Reassessing Counterinsurgency: Theory and Practice

Workshop hosted by The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law

University of Texas at Austin, King’s College London, and the University of Queensland, Australia

June 7 – 9, 2012

PARTICIPANT BIOS

in alphabetical order

HUW BENNETT Lecturer, Defence Studies, Joint Services Command and Staff College

Huw Bennett is a lecturer in the Defence Studies Department of King's College London, teaching at the Joint Services Command and Staff College. His undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in international politics and strategic studies were awarded by Aberystwyth University. His main research interest at present is in British counter-insurgency since 1945, and he has published on this topic in Defense and Security Analysis, Small Wars and Insurgencies, the Journal of Strategic Studies, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, and Twentieth Century British History. His monograph, 'Fighting the Mau Mau: the British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency', is forthcoming with Cambridge University Press. JOHN BEW Reader in History and Foreign Policy, War Studies Department, King’s College London

Dr John Bew is Reader in History and Foreign Policy at the War Studies Department at King’s College London. He is also Director of the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence and runs the Foreign Policy Research Group at King’s. From 2007-10 he was Lecturer in Modern British History, Harris Fellow and Director of Studies at Peterhouse, Cambridge University, where he was previously a Junior Research Fellow. He writes for the Irish Times, London Review of Books, Spectator, Standpoint and Times Higher Education Supplement and appears regularly on television and radio.

John’s most recent book, CASTLEREAGH: ENLIGHTENMENT, WAR AND TYRANNY, was published in October 2011 by Quercus in London and will be published by Oxford University Press in the United States in the autumn of 2012. It was named one of the books of the year for 2011 by the Wall Street Journal,

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Sunday Telegraph, BBC, and Total Politics magazine. His previous books include TALKING TO TERRORISTS: MAKING PEACE IN NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE BASQUE COUNTRY (Hurst and Co., London, and Colombia University Press, New York, 2009), which was chosen by David Kilcullen in Foreign Policy Magazine's Global Thinkers Book Club in December 2009. In addition to four books, John has also published essays and articles on a variety of areas including foreign policy, national identity and terrorism, including a recent contribution to HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: A HISTORY (Cambridge University Press, 2011). STEPHEN BIDDLE Roger Hertog Senior Fellow for Defense Policy, Council on Foreign Relations Dr. Stephen D. Biddle is the Roger Hertog Senior Fellow for Defense Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. Before joining the Council in January 2006 he held the Elihu Root Chair in Military Studies at the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), and has held teaching and research posts at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA); Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA); and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Office of National Security Programs. His book Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle (Princeton University Press, 2004) has won four prizes, including the Council on Foreign Relations Arthur Ross Award Silver Medal for 2005, and the 2005 Huntington Prize from the Harvard University Olin Institute for Strategic Studies. His other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, International Security, Survival, The Journal of Politics, The Journal of Strategic Studies, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Security Studies, The New Republic, The American Interest, The National Interest, Orbis, Contemporary Security Policy, Defense Analysis, Joint Force Quarterly, and Military Operations Research; shorter pieces on military topics in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Boston Globe, The Baltimore Sun, The International Herald Tribune, the Suddeutsche Zeitung, the Guardian, and Defense News; various chapters in edited volumes; and 31 IDA, SSI, and NATO reports. Dr. Biddle has served as a member of the Defense Policy Board, and has presented testimony before congressional committees on issues relating to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, force planning, conventional net assessment, and European arms control. He served on General Stanley McChrystal’s Initial Strategic Assessment Team in Kabul in 2009, on General David Petraeus’ Joint Strategic Assessment Team in Baghdad in 2007, and as a Senior Advisor to General Petraeus’ Central Command Assessment Team in Washington in 2008-9. He holds an appointment as Adjunct Associate Professor of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. His research has won Barchi, Rist, and Impact Prizes from the Military Operations Research Society. He was awarded the U.S. Army Superior Civilian Service Medal in 2003 and again in 2006, and was presented with the US Army Commander’s Award for Public Service in Baghdad in 2007. He holds AB (1981), MPP (1985), and Ph.D. (Public Policy, 1992) degrees, all from Harvard University. MATTHEW CARROLL Special Operations and Counterterrorism Policy Advisor on Afghanistan, Office of the Secretary of Defense

Matthew Carroll is a Foreign Affairs Officer in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, where he serves as a Special Operations and Counterterrorism Policy Advisor on Afghanistan. He served previously on the Iraq and Saudi Arabia desks at OSD and before that worked at the State Department and USAID. He is 2009 Presidential Management Fellow, and previously was a Fellow at the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge. He is a graduate of Indiana University - Maurer School of Law and Northern Arizona University.

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RYAN EVANS Research Fellow, Center for National Policy and The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation Ryan Evans is a Research Fellow at the Center for National Policy in Washington, DC. He specializes in the conflict in Afghanistan, civil society and foreign policy in Turkey and Egypt, and Islamist mobilization. From 2010-11, Evans worked for the US Army's Human Terrain System in Afghanistan where he was embedded as a social scientist supporting the British-led Task Force Helmand. For his PhD research at the King’s College London War Studies Department, Evans is examining the relationship between Islamic political activism and foreign and security policies in Turkey and Egypt. He has an MA in Intelligence and International Security from King's College London. During his time at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, Evans led research into violent extremism and mobilization in Western Muslim communities. MATTHEW FORD Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Hull

Prior to completing his PhD in War Studies from King's College London, Matthew worked for a global management consultancy. Subsequently a Strategic Analyst with the Policy and Capability Studies Department of Dstl, an agency of the UK Ministry of Defence, Matthew's research interests focus on military innovation, socio-technical change, the social construction of military effects and strategy. Matthew has taught at King's College London, Birkbeck College and the University of Birmingham. He read philosophy at the University of Reading and holds an MA in War Studies from King's College London. Matthew is a West Point Fellow and winner of the Society for Military History's Russell F. Weigley Graduate award.

Matthew is currently working with Dstl on matters associated with COIN and Defence Engagement and has made a number of contributions in relation to the re-writing of UK Stabilisation Doctrine. Matthew has also been engaged by the UK Ministry of Defence to investigate how military culture shapes technical choices, with particular focus on the infantry. FRANCIS GAVIN Director, Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, and Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs, LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin A historian by training, Francis J. Gavin's teaching and research interests focus on U.S. foreign policy, global governance, national security affairs, nuclear strategy and arms control, presidential policymaking, and the history of international monetary relations. Gavin is the Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law and the first Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs at Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin. He was also the director of "The Next Generation Project - U.S. Global Policy and the Future of International Institutions," a multi-year national initiative sponsored by The American Assembly at Columbia University. Previously, he was an Olin National Security Fellow at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs, an International Security Fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, and a Research Fellow at the Miller Center for Public Affairs at the University of Virginia, where he started "The Presidency and Economic Policy Program."

Gavin received a Ph.D. and M.A. in Diplomatic History from the University of Pennsylvania, a Master of Studies in Modern European History from Oxford, and a B.A. in Political Science (with honors) from the University of Chicago. His publications include numerous scholarly articles, book reviews and editorials. His book, Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations, 1958-1971, was

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published in 2004 by the University of North Carolina Press under their New Cold War History series.

Gavin has won several prestigious awards and honors, including the 2002-2003 Smith Richardson Junior Faculty fellowship in International Security and Foreign Policy and the 2003-2004 Donald D. Harrington Faculty Fellowship at the University of Texas. He is currently completing a book manuscript, Nuclear Politics and Policies: From the Cold War through the 21st Century. In the spring of 2009, he was a senior research fellow at the Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway, participating in the Institute's project to explore the causes and consequences of nuclear proliferation, "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: Post Experiences and Future Challenges."

Gavin is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations, the International Studies Association, the Council for European Studies, and is an advisor to McKinsey & Company. He serves on the Academic Advisory Board for America Abroad Media in Washington, DC and the Advisory Board for the Center for International Business Education and Research at the University of Texas. GIAN GENTILE Academy Professor and American Division Chief, Department of History, United States Military Academy

Colonel Gian P Gentile received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in history from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986 and was commissioned through ROTC as second lieutenant of Armor. He has served in command and staff positions in the continental United States, Germany, and Korea. He has served in Iraq 2003 and 2006. In 2003 he was a Brigade Combat Team Executive Office in the 4th Infantry Division in Tikrit. In 2006 he commanded a Cavalry Squadron in the 4th Infantry Division in west Baghdad. He is a graduate of the Army’s School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) and he holds a doctorate in history from Stanford University. His book How Effective is Strategic Bombing? Lessons Learned from World War II to Kosovo, was published by New York University Press in 2000. He has had articles published in the Pacific Historical Review, Air Power History, Journal of Military History, Joint Forces Quarterly, Parameters, and Armed Forces Journal. He has also published numerous opinion articles in the Washington Post, Christian Science Monitor, Washington Times, International Herald Tribune, and Army Times. He has been a visiting fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City and he currently directs the Military History Program at the United States Military Academy at West Point. CELESTE WARD GVENTER Associate Director, The Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, University of Texas at Austin

Celeste Ward Gventer is Associate Director at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. Previously, she was Senior Defense Analyst at the RAND Corporation. Prior to joining RAND, she was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Stability Operations Capabilities in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from August 2007 – January 2009. There she was responsible for providing policy advice on the capabilities needed in the U.S. General Purpose Force to conduct effective stabilization and reconstruction and counterinsurgency operations.

She joined DoD from her second tour in Iraq, where she served for all of 2006 as the political-military advisor to the MNC-I commander, GEN Peter W. Chiarelli. She also served in Iraq from November 2003 – June 2004 with the Coalition Provisional Authority, where she assisted in the creation and stand-up of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense and was an assistant to the Iraqi National Security Advisor.

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Celeste has also worked as a Special Assistant to the Counselor of the State Department (Dr. Philip Zelikow), as a Strategist in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and as a Defense Analyst at the U.S. Congressional Budget Office.

Celeste received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Stanford University and a Master of Public Policy degree from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. She is the recipient of the Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal, the U.S. Army Superior Civilian Service Award, and the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service. Celeste is married to a U.S. Army officer (Armor). KARL HACK Senior Lecturer, History Department, Open University Karl Hack is a Senior Lecturer in History at the Open University, United Kingdom, having previously taught in Singapore from 1995-2006. His main work on insurgency is (edited with C.C. Chin), Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party (Singapore, 2004), based on interviews with the Secretary-General of the Malayan Communist Party. Other relevant publications include: ‘ “Iron Claws on Malaya”: The Historiography of the Malayan Emergency’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30, 1 (1999); ‘The Malayan Emergency as Counter-insurgency paradigm’, Journal of Strategic Studies 32, 3 (June 2009), 383-414; ‘Negotiating with the Enemy’ (Guest editor), special edition of the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 39, 4 (November 2011); ‘Between Two Terrors: “People’s History” and the Malayan Emergency’ in Hannah Gurman (ed.), A People's History of Counterinsurgency (New York: Free Press, forthcoming); and ‘Everyone lived in Fear: Malaya and ‘The British Way of Counter-insurgency’, Small Wars & Insurgencies (forthcoming) . His most recent book (with Kevin Blackburn) is, War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore (Singapore, 2012). JACQUELINE L. HAZELTON Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Rochester Jacqueline L. Hazelton is a visiting assistant professor at the University of Rochester and spent the past two years as a research fellow at the Belfer Center, Harvard Kennedy School. She returned to academia from a career as an international journalist with The Associated Press. Her research interests include international relations theory, compellence, asymmetric conflict, U.S. foreign and military policy, counterinsurgency, terrorism, Islamic political thought, and the uses of military power.

Hazelton's dissertation, Compellence and Accommodation in Counterinsurgency Warfare (Brandeis, 2011), asks under what conditions states defeat insurgencies in the post-1945 era. Hazelton tests the conventional wisdom that a counterinsurgency (COIN) strategy of state building and limited force is necessary to defeat an insurgency. The logic of this paradigm is that meeting popular grievances will gain the state broad popular support and marginalize the insurgency.

Hazelton finds that policymakers and military planners relying on the efficacy of the state-building approach to COIN are basing their choice on a misreading of history. There is no empirical evidence that the contemporary U.S. approach to COIN is what defeats insurgencies. The small number of cases identified as models of successful state-building COIN include the British campaign in Malaya, the U.S.-backed defeat of the Huks in the Philippines, the British-backed success in Dhofar, Oman, and the U.S.-backed success in El Salvador. In fact, none was conducted as a state-building campaign. These campaigns included significant intentional uses of force against civilians and little state development or democratization.

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Great powers attempting to coerce clients into conducting a state-building campaign find that it is exceedingly difficult to do so -- for reasons inherent to the paradigm. The demanded reforms require the client to commit regime suicide. Elites following the urging of the intervening power would strip themselves of the power and resources they are fighting the insurgency to retain.

Hazelton holds an MA in international relations from the University of Chicago, an MA in English Language and Literature from Chicago, and a BA in English, also from Chicago. She is a reviewer for International Security and Millennium and belongs to the American Political Science Association, the International Studies Association, and the Committee for the Analysis of Military Operations and Strategy. COLIN JACKSON Assistant Professor, Strategy & Policy, U.S. Naval War College Professor Colin F. Jackson holds degrees from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School (M.B.A., Finance), Johns Hopkins’ School of Advanced International Studies (M.A., International Economics and Strategic Studies), Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School (B.A., Public and International Affairs), and MIT (Ph.D., Political Science (Security Studies)). Professor Jackson’s current research includes work on counterinsurgency, state building, economics, public and private sector risk management, organizational learning, and intelligence operations. Prior to entering academia, Professor Jackson worked for several years in the corporate sector in financial trading, telecommunications, transportation markets, and power development. He served four years on active duty with the United States Army in Germany as an armor and cavalry officer. Professor Jackson continues to serve as a military intelligence officer in the U.S. Army Reserve. KIMBERLY JACKSON Foreign Affairs Specialist, Special Operations &Combating Terrorism Policy Division, Office of the Secretary of Defense Kimberly M. Jackson is a foreign affairs specialist within the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Special Operations & Combating Terrorism policy division, where she develops policy for and oversees the United States Special Operations Command’s Major Force Program 11 activities and Section 1208 counterterrorism authority.

Previously, Ms. Jackson managed integration strategy with theater special operations units for Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), analyzed global combatant command organization for the Secretary’s efficiencies review in OSD’s Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation office, and served as a future operations planner at Special Operations Command South. In 2011, Ms. Jackson deployed to Sana'a, Yemen as Director for Policy and Plans for Special Operations Command Central's forward element.

Prior to joining OSD originally as a Presidential Management Fellow, Ms. Jackson was a policy analyst for Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) and a consultant in the private defense industry. Ms. Jackson also previously served as the military and foreign policy advisor to U.S. Senator Mark Dayton and received the Minnesota National Guard Outstanding Service Award for her work in developing legislation on Reserve component redeployment support programs. Ms. Jackson is a Truman National Security Fellow, and has participated in both the Secretary of Defense’s Highlands Forum and the German Defense Ministry’s Manfred Woerner Seminar. She earned a Master of Public Health and a Master of Public Policy from the

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University of California, Berkeley, and a bachelor's degree in journalism and sports management from the University of Minnesota, where she graduated summa cum laude. She holds both the Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award and the Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal. DAVID MARTIN JONES Associate Professor, Political Science, The University of Queensland, Australia David Martin Jones is Associate Professor in the School of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland. He has an Honours degree from Reading University, an MA from McMaster University, Ontario and a doctorate from the London School of Economics and Political Science and has taught history of political ideas and political development, revolution and state breakdown in Canada, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. He has held visiting positions at the War Studies Department Kings College, London, a university fellowship at the University of Wales and a visiting Professorship in the Southeast Asian Studies Department at the University of Malaya. His books include Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (Macmillan/St Antony’s Oxford, 1995), Political Development in Pacific Asia (Polity 1997), Conscience and Obligation (Rochester University Press 1999), The Image of China in Western Social and Political Thought (Palgrave 2001) and ASEAN and East Asian International Order (Edward Elgar 2007). He has also edited two volumes on Globalization and the New Terror (2002) and The Power of Informal Networks (2010). His essays on aspects of ideology, political development, integration and disintegration have appeared inter alia In International Affairs, Comparative Politics, International Security, Pacific Review, Orbis, The History of Political Thought, Journal of Cold War Studies, The National Interest, The World Today and The American Interest. Jones also contributes op-ed pieces to The Spectator, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review. COLIN KAHL Associate Professor, Security Studies Program in the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University Colin Kahl is an associate professor in the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he teaches courses on international relations, international security, the geopolitics of the Middle East, American foreign policy, and civil and ethnic conflict. Current research projects include a study of the evolution of U.S. counterinsurgency practices in Iraq and a separate study on the emerging U.S. regional security architecture to counter Iran. He has published articles on U.S. policy and military conduct in the Middle East in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, International Security, the Los Angeles Times, Middle East Policy, the National Interest, and the New York Times, and has published several reports for the Center for a New American Security, a Washington-based think tank. His previous research analyzed the causes and consequences of violent civil and ethnic conflict in developing countries, focusing particular attention on the demographic and natural resource dimensions of these conflicts. His book on the subject, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World, was published by Princeton University Press in 2006, and related articles and chapters have appeared in International Security, the Journal of International Affairs, and various edited volumes. He is a regular consultant for the Department of Defense and the Intelligence community. From February 2009 to December 2011, Prof. Kahl was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East at the Pentagon. In this capacity, he served as the senior policy advisor to the Secretary of Defense for Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, and six other countries in the Levant and Persian Gulf. He was responsible for strategy development and policy oversight of the responsible drawdown of U.S. forces from Iraq, the Department's efforts to counter Iran's destabilizing activities, security enhancements to support Israeli security and facilitate the Middle East Peace Process, and

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efforts to build an integrated regional security architecture in the Gulf. In June 2011, he was awarded the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service by Secretary Robert Gates. From 2000-2004 and 2006-2007, he was an assistant professor of political science at the University of Minnesota. In 2005-2006, Prof. Kahl was a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, where he worked on issues related to counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and responses to failed states. In 1997-1998, he was a National Security Fellow at the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. TERRENCE KELLY Senior Operations Researcher and Professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School, RAND Corporation Terrence Kelly is a senior operations researcher at the RAND Corporation, where his primary research interests include counterinsurgency, security force assistance, and nation-building, with particular emphasis on Iraq and Afghanistan. He is also a professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. Kelly is currently leading a research project to examine Security Force Assistance for Afghanistan, and served in the summer of 2009 on General Stanley McChrystal's assessment team.

From February 2006 to April 2007, Kelly served as director of the Joint Strategic Planning and Assessment Office in the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. In 2004, he was the director for Militia Transition and Reintegration Programs for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, where he developed policies and programs to demobilize militias, and negotiated agreements with several major Iraqi militia leaders. He also served as the senior national security officer in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, held many Army field and staff positions, was a White House fellow, and served as the chief of staff of the National Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office. Kelly has held faculty positions in West Point's System Engineering Department and the Mathematical Sciences Department (visiting) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and as an adjunct professor of security policy and management at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College of Public Policy and Management.

Kelly holds a B.S. from the United States Military Academy, West Point; an M.A. in strategic studies from U.S. Army War College; and an M.S. in computer and systems engineering and Ph.D. in mathematics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. MARK LAWRENCE Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Texas at Austin Mark Atwood Lawrence is Associate Professor of History and Senior Fellow at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the University of Texas at Austin. During the 2011-2012 academic year, he is Stanley Kaplan Visiting Professor of American Foreign Relations at Williams College. He received his B.A. from Stanford University in 1988 and his doctorate from Yale in 1999. After teaching as a lecturer in history at Yale, he joined the History Department at UT-Austin in 2000. Since then, he has published two books, Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam (University of California Press, 2005) and The Vietnam War: A Concise International History (Oxford University Press, 2008). Lawrence is also co-editor of The First Indochina War: Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis (Harvard University Press, 2007), a collection of essays about the 1946-1954 conflict. He is now at work on a study of U.S. policymaking toward the developing world in the 1960s and early 1970s.

Professor Lawrence teaches a range of graduate and undergraduate courses in the history of U.S. foreign relations, national security policy, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. In 2005, he was awarded the

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President’s Associates’ Award for Teaching Excellence by UT-Austin. Professor Lawrence's current book project aims to develop a complicated answer to a simple question: Why did the U.S. relationship with much of the Third World deteriorate so badly across the 1960s, the very decade when many Americans grew far more sensitive to the sociopolitical changes that were sweeping the vast parts of the globe emerging from colonialism? While the U.S. relationships with various countries – Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, or the Congo, for example – have received extensive study, no book has attempted to explore U.S. policymaking on a truly global basis. His study will attempt to accomplish this goal by examining U.S. behavior across the 1960s in connection with five diverse countries – India, Brazil, Indonesia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Egypt. In each of these places, U.S. leaders failed to form or reestablish effective partnerships with local nationalists and presided over increasingly militarized, confrontational policies by the dawn of the 1970s. During the 1960s, he argues, the United States repeatedly closed down opportunities for moderate nationalists and created fertile conditions for the rise of radicalism. JEFFREY MICHAELS Research Associate, Department of War Studies, King’s College London Jeffrey H. Michaels is Research Associate in the Department of War Studies coordinating an ESRC-sponsored project entitled 'Strategic Scripts for the 21st Century', which is headed by Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman. Prior to this, Jeff served as a Lecturer with the Air Power Studies Division of the Defence Studies Department. Earlier experience has included serving as an intelligence officer attached to the US European Command and the Pentagon's Joint Staff, consulting for the Office of Net Assessment, Office of the Secretary of Defense, working as a research assistant and an occasional lecturer on the staff of the NATO School (SHAPE) in Oberammergau, Germany, and interning with the Office of the Special Advisor for Central and Eastern European Affairs, Private Office of the Secretary General of NATO in Brussels. He completed his PhD in War Studies at King's in 2009 focusing on contemporary US political-military discourse. MICHAEL MOSSER Lecturer, Department of Government, European Studies Center, and the International Relations and Global Governance Major, University of Texas at Austin

Beginning Summer 2012, Dr. Michael W. Mosser will serve as a lecturer with a joint appointment in the Department of Government, the European Studies Center, and the International Relations and Global Governance Major at the University of Texas at Austin. From August 2009 to May 2012, he was a visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Southwestern University in Georgetown, TX. From January to June 2009, he served as Associate Director of the European Union Center of Excellence and a Fellow of the Robert S. Strauss Center at the University of Texas at Austin. From June 2009 to May 2010, he was the initial military/education liaison for the University of Texas LBJ School of Public Affairs Robert S. Strauss Center’s “Climate Change and African Political Stability” grant funded by the US Department of Defense’s Minerva Initiative. From 2006 to 2009 he was an assistant professor at the US Army School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he taught international relations, security studies, and comparative foreign policy of Western Europe.

He has published articles in the fields of military art and science and military sociology, and is presently co-authoring a textbook on international organizations. His latest article, “Identimetrics: Operationalizing

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Identity in Counterinsurgency Operations” was published online at the e-International Relations website (http://www.e-ir.info) in March 2012. He has also published “The Promise and the Peril: The Social Construction of American Military Technology,” in the Whitehead Journal of International Diplomacy and International Relations, Volume XI, Number 2 (Summer/Fall 2010), pp. 91-104, as well as “Puzzles Versus Problems: The Alleged Disconnect between Academics and Military Practitioners,” as part of a symposium in Perspectives on Politics 8:4 (December 2010), pp. 1077-1086, and “The Myth of a Global Insurgency: The Dangers of Mistaking Coherence for Capability,” in JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly, 56:1 (January 2010), pp. 140-143. While at SAMS, he published the lead article of a series on the military role in the amnesty, reconciliation and reintegration (AR2) process entitled “The ‘Armed Reconciler:’ The Military Role in the Amnesty, Reconciliation, and Reintegration Process,” Military Review, Vol. 87 (Nov./Dec. 2007), pp. 13-19. JOHN NAGL President, Center for a New American Security and Visiting Professor, War Studies Department, King’s College London Dr. John Nagl is the President of the Center for a New American Security. He is also a member of the Defense Policy Board, a Visiting Professor in the War Studies Department at Kings College of London, a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and a member of the International Institute of Strategic Studies. Dr. Nagl served as an armor officer in the U.S. Army for 20 years. He led a tank platoon in Operation Desert Storm and served as the operations officer of a tank battalion task force in Operation Iraqi Freedom, earning the Combat Action Badge and the Bronze Star medal. He earned his Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College and his doctorate from Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. Dr. Nagl is the author of Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam and was on the writing team that produced the U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. Dr. Nagl has appeared on The News Hour with Jim Leher, National Public Radio, 60 Minutes, Washington Journal, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.

DOUGLAS OLLIVANT Senior National Security Fellow, New America Foundation He most recently spent one year as the Senior Counterinsurgency Advisor to the Commander, Regional Command-East at Bagram Air Field, Afghanistan, returning to Washington this spring. Mr. Ollivant is a recently retired Army officer whose last duty assignment was as Director for Iraq at the National Security Council during both the Bush and Obama administrations. Reporting to the Deputy National Security Advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan, he was responsible for coordinating all aspects of security and coalition operations among diverse government agencies, including the orderly disbanding of the Iraq coalition, coordinating the plan for "change of mission" in August of 2010, and the transfer of police training responsibilities from the Department of Defense to the Department of State.

Prior to his posting at the White House, Mr. Ollivant served in Iraq as the Chief of Plans for MultiNational Division Baghdad in 2006-2007. During this time he led the planning team that designed the Baghdad Security Plan, the main effort of what later became known as the "Surge." Mr. Ollivant was also a key player in the establishment of the "Sons of Iraq" in Baghdad province and was identified as a member of General Petraeus' "brain trust." He also served an earlier tour in Iraq as a Battalion Operations Officer and is a veteran of the battles of Najaf Cemetery and Second Fallujah.

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Mr. Ollivant holds an earned doctorate from Indiana University, is a graduate of the U.S. Army's School of Advanced Military Studies and has written essays and book reviews on a wide variety of topics. He is a frequent television commentator on defense and Middle East issues. A life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Veterans of Foreign Wars and American Political Science Association, he advises a number of companies on strategy and political risk. DOUGLAS PORCH Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School Douglas Porch earned his Ph.D. from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University. He was a senior lecturer at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, before being named to the Mark Clark Chair of History at The Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina.

He is now a Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Professor Porch has served as Professor of Strategy at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, and has also lectured at the United States Marine Corps University at Quantico, Virginia, the U.S. Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy.

A specialist in military history, Douglas Porch’s books include The French Secret Services: From the Dreyfus Affair to Desert Storm (1995); The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force (1991) which won prizes both in the United States and in France; The Conquest of the Sahara; The Conquest of Morocco; The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871-1914; The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution; and Army and Revolution: France 1815-1844. Wars of Empire, part of the Cassell History of Warfare series, appeared in October 2000 and in paperback in 2001.

His latest book, Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II, a selection of the Military History Book Club, the History Book Club, and the Book of the Month Club, was published by Farrar, Straus, Giroux in May 2004, received the Award for Excellence in U.S. Army Historical Writing from The Army Historical Foundation. He advises on security issues all over the world – this year his work has taken him to Colombia, Peru and Mexico and Italy. He has also conducted specialized seminars in Monterey, Camp Lejeune and Fort Bragg for security and intelligence personnel, both American and international. MICHAEL RAINSBOROUGH Professor of Strategic Theory, Department of War Studies, King’s College London

Michael Rainsborough is Professor of Strategic Theory in the Department of War Studies, King’s College, University of London. He gained his PhD and MA from King’s College, and his BScEcon from the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has held previous posts as Senior Lecturer in the Department of History and International Affairs at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich and the Defence Studies Department, Joint Services Command and Staff College, UK. He has also held posts as Lecturer in the Department of History, National University of Singapore (1992-1995) and as Consultant and Principal Lecturer at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (1997-2001). He is an elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts, the Higher Education Academy, the Royal Society of Historical Studies and the Royal Geographical Society. Since the mid-1980s he has been interested in the role and strategy of violent non-state political actors. He also possesses specializations in Asian politics and security and in broad issues of international history, international relations and foreign policy analysis. He is author of Fighting For Ireland? The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican

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Movement (1995); co-author of Australian Foreign and Defence Policy at the Millennium (2000), ASEAN and East Asian International Relations: Regional Delusion (2006); The Strategy of Terrorism: How It Works and Why It Fails (2008). He is also co-editor of The Changing Face of Maritime Power (1999) and The Changing Face of Military Power: Joint Warfare in an Expeditionary Era (2002). His work has appeared in a wide variety of academic journals and professional publications including International Security, International Affairs, Review of International Studies, Journal of Cold War Studies, Armed Forces and Society, Contemporary Security Policy, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Journal of Strategic Studies, Jane’s Intelligence Review, Small Wars and Insurgencies, Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement, Democracy and Security, and Terrorism and Political Violence. WILLIAM ROSENAU Senior Analyst, Center for Strategic Studies, CNA

William Rosenau is a senior analyst at the Center for Strategic Studies, CNA, a federally funded research and development center in Alexandria, VA. Before joining CNA, he served in the RAND Corporation’s International Security Policy department, and as chair of RAND’s Insurgency Board; as a policy adviser to the coordinator for counterterrorism, US Department of State; and as a special assistant to the assistant secretary of defense for special operations and low-intensity conflict. He has also been an adjunct professor in the Security Studies Program, Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.

His publications include Acknowledging Limits: Police Advisors and Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan (Marine Corps University Press, 2011); US Internal Security Assistance to South Vietnam: Insurgency, Subversion, and Public Order (Routledge, 2005); The Radicalization of Diasporas and Terrorism (ed., with Doron Zimmermann, Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, 2009); (with Peter Chalk, et al.) Corporations and Counterinsurgency (RAND, 2009); (with Peter Chalk and Angel Rabasa) The Evolving Dynamic of Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Net Assessment (RAND, 2009); (with Austin Long) The Phoenix Program and Contemporary Counterinsurgency (RAND, 2009); and Subversion and Insurgency (RAND, 2008). His degrees are from Cambridge (M.A.), and King’s College, London (Ph.D). JOSHUA ROVNER Associate Professor of Strategy and Policy, U.S. Naval War College

Joshua Rovner is Associate Professor of Strategy and Policy at the U.S. Naval War College, adjunct professor in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, and reviews editor of The Journal of Strategic Studies. He is the author of Fixing the Facts: National Security and the Politics of Intelligence (Cornell University Press, 2011). Other recent publications include "The Heroes of COIN," Orbis, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Spring 2012), pp. 1-18; and "Dominoes on the Durand Line? Overcoming Strategic Myths in Afghanistan and Pakistan," with Austin Long, Foreign Policy Briefing, No. 92 (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, June 2011). PAUL SCHULTE Non-Resident Senior Associate, Carnegie Europe and Carnegie Nuclear Policy, and Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Science and Security Studies, King’s College London

Paul Schulte is a Non-Resident Senior Associate of the Nuclear Policy Programme of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Senior Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Defence Studies at Kings College London, at the School of African and Oriental Studies, and at the UK Defence Academy.

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He is (a rigorously secular) Joint Chair of the U.K.'s Council on Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament.

His academic background includes an undergraduate degree from the London School of Economics, the Royal College of Defence Studies Senior Officers Course, and an international fellowship at the Weatherhead Centre for International Affairs at Harvard. He is also a qualified, and formerly practising, group psychotherapist.

His early government positions included desk responsibility for the development of counter terrorist strategy in the Northern Ireland Office, and for UK defence commitments between Morocco and Bangladesh. He later became Director of Proliferation and Arms Control (and therefore UK Commissioner on the UN Commissions for Iraqi Disarmament: UNSCOM and UNMOVIC), Director of Defence Organisation in the Coalition Provisional Authority for Iraq , founding Head of the U.K.'s interdepartmental Post-Conflict Reconstruction Unit, PCRU (which in 2005 drew up the integrated civil military stabilisation plan for Helmand, the first in British expeditionary history), and Chief Speechwriter for two Secretaries of State in the UK Defence Ministry.

His latest publication is the chapter on "Morality and War” for the Oxford Handbook on War (2012). PAUL STANILAND Assistant Professor of Political Science, Co-Director of the Program on International Security Policy, University of Chicago

Paul Staniland is Assistant Professor of Political Science and co-director of the Program on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago. His book manuscript, Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse, examines the origins and evolution of insurgent groups. His research on insurgency, political violence, and civil-military relations, with a focus on South Asia, has been published in Civil Wars, Comparative Political Studies, Journal of Conflict Resolution, International Security, Perspectives on Politics, Security Studies, and the Washington Quarterly. His current research examines warfare in transnational insurgency, Indian foreign security policy, and the relationship between violence and political order. BING WEST Former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Bing West has written eight books on national security. A graduate of Georgetown and Princeton Universities, in Vietnam he was a member of the Marine Force Reconnaissance team that initiated Operation Stingray – small unit attacks behind enemy lines in the jungles. He also saw action with the Combined Action Platoons in the villages. While serving as Assistant Secretary of Defense under President Reagan, he chaired the United States Security Commissions with El Salvador, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea and Japan.

His books include The Village, a narrative of 485 days of combat in Vietnam that has been on the Marine Commandant’s Reading List for 40 years; The Strongest Tribe, a history of the Iraq war that was a New York Times Bestseller; and The Wrong War, a history of the Afghanistan war. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Infantry Order of St. Crispin He is the recipient of Marine Corps Heritage Award, the Colby Military History Award, the General Goodpaster Prize for Military Scholarship, the Free Press Award, the Marine Corps Russell Award for Leadership and the Veterans of Foreign Wars National Media

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Award. His articles appear in The Wall St. Journal, The New York Times, The Atlantic, The National Review and The Washington Post.

He is co-authoring a book with Medal of Honor recipient Marine Corporal Dakota Meyer. Due out in June of 2012, it is entitled Into the Fire: A First-Hand Account of the Most Extraordinary Battle in the Afghanistan War. JAMES WORRALL Lecturer in International Security, School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds

Dr James Worrall is currently Lecturer in International Security at the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Leeds where he teaches courses on aspects of International Relations and Security including: International Organisations and World Order, Terrorism, Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Counterinsurgency.

His research interests lie in the fields of Security Studies and International Relations specialising in Levantine and Gulf Politics, Counterinsurgency, Security Sector Reform (especially policing) and Regime Stability and Legitimacy, as well as the role of International Actors in the Middle East with a focus upon the impact of Global Governance in the Gulf. He is joint reviews editor for the academic journal Civil Wars and a founding member of the Terrorism Research Initiative Network UK.

His book Statebuilding and Counterinsurgency in Oman: Political, Military and Diplomatic Relations at the End of Empire is due to be published with IB Tauris in July 2012.