Part 2: Colonial AmericaCompetition for economic gain

Indigenous Resistance and English Empire Building

Focus Questions

• What factors created conflict between various European groups and Indigenous Nations?

• Out of Imperial Rivalry, which Empire triumphed?

• How did Indigenous peoples respond to imperial rivalry and conflict?

Identifications

• King Phillips War

• Colonial Wars

• French Indian War

• Neolin

• Pontiac’s War

• Biological warfare

• Paris Treaty

• Proclamation Line

King Philips War 1675• Massasoit's’ son, Metacom or King Phillip

resisted reservations & expansion– Ploy to take more land– 14 reservations consolidated to 7

• Organized the Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Abnaki, Massachusetts and others to resist expansion– General Court declared war in 1675– annihilation of the Narragansett Indians

in 1676 ended hostilities

•

Indian Resistance & Colonial Alliances

• Indian Resistance to European Expansion– Old enemies forged new alliances

• Tribes sided with colonial powers who they perceived to act in their best interests– Colonial powers competed for control of the

fur trade and territory

Colonial Wars – Fur Trade• King Williams War (1689-1697)

– Iroquois traders allied with the English against French & allied tribes

• to expand fur trade into French/allied territories. • English challenge to French presence and

expansion

Queen Anne’s War 1707-1713– Deerfield Massachusetts.

British

French

& Spanish

Compete

over fur trade

Tuscarora & Yamasee suffered mostCarolina Slavers enslaved 4,000 women &

Children, drove 9,000 from their homes

Colonial Wars – Fur & Land

• King George’s War (1739-1748)• French & English over fur• Farmers & Abnaki over land

– Abnaki retaliated against encroachment of farmers onto lands of Maine, Mass, and New Hampshire

– Captain John Lowell• 1724 - 87 colonial militia and killed and scalped ten Indians

being paid a bounty for each scalp.

– Continued retaliations & conflicts fueled racial hatred and tensions on both sides.

7 years or French Indian War1754-1763

• European expansion

– Speculators; Invest and sell to eager farmers at higher prices.

– Colonial and crown government bodies encouraged expansion as a way to challenge the French and several sovereign Indian nations.

– Many Iroquois joined with England– many more joined with France

• The Abnaki, Caughnawagas, Choctaws, Muscogee, Delaware's, Shawnees, Miami's, Wyandot, Ottawa's, Anishinaabe

The Cherokee War 1760-61

• Cherokee Containment – In 1759, British completed triumph over

France– Cherokee returning from service for the

English• Militia scalped Cherokee for bounty• Cherokee drove the frontier back 100 miles• Soldiers laid waist to Cherokee towns.

Paris Treaty

• French and Cherokee defeated in 1762• Spain entered the war• In 1763, the peace of Paris ended the war.

– France surrendered to Great Britain all of north America east of Mississippi except new Orleans

– France gave Spain all of Louisiana west of miss and new Orleans.

– English Victorious – Indians planning war of liberation• Commander Amherst announced a plan to punish the

Indians who sided with the French• Ended aid and trade and refused to provide arms

Eastern Tribes and English

• Iroquois and nations of the east felt threatened

• General Amherst cut back on gifts to punish them for supporting the French– Contempt for Indian customs deprived

government of leverage with Indians

• Nations ability to unite greater than ever

Neolin's Vision

• 1761 a Delaware profit, Neolin, reported a vision in which the master of life commanded them to return to ancestral ways & End to dependence on foreign goods– Throw off white

independence– Stand against expansion– Reached many tribes

Pontiacs Military Alliances

• Wyandot, Ottawa, Delaware, Seneca, Shawnees, Miami's, Potawatomi, Sacs, Foxes, Ashinaabes and others sent war belts to one another encouraging all native people to force the English from their lands,

Pontiac War

• Chief Pontiac – Ottawa– Launched a stand

against British – End internal feuds,

prohibition, end use of “white” goods, drive whites from the lands

Pontiac’s rebellion

• Attacked 10 of 13 forts of the English

• Amherst distributed small pox infected blankets to the western nations– Lethal epidemics of 1763 & 1764 forced

peace – British assumed role of keeping political

peace

• Hatred of Indians led to white belief of total extermination

Biological Warfare

• English General, Amherst– response to military efforts of first nations– Distributed small pox infected blankets among

the western nation touching off a lethal epidemic in 1763 and 64.

– The epidemic forced peace and the British assumed the role of keeping political peace.

Proclamation Line 1763

• Established Britain’s King set up governments in Canada, Florida and other conquered colonies, and it honored wartime commitments to the western Indians. – tried to regulate the pace of western settlement by

laying the prohibiting new settlement west of the Appalachian watershed.

• No settlements were to be established there unless Britain first purchased the land by treaty from the Indians. Settlers would be encouraged to move elsewhere in the New England territories and colonies.

• Prohibited expansion of colonists across the Appalachians unless Britain purchased land by treaty

Racial Caste

• Racism began to firmly plant itself in the colonies

• Racism against Indians from bottom up– Indians took root among ordinary settlers who

competed for the same resources, especially land, and who bore the brunt of Indian resistance.

• Racism against enslaved Africans top down– Enforced by law– Men in the process of becoming great planters

used their power in the legislature to criminalize relationships & marriage between whites & Blacks

– Rewarded small planters and servants with white supremacy.

Twin Legacies

• Social and economic inferiority conferred on non-whites• cultural racism instilled in “white’s”• taking land from and destroying indigenous peoples• enslavement to work the land

– Dynamic interplay between slavery as a socioeconomic system and racism as an idea system

• Social and economic inferiority conferred on non-whites• cultural racism instilled in “white’s”

• Process if forgetting and dehumanizing Africa– Inherited idea that it is appropriate and natural for whites to be

on top, in general for people to accept unequal relationships of power

– Critical responsibility to consider racism in America, its cause and justifications and continuing impact

Foreign Policy

• Foreign Policy and the impact of Slavery: – 1900 Haiti revolted against France

• Washington admin gave money to planters to repress rebellion

• Jefferson gave France go ahead to re-enslave• Franklin Pierce – Ostend manifesto • Slavery prompted United States to have imperialistic

designs on Latin America, rather than visions of democratic liberation for the region..

– Slavery society requires secure borders • police state 1787-1855 U.S. Territorial expansion due in

large part to slaves influence – expand slavery and prevent escape into Indian territory (FL)