part of speech.doc

BAGIAN SATU

BAGIAN SATU.PART OF SPEECH

NOUN

: Desk, chair, door,

student, and so onVERB

: To go, to work, to learn,

to sing, and so onADJECTIVE

: Good, bad, clever,

and so onADVERB

: Slowly, quickly, and so onPRONOUN

: Personal pronouns)

I, you, he, she, it and so onPREPOSITION

: at, in, upon, and so onCONJUNCTION

: and, therefore, because, while, whereas, although, and so on INTERJECTION

: Hello, Hi, and so on.Patokan-patokan kalimat:

1. Susunan kalimat paling sederhana, harus terdiri dari subject, Predicate, dan Object (tujuan ) = S + P + O . Example: I write a letter2. Kalimat harus ada subject dan predicate, kalau tak lengkap tidak sah. Contoh It is good. It dan is tidak mempunyai arti apa-apa, kecuali melengkapi kalimat saja. 3. Dlm bhs Inggris verb pertama tidak boleh memakai to, namun verb berikutnya harus menggunakan to, kecuali telah dipisahkan oleh kata sambung. Contoh: I go to learn to speak English. I want to go to the school because I want to learn to speak English.4. Dalam bhs Inggris harus ada kata kerja , kalau tidak ada tidak sah. Bila tidak ada kata kerjanya diganti dengan kata Bantu kata kerja Auxiliary(ogzeleri) verb: Yakni to be (are, am, is).

It is good, I am poor, He is rich, They are glad

I

: Orang pertama tunggal .am

We

: Orang pertama jamakare

You

: Orang kedua tunggal/jamakare

He, she, it : Orang ketiga tunggal..is

They

: Orang ketiga jamak are

5. Dalam kalimat dengan orang ketiga tunggal, maka kata kerja pertama harus ditambah s, atau es tergantung bentuk kata kerja, seterusnya bila ada kata kerja lagi, tetap saja, kecuali dipisahkan oleh kata sambung seperti halnya penggunaan to pada kata kerja.He works hard to make a toy.He works hard to make a toy while learns hard to prepare oral examination.

Tambahan s ini akan hilang manakala ada kata kerja Bantu/ kata Bantu kata kerja (auxiliary verb) seperti halnya: can, may,must,shall,will etc. masuk antara subject dan predicate itu. Namun bila yang masuk adalah kata-kata seperti: often, seldom, sometimes, always, immediately, soon etc, (adverb of frequency) hal itu tidak mempengaruhi tambahan s tersebut.Contoh: He often works hard to make a toy. Tetapi He can ( will, must etc) work hard to make a toy.6. Pada kalimat yang menyatakan terjadi pada masa lampau, maka perubahan kata kerja hanya terjadi pada kata kerja pertama, kecuali telah dipisahkan oleh kata sambung, maka akan mulai sebagai kalimat baru lagi.

Contoh: He went to see the doctor for a check up while Hardi worked hard to do his home work yesterday.7. Seterusnya perubahan-perubahan kata kerja pada situasi apapun pada tenses (bentukbentuk kata kerja berdasarkan waktu) hanya terjadi pada kata kerja pertama Exercises: Translate to Inglish

1. Seorang perawat bekerja keras merawat seorang pasien baru di bangsal A sedangkan seorang bidan desa bekerja keras merawat ibu hamil di polindes Sukamaju. Buatlah bentuk present tense dan past tense)2. Dokter Yudi akan berangkat ke Puskesmas Kaliamba untuk menemui dokter Hadi sedangkan, Weni dia seorang perawat ingin pergi ke rumah sakit Budiwaras menunjungi beberapa pasien di bangsal B dan C3. Hardi, is kepala bangsal A, biasanya dating awal, tetapi kali ini ia dating terlambat karena ibunya sakit.4. Seorang mahasiswa fakultas (sekolah tinggi) keperawatan Depkes akan pergi ke laboratorium komputer mengerjakan karya tulis ilmiahnya.5. Kemarin, ibunya Meli melahirkan aanak ke duanya ketika suaminya sedang bekerja di kantor menulis surat dinas.BAGIAN DUA

KATA BANTU KATA KERJA/ KATA KERJA BANTU

(AUXILIARY VERB)Ada tiga macam bentuk Kata Bantu Kata Kerja atau Kata Kerja Bantu (Auxiliary Verb):

a. Principal auxiliaries (Kata kerja-kata kerja Bantu utama), yakni to be, to have, to do.b. Modal Auxiliaries (kata Bantu-kata Bantu pengandaian), yakni: can, may, must, shall, will, ought to, could, might, has to, have to, should, would.c. Semi modals : to need, to dare, used to.

Contoh-contoh dalam kalimat

a. Principal auxiliaries

To be

: I am here, she is there; They are happy

To have : I have lived in Yogyakarta since 2000 (Perfect tense)To do

: Do, does, did, (question tag)

Do you go to the hospital?

You dont go to the hospital

b. Modal auxiliaries

Seperti halnya auxiliary yang lain digunakan untuk membantu kalimat bertanya dan menyangkal, akan tetapi ada beberapa pengertian khusus untuk beberapa modal, misalnya could dan might, Could, tidak harus merupakan kata lampau (past), akan tetapi Could bisa untuk masa sekarang (present) lampau (past) atau yang akan datang (future). Dalam hal ini Could, digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu permintaan yang sopan bisa untuk masa sekarang (present).Contoh:

Present

: Could you pass that pencil, please?Bisakah Anda tolong ambilkan pensil itu?Future

: He could go to visit her tomorrow. : Dia bisa pergi mengunjungi besok.Past

: Nobody could attend the meeting yesterday : Tidak seorangpun dapat menghadiri rapat kemarin.Mengenai might. Might, lebih umum digunakan untuk menyatakan ketidak pastian daripada may.Contoh

:

A. I have a stomach ache: saya sakit perutB. It might be something youve eaten: Itu mungkin karena sesuatu yang kamu makan.Might and May untuk kalimat negative tidak boleh di singkat mightt or maynt tetapi harus might not or may not.

c. Semi modalsDikatakan semi modal karena bisa berfungsi sebagai modal, bisa juga sebagai kata kerja biasa.

Contoh:

Modal

: He need not go (ia tak perlu pergi)Verb

: He doesnt need to go (Ia tak perlu pergi)Modal

: He need go ( ia perlu pergi)Verb

: He needs to go (ia memerlukan pergi)Modal

: He dare climb the tree (ia berani memanjat pohon itu)Verb

: He dares to climb the tree (ia berani memanjat pohon itu)Mengenai needNeed, bila berfungsi sebagai kata kerja diikuti infinitive Hal ini bila subject-nya makhluk hidup. Namun bila subject-nya benda mati, need diikuti oleh gerund atau verb + to be + past participle.

Contoh:

a. The grass in the house yard needs to cut..(salah)

b. The grass in the house yard needs to cutting(benar)

c. The grass in the house yard need to be cut ..(benar)Need bisa diganti dengan ungkapan in need of. Ini bukan kata kerja.Contoh: Yuli is in need of more money to buy some medicine. : Yuli perlu uang lebih banyak untuk membeli obat. Used To

Sebagai modal, hanya digunakan dalam bentuk lampau (Kebiasaan masa lampau, sekarang tidak lagi)Contoh:Modal

: I used to smoke, but I gave up a couple of years ago: Saya dulu merokok, tetapi saya berhenti saya berhenti beberapa tahun laluAdjective : I am used to the noise from the traffic light now.: Saya sekarang terbiasa dengan keramaian lalu lintas.

: Dont worry, youll soon get used to his sense of humor : Jangan khawatir, kamu akan segera terbiasa dengan kebiasaan melucunya.BAGIAN TIGA

ENAM BELAS BENTUK WAKTU

(TENSES)

1. Simple Present Tense (waktu sekarang umumnya untuk menyatakan kebiasaan) Rumus: SUBJECT + V-1 ( a Nurse Works in hospital )TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

SIMPLE PRESENTPeristiwa rutin berlaku waktu sekarangThey

We

I You

He

She

ItWorkworksIn hospitaleveryday

Keterangan: a. Ciri waktu yang sering diguakan adalah semua kata-kata yang masuk Adverb of Frequency.

b. Cara menambah s/es pada verb dengan subject orang ketiga tunggal.

2. Simple Past Tense (waktu lampau tidak ada hubungannya dengan sekarang. Rumus: SUBJECT + V-11 ( She went to see the doctort for chek up yrsterday)TENSESSUBJECTVERB ADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

SIMPLE PASTThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItWorkedWent to see the doctor In the hospitalFor a check upLast yearyesterday

Keterangan:Cara menambah ed pada verb lampau. See regular/ irregular Verb3. Prsent Continuous Tense/Progressive Form ( waktu sedang yakni peristiwa sedang berlangsung saat kita berbicara) Rumus: SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB + ING ( A Nurse is cleaning a mattress in a ward at the moment )TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

PRESENT CONTINUOUSI

They

We

You

He

She

ItAm WorkingAre working

Is workingIn the hospital

Now /at this moment)

Keterangan: a. Cara menambah ing pada verb present participle:1. Huruf akhir e, hilangkan e tersebut: to love loving

Ie Y to die dying2. Satu konsonan yang diketahui huruf hidup pendek, gandakan konsonannya

To prefer preferring

To admid adimiting

3. L gandakan L-nya ketika didahului oleh konsonan pendek berkenaan atau tidak: to travel travelingTetapi: to fool fooling (huruf hidup panjang)

b. Ada beberapa kata kerja tidak bisa digunakan pada present continuous tense (progressive Form) untuk bentuk present participle.

1. Kata kerja kaitannya dengan pancaindera (Verb os sense): feel, look, hear, see, smell, taste, notice, observe, listening, stare, watching, dsb. Contoh: You look pale tidak boleh ( you looking pale)2. Kata kerja kaitannya dengan perasaan (Verb of emosion): admire, care for, desire, dislike, like, hate, fear, etc.

3. kata kerja kaitannya dengan kegiatan mental (verb of mental activity): assume, agree, believe, expect, forget, know,. etc4. Kata kerja kaitannya dengan kepemilikan (verb possession): belong, own, possess.4. Past Continuous Tense (waktu lampau sedang kegiatan masih dilakukan di waktu lampau) Rumus : SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ING ( at four oclok yesterday, she was working in a children ward : pukul empat kemarin ia sedang bekerja di bangsal anak-anak.)TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

PAST CONTINUOUSI

They

We

You

He

She

ItWas workingWere workingWas workingIn the hospital

At five oclock Yesterday, waktu yang sering digunakan when, whle, as, at (waktu) fromto..

5. Present Perfect Tense (waktu kini selesai) Rumus SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + V.111.

Pedoman:

a. Kegiatan yang tak disebutkan waktunya di masa lampau (Henri has worked in a local government clinic. (Henri sudah bekerja di sebuah Puskesmas)

b. Kegiatan yang terjadi lebih dari satu kali di masa lampau ( Henri has taken a sick leave there times this year.(Henri telah mengambil tiga kali cuti sakit tahun ini)

c. Kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan saat ini masih berlangsung. Hal ini sama dengan rumus Present Perfect Continuous tense. She has worked in a village birthing hut since 2000 = Birthing hut since 2000 (Ia telah bekerja di Polindes sejak tahun 2000) sekarang masih bekerja di Polindes itu.

Masih berlangsung

Sejak 200 sekarang

Keterangan waktu yang lazim di gunakan dalam bentu ini adalah: this Morning, This week, this year, now, today, in his life. Bila kita berbicara dengan keterangan waktu Today (hari ini), sehari itu adalah 12 jam.

Misalnya kita mengatakanThis morning bila mengatakannya jam 09.00 pagi, akan berbeda dengan kika mengatakannya sore jam 17.00 (5 p.m)

Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

I have written a letter this morning Perfect Tense. Berbicaranya missal jam 9 pagi

I wrote a letter this morning past tense Berbicaranya missal jam 5 petang

TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

PRESENT PREFECTI

They

We

You

He

She

ItHave worked

Has workedIn the hospital

Today

( yang mengatakan hari ini)

6. Past perfect Tense (waktu lampau selesai)

a. Tindakan terjadi seblum tindakan yang lain, di waktu lampau.

b. Keadaan berkelanjutan di waktu lampau)

Rumus : SUBJECT + HAD + V.111 a. I had worked in the hospital before you went to London (saya letah bekerja di Rumah Sakit sebelum kamu pergi ke London tahyn lalau)

b. I had lived in Yogyakarta for ten years before I moved to Jakarta (sya telah tiggal di Yogyakarta selama sepuluh tahun sebelum saya pindah ke Jakarta)

1 2 3

Past Perfect Simple past Now


PAS PREFECT

1. Tindakan terjadi sebelum tindakan yang lain di waktu lampau

2. Keadaan berkelanjutan di waktu lampauI

They

We

You

He

She

ItHad worked

Had livedIn the hospital

In Yogyakarta

Before I/you/etc when to London last year.For ten years before he moved to Jakarta

7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (waktu selesai sedang Kegiatan dari masa lampau dan sampai sekarang masih berlangsung. Sama dengan 5 c) Rumus : SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB + ING ( He has been working in village birthing hut since 2000 = she has worked in a village birthing hut since 2000TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEI

They

We

You

He

She

ItHave been working

Has been workingIn a hospital

Since 2000 (Peristiwa berlangsung dari lampau sampai sekarang masih berlasung)

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( waktu lampau selesai sedang-kegiatan sudah mulai, masih berlangsung di waktu lampau) Rumus: SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + VERB + ING ( she had been working in sub health centre when dr. Hadi came here in 2000 = dia telah bekerja di pustu itu ketika dr. hadi dating di tahun 2000)TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Kegiatan sudah mulai dan masih berlangsung di waktu lampauI

You

We

They

He

She

ItHad been working

In the hospital

For years when dr. John came here in 2000

9. Future Tense ( waktu yang akan datang) Rumus : SUBJECT +SHALL/WILL + VERB ( She will clean the medication cart tomorrow afternoon = ia akan membersihkan troli besok sore)TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

FUTUREI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShall work

Will workIn the hospital

Next month

10. Future Past Tense (waktu nanti/akan dating,lampau) Rumus: SUBJECT +SHOULD/WOULD +VERB ( I should take the invalid chair when the patient came yesterday (saya akan mengambil kursi dorong katika pasien datang kemarin)


FUTURE PASTI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShould work

Would workIn the hospital

Yesterday month

11. Future Continuous Tense (waktu nanti/akan datang sedang kegiatan akan sedang terjadi). Rumus : SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + VERB + ING ( she will be working in the village medicine post at ten oclock tomorrow morning = ia sedang bekerja di post obat Desa pada jam 10 besok pagi)TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

FUTURE CONTINUOUSI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShall be working

Will be workingIn the hospital

At ten oclock tomorrow morning

12. Future Past Continuous Tense (waktu lampau nanti sedang, sedang akan dilkakukan di waktu lampau) Rumus: SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + VERB + ING. ( W e should be working in tha subbdistres ealth center at this time yesterday (kami sedang akan bekerja di puskesmas pada wakyu seperti sekarang ini, kemarin.) TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUSI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShould be working

Would be workingIn the hospital

At this time yesterday

13. Future Perfect Tense(waktu nanti/akan datang, selesai kegiatan telah dimulai di waktu lampau dan segera selesai si waktu akan dating) rumus: SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + III.(She will have worked in the office of Maternal and Child Health office by the end of next month (ia telah akan bekerja di kantor KIA pada akhir bulan depan)


FUTURE PERFECTI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShall have worked

Will have workedIn the hospital

By the end of next month

14. Future Past Perfect Tense (waktu nanti lampau, pengandaian, tidak peernah terjadi) Rumus SUBJECT SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + III.( He would have worked in WHO if he had moved to America (ia telah akan bekerja di Badan kesehatan Dunia jika ia telah pindah ke Amerika)Kenyataannya ia tidak pindah ke amerika.TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

FUTURE PAST PERFECTI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShould have worked

Would have workedIn the hospital

If I had move to YogyakartaKeterangan: ini pengandaian, tdk terjadi krn tdk pindah Ke Yogyakarta

15. Future Perfect Continuous Tenses (waktu nanti/akan dating,lampau selesai sedang dimulai di waktu lampau berlanjut masa akan dating! Rumus: SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING. (I should have been working in the public health centre for 5 years dr.John visited my office last years (saya telah sedang bekerja selama 5 tahun ketika dr. John mengunjungi kantor saya tahun lalu)TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShall have been working

Will have been workigIn the hospital

For five years, by the end of next month

16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense( waktu nanti/akan datang, lampau selesai sedang waktu sudah sedang akan berlangsung pada waktu lampau) Rumus: SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING.I should have been working in the public health centre for 5 years when dr. John Visited my office last year ) Saya telah sedang akan bekerja liama tahun ketika dr, John mengunjungi kantor saya tahun lalu)TENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSI

We

You

They

He

She

ItShould had been workingWould have been workingIn hospitalFor five years when dr. John visited the hospital last year

Keterangan:1. I

= Verb: Present

2. II

= Verb: Past

3. III

= Verb: Past participle

4. Verb + ing

= Present Participle

5. Continuous Tense = Progressive Form

BAGIAN EMPAT

BENTUK NEGATIFTENSESSUBJECTVERBADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

SIMPLE PRESENT

Peristiwa rutin berlaku waktu sekarangThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItDont Work

Doesnt workIn hospitaleveryday

TENSESSUBJECTVERB ADV OF PLACEADV OF TIME

SIMPLE PASTThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItDidnt Work

In the hospital

Last year

yesterday


PRESENT CONTINUOUS

They

WeYou

I

He

She

ItAre not WorkingAm not workingIs not workingIn hospitalnow


PAST CONTINUOUSI

You

We

They

He

She

ItWasnt Working

Werent workingWasnt workingIn the hospital

For a check up


PRESENT PERFECTThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItHavent Worked

Hasnt workedIn the hospital


PAST PERFECTThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItHadnt Worked

In the hospital


PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItHave been WorkingHas been working

In the hospital

Since 1998 (peristiwa berlangsung dari lampau sampai sekarang masih berlangsung)


PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSThey

We

I

You

He

She

ItHadnt been Working

In the hospital


FUTUREWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShant Work

Wont workIn the hospital

Next month


FUTURE PASTWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShouldnt Work

Wouldnt workIn the hospital


FUTURE CONTINUOUSWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShant be WorkingWont be workingIn the hospital


FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUSKegiatan yang akan sedang dilkakukan di waktu lampau We

I

They

You

He

She

ItShouldnt be Working

Wouldnt be workingIn the hospital


FUTURE PEERFECTWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShant have WorkedWont have workedIn the hospital


FUTURE PAST CONTINOUSWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShant have workedwont have workedIn the hospital


FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShant have been working

Wont have been workingIn the hospital


FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSWe

I

They

You

He

She

ItShouldnt have been working

Wouldnt have been workingIn the hospital

BENTUK INTEROGATIFTENSESTO BE SUBJECTVERBADV of PLACEADV of TIME

SIMPLE PRESENTDODOESIThey

We

You

HESHE

ITWORKIN THE HOSPITALEVERYDAY

TENSESTO BE SUBJECTVERBADV of PLACEADV of TIME

SIMPLE PASTDID

I

They

We

You

HE

SHE

ITWORKIN THE HOSPITALLAST YEAR


PRESENT

CONTINUOUSAM

ARE

ISI

They

We

You

HE

SHE

ITWORKINGIN THE HOSPITALNOW


PAST

CONTINUOUSWAS

WERE

WASI

They

We

You

HE

SHE

ITWORKINGIN THE HOSPITALNOW


PRESENT PEERFECT

HAVE

HASI

you

They

We

HE

SHE

ITWORKEDIN THE HOSPITAL


PAST PEERFECT

HAD

I

They

We

You

HE

SHE

ITWORKEDIN THE HOSPITAL


PRESENT PEERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAVE

HASI

They

We

You

HE

SHE

ITBEEN WORKINGIN THE HOSPITALSINCE 1998


PAST PEERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAD

I

They

We

You

HE

SHE

ITBEEN WORKINGIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE

SHALL

WILLI

WE

They

You

HE

SHE

ITWORKIN THE HOSPITALNEXT MONTH


FUTURE PAST

SHOULD

WOULDI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITWORKIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE CONTINUOUS

SHALL

WILLI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITBE WORKINGIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS

SHOULD

WOULDI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITBE WORKINGIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE PERFECT

SHALL

WILLI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITHAVE WORKEDIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE PAST PERFECT

SHOULD

WOULDI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITHAVE WORKEDIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

SHALL

WILLI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITHAVE BEEN INGIN THE HOSPITAL


FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

SHOULD

WOULDI

We

You

THEY

HE

SHE

ITHAVE BEEN WORKINGIN THE HOSPITAL

BAGIAN ENAM

PASSIVE VOICE(KALIMAT PASIF )

RUMUS: SUBJECT + TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

(S + TO BE + III

Present and Past:ACTIVEPASSIVE

Present Simple 1. A nurse cleans ward every day2. My friends never invite me to the meeting3. How do make herbal medicine?This ward is cleaned by a nurse everydayI am never invited to the meeting by my friends

How is herbal medicine made (by them)

Past simple1. A nurse cleaned this ward yesterday 2. My friends didnt invite me to the meeting3. When did they build this hospital?This ward was cleaned by a nurse yesterdayI wasnt invited to the meeting (by my friends).When was this hospital built?

ACTIVEPASSIVE

Present Continuous 1. They are building a new hospital at the moment (=it isnt finish yet )2. Department of health are building some new hospital in Jakarta

A new hospital is being built at the momentSome new hospital are being built in Jakarta

Past ContinuousWhen I was there three years ago, they were building a new hospital.When I was three tree years ago , a new hospital was being built

ACTIVEPASSIVE

Present perfect The sheets of this ward are clean. A nurse has washed them

A. nurse has taken an invalid chair.

The sheets of this ward are clean. They have been washed by a nurse.An invalid chair has been taken by a nurse,

Past perfectDr. Hadi said that a nurse had taken a wheel chair (for a patient).Dr. Hadi said that a wheel chair had been taken by a nurse (for a patient)

Will/can/must/have to etcActivePassive

1. A nurse will clean the ward tomorrow.2. A nurse must clean a bed (in the ward)3. I think theyll invite you to the morning4. They cant repair the backrest (of the bad in the ward of this hospital)

5. You should wash this sunken-mat by hand

6. They are going to build a new village birthing hut7. She has to wash these pillowcase

8. The people had to take the injured man to the community health centre.

1. The ward will be cleaned by a nurse.2. A bed (in a ward) must be cleaned by a nurse.

3. I think youll be invited to meeting4. The backrest (of the bad in the ward of this hospital) cant be repaired5. This sanken-mat should be washed by hand6. A new village birthing hut is going to be built.

7. These pillowcase have to be washed (by her)8. The injured man had to be taken to the community health centre.

BAGIAN TUJUH

CONVERSATIONS

LEARN BY HARD

1. INTRODUCTION ( perkenalan) Infinitive : to introduction2. GREETING (salam ) : to greet

3. LEAVE TAKING ( Pamitan minta diri) Verb : to take leave

4. SHALL I..(untuk menawarkan jasa)

Shall I clean the white board?5. MAY I..(minta izin)6. a. Would You (please)? (request- permintaan)Would you please wait for me for a moment?

Would you please sit down over here?

Would you please write his name?Would you please visit my home?c. Do you mind + verb + ing.? Berkeberatankah saudara?d. Do you mind +verb + Ing.?e. Would you mind me +verb + ing. Berkeberatkah saudara, kalau saya?Do you mind me cleaning the kitchen ward?

f. Would you be so kind as to (very formal request)

g. Would you like to.? Mengajak/mengundang/menawarkan7. A. Thank you very much for your help (formal)B. Thanks a lot of for your help (informal)8. Im sorry for troubling you/Im sorry to trouble you/ excuse me for troubling you I sorry juga bisa diucapkan ketika mendengar berita buruk/musibah yang menimpa sahabat.

9. Congratulate..Best whishes (to the lady) for engagement

Congratulation (to the gentlemen)

10. Happy birthday to you / many happy return of the day.

11. Marry chrismas and happy New Year.12. Have a happy Iedul Fitri Day/ Have a happy fasting day

13. The same to you (sama agama) Thank you (beda agama)

14. I wish you a speedy recover/wishing you a speedy recover/ I hope you will be better soonBAGIAN DELAPAN

MENYANGKAL DAN BERTANYA

1. Kalimat menyangkal cukup menambah not melekat pada kata kerja Bantu: can, may, must, shall, will, be (are, am, is). Kalau dalam kalimat tidak ada kata bantunya, tambahkan do atau does.

Contoh:

She will go to school = she will not go to school.

She goes to school = she does not go to school. (She orang ke tiga tunggal) menggunakan does bukan do. Oleh karena menggunakan does maka goes menjadi go, sebab es-nya diambil do menjadi does. 2. Kalimat bertanya, hanya memindah kata bantu dalam kalimat (bila ada) ke depan sendiri. Kalau tidak ada kata bantunya dalam kalimat itu datangkanlah do atau does.

Contoh:

She will go to school = Will she go to school?She goes to school = does she go to school?

3. Not dan No No harus berdekatan dengan Noun, Contoh: I have no book

Not sebelum verb berdekatan dengan kata Bantu. Contoh: I do not (dont) have much money.

4. Cara bertanya dengan menggunakan kata-kata pertanyaan (question Words). Kata-kata pertanyaan (question words) tersebut adalah: What, Where, When, How, Who, which, whom,with whom (who.with) for whom ( whofor), to whom (whoto), from whom (who..from), whose, how long, how long ago, how many, how much. Cara bertanya di awal pertanyaan harus di awali/di tempeli dengan kata Bantu:

Why do you come here?

What are you doing?

Where must I stay in this town?

When will you come here again?

Kata-kata pertanyaan (question words) tersebut tidak boleh didahului kata apapun. Kalau ada kata lain yang berkaitan dengan kalimat itu ditaruh di belakang sendiri.

Contoh: where do you come from?

Where do you go to?Which dan what merupakan kekecualian, sebab sesudahnya boleh ditaruh kata benda atau orang, disusul kata Bantu.Contoh: What book do you want?

Which one do you like?

Mengenai Who.

Contoh /; who will help you? Tetapi kalau menanyakan subject, susunannya seperti kalimat biasa tanpa kata Bantu Who teaches you English?With whom (who.with)

Contoh:

With whom do you go to the market?

Who do you go to the market with?With whom is siti going for a walk?

Who is siti going for a walk with?

Contoh yang lain:

What are you looking for?

Where do you live

When did you come to his home?

Why do you cry?

How do you make this food?

Who are you looking for?Which fruits do you like?

With whom (who.with)Whit whom do you come there?

Who do you come there with?

For whom (who.for)

For whom do you work?Who do you work for/

To whom (who..to)To Whom do you send the letter?Who do you send the letter to?

From whom (who..from)

From whom did you hears this news?

Who did you hears this news from?

Whose magazine are you reading?

In whose hotel will you stay in Kaliurang?

How long did you usually take a nap?

How long ago did she complain to you about her problems?

How many hours does she work every day?How much sugar did you buy?

Awas dan bedakanWhat time will you pick me up?

What is your name? What will you do?

Which book do you want?What man is that? ( orang itu siapa dalam arrti pekerjaannya)

Who is it? It is meHow much (uncountable)

How much coffee do you drink in the morning?

How many (countable)How many cup of coffee does she drink in the morning?

How much bisa juga untuk menanyakan harga5. Menyuruh atau memerintah, verb harus di pangkal kalimat6. Kalau menyangkal yang berarti jangan, di tambah Dont di pangkal kalimat; contoh Dont come here!7. Arti do berarti kah dalam pertanyaan: Do you want to go to the hospital?,Tak memiliki arti bila hanya menemani not: I do not go to the hospital.

Memiliki arti berbuat bila menjadi verb What are you doing, Ms Eni?

8. Already

Already berarti sudah, letaknya di belakang sendiri. Contoh: I am thirsty already.9. Yet

Yet tak mempunyai arti, tetapi mengalihkan arti tidak menjadi belum bila berada di akhir kalimat menyangkal : I do not have money yet.

Latihan

Buatlah kalimat dibawah ini menjadi kalimat negative dan bertanya

1. Esti is the garden to sweep the waste while Maria wants to go to the airport to buy the ticket for Ujung Pandanag.

2. Her Elder brother wants to go to the campus to attend the lecture3. He is writing a letter now

4. He has eaten just now5. He had eaten when you came yesterday

6. He ate his lunch at 2 p.m yesterdayBAGIAN SEMBILANVOCABULARY

A. Phacial Condition1. An obese person

: Kegemukan

2. Beautiful /Pretty /sweet/ cute/good looking: cantik/manis/ayu3. Charming

: Menawan hati4. Graceful

: Lemah-lembut5. Handsome/ Good looking

: Cakep/ganteng6. Tall X short

: Tinggi X pendek 7. Thin, lean X fat

: Kurus X gemuk8. Emaciated; scrawny

: Kurus kering; kerempeng

9. Tough

: Tegap10. Skinny

: Kurus sekali11. Slim

: Langsing12. Plump

: Sintal13. Stout

: besar kuat14. Scour-hearted

: Gagah berani15. He is stout built

: Badannya besar dan kuatB. Diseases1. Plague

: Pes2. Dysentery

: Desentri3. Small Pox

: Cacar4. Chicken Pox

: Cacar air5. Cancer

: Kanker6. Malaria

: Malaria7. Asthma

: Asma8. Leprosy

: Kusta9. Tuberculosis

: Tbc10. Anemia

: Kurang darah11. Inflammation of the lungs

: Radang paru-paru12. Concussion of the brain

: Gegar Otak13. Typhoid-fever

: tipes14. Appendicitis

: Usus Buntu15. Diabetes

: Kencing manis16. Kidney trouble

: Gangguan Ginjal17. Jaundice

: Sakit Kuning18. Framb(o)esia

: Patek19. Famine

: Kelaparan20. To have a head-ache

: Sakit kepala

21. To Have stomach-ache

: Sakit Perut22. To have sore throat

: Sakit Tenggorokan23. To have sore eyes

: Sakit Mata24. To have tooth-ache

: Sakit Gigi25. To have a sore mouth

: Sakit Mulut26. To have a cough

: Sakit Batuk27. To have a cold/ to catch a cold

: Masuk angin28. Children often get measles

: Campak29. Mumps

: Gondong

30. Fever

: Demam

31. Whooping cough

: Batuk rejan

32. Babies may a fit of convulsion

: Bayi bisa tererang sawan33. Just run down

: Hanya karena lelah34. Difficulty in breathing

: Sesak Nafas35. He was run down by a truck

: Dia mati karena ketabrak truk36. Did he get hurt?

: Apakah ia terluka?37. His death was due to renal failure

: Saya sesak nafas

C. Skin Diseases

1. Pimples/acne

: Jerawat2. Rash

: Bintik merah3. Freckles

: Bintik-bintik di muka4. Boil/ulcer

: Koreng krn gatal5. Itch

: Gatal6. Ulceration

: Koreng7. Sore

: Sakit/luka8. Scar

: Parut/bks luka9. Urticaria

: Biduran10. Bollosus/bulla/bula

: MelepuhD. Medical Expert1. Cardiologist

: Dokter ahli jantung2. Dermatologist

: Ahli penyakit Kulit3. Internist

: Ahli penyakit dalam4. Obstetrician

: Dokter ahli kebidanan 5. Ophthalmologist

: Dokter mata

6. Orthopedist

: Dokter ahli bedah tulang

7. Pediatrician

: Dokter anak

8. Psychiatrist

: Dokter ahli jiwa

9. Surgeon

: Dokter ahli bedah

10. Hematologist

: Dokter ahli darah

E. Dental and Oral Terms

1. Oral diseases

: Penyakit dalam mulut2. Prevention and emergency care for oral diseases: Pnecegahan dan perawatan darurat penyakit dalam mulut3. Oral health Unit

: Unit kesehatan mulut dan gigi4. The teeth, gingival and oral mucosa

: Gigi, gusi, dan selaput lender mulut5. Permanent teeth

: Gigi dewasa6. Primary teeth

: refers to baby (gigi susu)7. Crown

: Mahkota gigi8. Root

: Akar gigiBAGIAN SEPULUH

GERUND

Gerund adalah kata kerja + ing dan artinya berubah menjadi kata benda. Bentuknya sama dengan present participle (continuous tense)

Fungsi Gerund:

1. Sebagai subjeck:Jogging is a good sport.

Playing football is one of my hobbies

2. Sebagai pelengkap/ complement

1. My duty is working in this ward

2. One of my hobbies is collecting stamps

3. Untuk larangan singkatNo smoking

No sitting

No fishing

Penggunaan gerund.1. Gerund harus digunakan mengikuti kata kerja berikut:

AdmitDenyMentionRecommend

AdviseDiscussMindRegret

AnticipateDislikeMissRemember

AppreciateEnjoyPostponeResent

AvoidFinishPracticeResist

CompleteForgetQuitRisk

ConsiderCant helpRecallRemember

DelayStopKeepSuggestRecollectResent

He admitted stealing the money.

He enjoys staying in Yogyakarta

2. Gerund sesudah Possesive adjective

My, your, his, her, our, their

I couldt see her jumping

My writing about public health is read by many people.

3. Gerund sesudah kata depan (preposition). Dalam sebuah kalimat jika da kata kerja (verb),kata sifat (adjective), kata benda (noun), yang diikuti kata depan (preposition), maka kata kerja berikutnya harus gerund a. Verb + Preposition

Approve ofKeen onGive upThink ofKeep onRely on

Insist onDepend onSucceed inWorry aboutCount onObject to

If you want to be healthy you have to give up smokingHesti is thinking of going to work at the community health next month.b. Adjective + Preposition

Accustomed toFond ofInterested inSuccessful in

Capable ofAfraid ofIntent onTired of

I am interested in working at the dental clinic

He is not capable of doing extraction of the teeth

c. Noun + Preposition

Choice ofExcuse forIntention of

Method for/ofPossibility of Reason for

There is a possibility of working in the X hospital

Bila dalam kalimat ada kata go atau come, yang diikuti kata yang berarti kegiatan olah raga atau rekreasi yang bersifat fisik harus dalam bentuk ing

Go boating

Go fishing

Go swimming

Go golfing

Go running

Go window shopping

Come running

Come sightseeing

Come riding, dsbBAGIAN LIMABELAS

QUESTION TAG

Question tag adalah tambahan kata-kata di belakang sebuah kalimat yang berfungsi menanyakan persetujuan (agreement) atau menanyakan kebenaran tentang sesuatu hal (conforirmation). Dalam bahasa Indonesia, bisa diekspresikan dengan kata Bukan?Question tag yang digunakan pada kalimat positif, maka kalimat bentuknya negative interogatif, sebaliknya bila pernyataannya positif interrogative

Diah, one of the village midwife, didnt go to work at the village birthing hut, did she? (Diah salah satu dari bidan desa, tidak pergi ke polindes, bukan?Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan:

1. Subjek dari tag selalu pronoun: Nenis isnt working to day, is she? (Pronoun)2. Kata lets yakni bentuk kontraksi dari let us, tagnya menggunakan shall: lets go, shall we? (mari kita pergi)3. Kalimat dengan menggunakan no, none, no one, no body, neither, nothing, scarcely, bearely, hardly,hardly ever, seldom, sama dengan kalimat negative, sehingga tafnya positif interogatif. Contoh:Nothing else was said, was it? (tak ada lagi yang dikatakan bukan?)

Eni hardly ever slept last night, did she? (Eni hampir tidak pernah tidur tadi malam bukan?Rudi hardy ever goes to the hospital, does he? ( Rudi hamper tidak pergi kerumah sakit, bukan?) 4. Jika subjeck dari kalimat adalah: anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none, neither, maka subjeck tagnya adalah they. Missal: I dont think anyone attend the school of nursing, this year, do they? ( saya kira tak ada yang mau masuk sekolah keperawatn tahun ini, bukan begiu?5. kata kerja negative, umumnya dikontraksikan dalam tagnya: you are there, arent you?BAGIA ENAM BELAS

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE AND THE INDEFINITE

1. The sefinite article (kata snadang tertentu)

The adalah kata sandang tertentu atau yang tentu, dalam Bahasa Inggris disebut dengan istilah deinite article. The diucapkan de sebelum kata yang dimulai dengan bunyi konsonan dan di sebelum kata yang dimulai dengan bunyi vokal.Contoh:

The (de) girl, the (de) university

The (di) end, the (di) honest woman.

a. Definite article digunakan:1). Sebelum kata benda tunggal untuk menandai keseluruhan kelompok:

The peacock is a beautiful bird

2). Sebelum kata benda yang dibuat definit oleh kata keterangan atau klausa:

The cat of my cousin is very clever.

The film we watched yesterday was scary.

b. Artikel definite tidak digunakan:

1) Sebelum kata benda jamak yang digunakan dalam pernyataan umum:

Crocodiles are wild and dangeraous.

The crocodiles we met in the forest last week are very dannngeraous

2) Sebelum nama musim yang digunakan dalam pernyataan umum:

2. The indefinite article (kata sandang tak tentu)

Kata sandang tak tentu adalah a dan an. A digunakan sebelum kata-kata dengan suatu suara konsonan (a consonant-saound) sedangkan an digunakan sebelum suatu suara vokal (a vocal-sound)

Contoh:

He works an a hospital. He departs to the hospital an hour ago.

An old patient, an honest doctor but a ward, a nurse.

Indefinite article digunakan:a. Sebelum kaa benda tunggal yang berarti untuk seluruh kelompok atau arti yang umum: a lion is wild animalb. Sebelum kata benda tunggal yang berarti: Nama pangkat, pekerjaan, jabatan: a teacher, a general, a director

Nama Kebangsaan: an Indonesia, a German

Nama agama: a moslem, a Catholik

c. Untuk jumlah tertenu: a lot money, a great deal, a dozen, a couple.

d. Penulisan angka tertentu: a houndred, a thousand, a million

e. Menyatakan harga satuan tertentu: $1 a dozen, five kilometer an hour, sixpence a pond.

f. Kalimat seruan sebelum kata benda yang dapat dihitug dan tunggal: What a handsome boy, such a long queue. Exeption (kekecualian):

Indefinite article tidak dapat digunakan, bila titel, pangkat atau pekerjaan hanya bisa disandang oleh satu orang pada waktu yang sama: Soekarno was president of Indonesia and Hamengkubuwono IX was king of yogyakarta when the Indepedence Day of Indonesia was proclaimed.

Perhatikan perbedaan ini

1. Half a crown (nilai-nilai adjective) dan a half crown (mat uang = 5 shilling-noun)

2. Hal a sovereign( nilai adjektive) dan a half sovereign (mata uang emas Inggris- noun)

3. Half a bottle ( setengah botol-nilai adjective) dan a half bottle (botolnya separo- noun)

4. Half a dozen = 6 (enam)

Contoh:crown.

I have a half Crown in my pocket. This a half crown is two whilling and half . The shirt costs half (Saya memiliki setengah crown di saku saya, Setangah crown ini adalah dua setengah shilling, Baju itu hargany setengah crown.

Get half a bottle of coca cola from the table, a whole bottle will be too much. ( Ambil setengah botol coca cola dari meja itu, satu botol penuh akan terlalu banyak.)

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