part 3 – communicating data electronic tools side event unece aarhus convention 1 st meeting of...
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Part 3 – Communicating Data
Electronic Tools Side Event
UNECE Aarhus Convention
1st Meeting of the Parties
Lucca, Italy
October 21-23, 2002
Frances Stanley-JonesInternational Campaign for Responsible Technology GIS Research Group
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Outline of this module
Communicating data– Why is it important?– To whom are we communicating?– How can we communicate authoritatively?– Challenges.
Ways to communicate data– GIS/Maps– Raw data and visualizations of data– Statistical communication
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Why is this important?
A community monitoring project aims to convince people (often skeptical people) of something based on information collected.
You will be communicating to: politicians regulators
international organizations scientists
peers media
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Communicating to scientists
“The data on the right clearly show concentrations of the chemical are higher in food grown near town A”.
“The data suggest that the river near town A is contaminated with this chemical”.
concentration of chemical in food
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
town A town B town C
units
of c
once
ntra
tion
fruit
vegetables
fish
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Communicating to media
Our river water and air are horribly polluted!
Our children are getting sick.
The local authorities are doing little or nothing about it!
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Ways to communicate results
Information sheets– survey forms and tallies
Statistical procedures and manipulation– data plots, statistical tests
Web-based communications– submitting to online databases
GIS/mapping tools Graphical representations
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Information sheets
Definition:– Communicating data with a simple tally or in tabular form or
fact sheet or press release. Advantages:
– Very simple and cheap to prepare.– Can be very powerful in their straightforwardness.
Disadvantages:– Sometimes not effective at conveying lots of data or complex
relationships. Examples: (see next page)
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Why focus on lindane? (from http://www.pan-uk.org/banlindane/index.htm)
Lindane is linked with serious health problems including breast cancer and may also disrupt the endocrine (hormonal) system. It is hazardous both to the people who use it and those exposed to it in the environment or in their food (see PAN UK's factsheet on lindane).
Cases of human poisoning by lindane have been reported in Europe. Children are significantly more susceptible to its toxic effects.
Lindane is a possible human carcinogen according to the International Agency for the Research on Cancer and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Lindane is an endocrine disrupter which is capable of imitating certain hormones in humans. There is a significant body of evidence which suggests that where lindane is used, the incidence of breast cancer is higher.
The acceptable daily intake for residues of lindane in the European diet may be exceeded by up to 12 times as suggested by recent data published by the joint Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation Codex Committee.
Lindane is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) candidate according to the UN Environment Programme. There is concern that heavy usage in tropical zones may allow percolation of residues through the global environment to end up in cold regions such as Scandinavia, Canada and Antarctica.
Lindane is highly volatile, and when applied, the pesticide enters the atmosphere and is later deposited by rain. It is also leached into surface waters and even into ground water. Lindane has been found in increasing concentration in the marine environment, and particularly in the North Sea.
Lindane is fat soluble and can bioaccumulate through food chains as is common with other organochlorine pesticides. Residues have been detected in the kidneys, livers and adipose tissue of a wide range of wild animals and birds, and in human body fat. It is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and fish.
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Statistical graphics
Definition:– Using a plot of data to demonstrate trends or quantitative
relationships. Advantages:
– Usually simple to prepare and understand– Effective for emphasizing relationships between numbers
Disadvantages:– They can be confusing and misleading
Examples:– Bar charts, time series, scatter plots, pie charts
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A bar chart works well for simple comparisons
concentration of chemical in food
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
town A town B town C
un
its
of
con
cen
tra
tio
n
fruit
vegetables
fish
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A time series can show trends through time
South San Francisco Bay Dissolved Copper Datashowing the SSO range
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Nov-88 Jul-91 Apr-94 Jan-97 Oct-99
Dis
so
lve
d C
u (
µg
/L)
CTR criterion = 3.1 ug/L dissolved
range of SSO for copper, 5-12 ug/L dissolved
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A scatter plot can highlight subtle differences and relationships
amount of chemical by body weightin three towns surveyed
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
body weight (kg)
amo
un
t o
f ch
emic
al (
un
its)
town A
town B
town C
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A pie chart drives home simple comparisons
Over-the-Counter
Applications50%Structural
Pest Control25%
Agriculture15%
Landscape Maintenance
10%
Sources of pesticide pollution
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GIS/mapping
Definition:– Geographic Information Systems– Data that has to do with a particular place – a map and database
of information linked to the map by location of certain features Advantages:
– VERY powerful way to store and convey lots of information about a region of any size in an understandable fashion.
– Can use GIS to quantify risk by combining layers of data Disadvantages:
– Usually requires specialized expertise and software (but this is becoming more and more available)
Examples: (on following pages)
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Information - Database associated with the map
Geographic - MapWater quality sampling points
Land Use
Land Ownership
County Lines
Rivers and Streams
Systems – Context with other GIS layers for decision making
GIS is a computer system for mapping and analyzing things that happen at specific locations
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GIS data = layer/coverage/theme
The “building block” of GIS
Any data which has been grouped thematically and spatially
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Satellite Imagery & Aerial Photos
Scanned USGS Quads
Elevation
Precipitation
Land Use
Land Ownership
Bathymetry
County Lines
Roads
Rivers and Streams
Facility “Footprints”
GIS Data Sets
Stream Crossings
Water quality sampling points, wells, tanks, facilities, diversions, discharges, etc.
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Typical use of GIS to make a map showing locations of certain features or hazards on a basemap – use appropriate colors to draw attention to the feature emphasized
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Schools, hospitals and parks shown in relation to chemical sites...
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Eco-Maps Serieshttp://www.svtc.org/ecomaps/svtc_ecomaps/index.html
Notice the various layers of information shown on map
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An example produced on the web (see ESRI site in resources page). This map shows locations of power plants in a section of the African continent
Produced at http://www.esri.com/data/online/index.html
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Another one from the ESRI site – population density in a portion of the African continent
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Graphical communication
Definition:– Using pictures to tell a story
Advantages:– Usually an effective way to communicate a lot of
information in an understandable fashion Disadvantages:
– They can be misleading at times or focus on the wrong things or try to say too much.
Examples: (on following pages)
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You can say a lot with just a cartoon of something! Is this too busy?
Adding numbers to the arrows would also be good!
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Another effective use of graphics to tell a story!
This simpler cartoon is probably easier for the eyes to follow.
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Share your experiences!
What sorts of projects have you been involved in where you communicated results?– To whom did you communicate?– What were the challenges in communicating
results?
What additional information or technical resources would be helpful to make your projects more successful?