadow in the columns and balustrade.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

GÜNTER BEHNISCH, Hysolar Institute Building, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 1987.

Six adjectives that describe Deconstructivist architecture:

Disorder DissonanceImbalanceAsymmetryUnconformity

Irregularity

DECONSTRUCTIVISTM

CINDY SHERMAN, Untitled Film Still #35, 1979. Black-and-white photograph, 10" x 8".

Cindy Sherman produced a series of film stills in which she transformed herself

The issue that was of primary concern to Cindy Sherman was the way much of Western art has been constructed to present female beauty for the enjoyment of the “male gaze,” and in women’s images and identities.

POST MODERNISMART AS A POLITICAL WEAPON

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Capitoline Hill

Rome, Italy

designed ca. 1537

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Taj Mahal

Agra, India

1632-1647

LATER ISLAMIC

Matthias Grünewald

Isenheim Altarpiece (fully open)

ca. 1510-15oil on panelcenter panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Faith Ringgold Who's Afraid of Aunt Jemima? 1983 Acrylic on canvas with fabric borders, quilted 7 ft. 6 ins. x 6 ft. 8 ins.

Three artists who used their art to explore issues involved with being African American women:Faith RinggoldAdrian PiperLorna Simpson

POST MODERNISMART AS A POLITICAL WEAPON

Titian

Assumption of the Virgin

Santa Maria Gloriosa del Frari, Venice, Italy

ca. 1516-1518oil on wood22 ft. 6 in. x 11 ft. 10 in.

The most outstanding feature of Titian’s Assumption of the Virgin is his ability to convey light through dazzling color.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Matthias Grünewald

Isenheim Altarpiece (open)

ca. 1510-15oil on panelcenter panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

Dome of the Shah Mosque

Isfahan, Iran

1611-1638

LATER ISLAMIC

Hans Holbein the Younger

The French Ambassadors

1533oil and tempera on panel6 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 9 1/2 in.

16TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPE

DAVID EM, Nora, 1979. Computer-generated color photograph, 1' 5" x 1' 11". Private collection.

Computer-Generated landscapes:In Nora, David Em uses computer imaging to create futuristic geometric versions of Surrealistic dreamscapes with a vivid illusion of space.

POST MODERNISM

Theodora and attendantssouth wall apse mosaic, San VitaleRavenna, Italyca. 547mosaic

Theodora was an actress born in a low family, and before she and Justinian could be married, the laws had to be rewritten allowing senators to marry actresses (often prostitutes). She was known to be quite intelligent and became Justinian’s adviser, acquiring vast power and prestige throughout the empire.

Although neither of them ever visited Ravenna, the mosaics in San Vitale show them lining up with their retinues to take part in the Eucharist at that church, Justinian carrying the bread and Theodora the wine.

BYZANTINE

Jean DubuffetDhotel Hairy with Yellow Teeth (haute pâte)1947mixed media on canvas45 3/4 x 35 in.

Two characteristics of the art of Jean Dubuffet:His scenes are painted or incised into thickly encrusted, parched-looking surfaces of impasto.Scribblings are interspersed with the images, heightening the impression of smeared and gashed surfaces of crumbling walls and worn pavements marked by random individuals.

POST WAR EXPRESSIONISM

Giorgionne da Castelfranco

Pastoral Symphony

ca. 1508oil on canvas3 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 6 in.

“poesia”Painting

meant to operate in a manner similar to poetry.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Jackson PollockAutumn Rhythm1952oil on canvas

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Titian

Venus of Urbino

1538oil on canvas4 ft. x 5 ft. 6 in.

Titian's painting Venus of Orbino established the compositional essentials for the representation of the female nude in much of later Western art.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

HELEN FRANKENTHALER, Bay Side, 1967. Acrylic on canvas, 6' 2" x 6' 9". Private Collection, New York.

Frankenthaler's soak-stain technique.She poured diluted paint onto unprimed canvas, allowing the pigments to soak into the fabric, resulting in absolute flatness. Effect she wanted to achieve:The images appear spontaneous and almost accidental.Morris Louis was another artist who utilized it

POST-PAINTERLY ABSTRACTION

Albrecht Dürer

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

ca. 1498woodcut15 1/4 x 11 in.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

16TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPE

Philip Johnson and John Burgee, 1978-1984,AT&T Building 560 Madison Avenue (at 56th Street) New York NY

Iktinos and KallikratesParthenon, Temple of Athena ParthenosAcropolis, Athens, Greece447-438 B.C.E.Leon Battista Alberti

façade of Sant’AndreaMantua, Italydesigned ca. 1470

POST MODERNISM

Claes OldenburgClothes PinPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania1976Cor-ten steel 45 ft. x 12 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 6 in.

The artist who created designs for gigantic monuments depicting ordinary objects: Claes Oldenburg.

POST MODERNISM

CHRISTO and JEANNE-CLAUDE, Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980-1983. Pink woven polypropylene fabric, 6 1/2 million sq. ft.

The type of art are Christo and his wife Jeane-Claude were most famous for their temporary alter of landscape, by enclosing it, and buildings, in huge lengths of cloth. Their works are only on view for a few weeks.

ENVIRONMENTAL ART

Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem

687-692

Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven from the Dome of the Rock

The first great achievement of Islamic architecture was The Dome of the Rock

ISLAMIC

Frieze of the Umayyad PalaceMshatta, Jordanca. 740 – 750, limestone16 ft. 7 in. high

A series of triangles, each containing a large projecting rosette, framed by elaborately carved moldings. Each triangle is different, and animal figures appear in some of them, but not to the right of the entrance—the part of the façade corresponding to the mosque’s qibla wall.

ISLAMIC

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Tomb of Giuliano de’Medici

Medici Chapel, San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy

1519-1534marblecentral figure approximately 5 ft. 11 in. high

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Malwiya minaret of the Great MosqueSamarra, Iraq ca. 848-852

The distinguishing feature of the minaret from Samarra is Its steeped spiral ramp. Its name, Malwiya, means “snail shell” in Arabic)

The 165 foot tall Malwiya minaret is in Samarra, Iraq

ISLAMIC

Trading with the white man:Jaune Quick-to-See Smith's Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) is a large-scale painting with collage elements and attached objects that explores the politics of identity. Quick-to-See Smith uses cultural heritage and historical references to comment on the present and to challenge stereotypes and unacknowledged assumptions.

JAUNE QUICK-TO-SEE SMITH, Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People), 1992. Oil and mixed media on canvas, 5' x 14' 2". Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia (museum purchase 93.2).

POST MODERNISM

POLITICAL ART

Prayer hall of the Great Mosque

Córdoba, Spain

8th to 10th centuries

Horseshoe arches were an important architectural feature of Mosque at Córdoba

ISLAMIC

CHUCK CLOSE, Big Self-Portrait, 1967-1968. Acrylic on canvas, 8' 11" x 6' 11" x 2". Collection Walker Art Center, Minneapolis (Art Center Acquisition Fund, 1969).

Two Superrealist painters:Audrey FlackChuck Close "Some people wonder whether what I do is inspired by a computer and whether or not that kind of imaging is a part of what makes this work contemporary. I absolutely hate technology, and I'm computer illiterate, and I never use any labor-saving devices although I'm not convinced that a computer is a labor-saving device."

SUPERREALIST

Eastern façade of Great Mosque

Djenne, Mali

begun 13th century, rebuilt 1906-07

ISLAMIC

Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory)

mid-6th centuryivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in.

Feature that makes this image Christian and not pagan are the uppermost panel showing two angels holding a youthful image of Christ carrying a cross.

BYZANTINE

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

526-547

BYZANTINE

Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendantsnorth wall apse mosaic, San VitaleRavenna, Italyca. 547mosaic

Justinian and Theodora’s reign marked the end of the Late Roman Empire and the beginning of the Byzantine Empire. He drove the Ostrogoths out of Italy, the Vandals from the African provinces, the Bulgars out of the northern frontier, and held the Sasanians on the eastern border, thus briefly restoring the Roman Empire’s range.

Justinian's halo signifies his association with Christ, who is also haloed and who also wears purple robes. The dual political and religious role of the Byzantine emperors is emphasized.

Overlapping of Justinian and Maximianus:Each figure seems to be partly in front of and behind the other, representing the balance of imperial and church powers.

A halo , purple cloak , crown , and large golden bowl distinguishes Justinian from other figures in Byzantine mosaics.

BYZANTINE

Pieter Breughel “the Elder”

The Triumph of Death

ca. 1562oil on board46 x 63 3/4 in.

16TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPENETHERLANDS

Saint Apollinaris amid sheepSant’Apollinare in ClasseRavenna, Italy533-549mosaic

Symbolism from the apse mosaic of Sant' Apollinare in Classe:Jeweled cross

Symbol of the transfigured Christ, possibly representing the cross Constantine erected on Calvary.

Three sheep below the cross

The three disciples who accompanied Christ to the foot of the Mount of the Transfiguration.

Twelve sheepPossibly the congregation under the protection of Saint Apollinaris.

BYZANTINE

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

FRANCIS I

Château de Chambord

Chambord, France

begun 1519

Pieter Aertsen

Meat Still-Life

1551oil on panel4 ft. 3/8 in. x 6 ft. 5 3/4 in.

16TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPENETHERLANDS

Pieter Breugel the Elder

Hunters in the Snow

1565oil on panel3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 4 in.

16TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPENETHERLANDS

Jasper JohnsFlag1954-55encaustic, oil and collage on fabric mounted on plywood3 ft. 6 1/4 in. x 5 ft. 5/8 in.

Example of Jasper Johns' “things seen but not looked at”:The American flag.

POP ART

El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous)

The Burial of Count Orgaz

1586oil on canvas16 x 12 ft.

SPANISH MANNERIST

Michelangelo BuonarrotiCreation of Adam, Sistine Chapel CeilingVatican City, Rome, Italy 1511-12frescoapproximately 18 ft. 8 in. x 9 ft. 2 in.

Characterize Michelangelo's style in painting and sculpture with four adjectives or phrases.Figures are sharply outlined against the neutral architectural setting, rather than forming atmospheric “picture windows”.Reclining and twisting positions of the figures.Heavy musculature.Straight architectural axes (such as in Leonardo’s compositions) are replaced by diagonals and curves.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Raphael

Philosophy (School of Athens)

Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rome, Italy

1509-11frescoapproximately 19 x 27 ft.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Titian

Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne

1522-1523oil on canvas5 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.

HIGH RENAISSANCE