pass objectives content standard 1.1 cells are composed of a variety of structures such as the...
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PASS Objectives Content Standard 1.1
Cells are composed of a variety ofstructures such as the nucleus,cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,ribosomes, mitochondria, andchloroplasts.
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All living things are made of cells
1
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Cells are the basic units of life
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Cells come only from other cells
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All bacteria cells are about the same size
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All animal cells are about the same size
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All plant cells are about the same size
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Larger animals musthave MORE cells.
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Cell Organelles
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Organelles - 5 min
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Cell Parts - 16 min
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Summary of Cell Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecyclecontain pigment
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Cell Wall
Surrounds bacteria and plant cells, functions for support and protection.
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There are large pores in the cellwall that allow substances to come in contact with the cell membrane.
Cell Wall
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Cell Membrane
A complex barrierof lipid (fat)moleculesseparating theinside of the cellfrom its external environment.
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Cell Membrane
There are two layers of lipidmolecules - one forming the inside surface and one forming the outside surface.
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Cell Membrane
Carbohydrate and proteinmolecules are part of themembrane and extend through it.
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The membraneis selectively permeable,allowing substances like water and oxygen to move freely through it, while keeping other substances from doing so.
Cell Membrane
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Water movesthrough themembrane by theprocess of osmosis.
Cell Membrane
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During osmosis,particles move easily from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration by molecular motion only.
Cell Membrane
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A cell CAN push molecules against this "concentration gradient", but it requires the cell to use energy to do so.
Cell Membrane
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Cytoplasm
A thick, aqueoussolution of salts surrounding the organelles inside the cell membrane.
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Cytoplasm
Nutrients and minerals spread through the cytoplasm to all parts of the cell bycytoplasmic streaming...
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Cytoplasm
meaning thecytoplasm isconstantly slowly moving inside the cell.
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Nucleus
The nucleus directs cell activities.
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Nucleus
The nucleuscontains the DNA of a cellin the form of chromatin,long threads of DNA.
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Nucleus
Chromosomes form ONLY during cell division.
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Ribosome
Sites of protein synthesis in almost all cells.
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These small, spherical structures are the most numerous organellesin most cells.
Ribosome
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EndoplasmicReticulum
A system of folded membrane sacs and tunnels in the cytoplasm.
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EndoplasmicReticulum
Rough "ER" is covered with ribosomes.
Smooth "ER" has few or no ribosomes.
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Mitochondria
Respiration centersof a cell.
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Mitochondria
Large organellesscattered through the cell, they are most numerousin cells that use a LOT of energy like liver and muscle cells.
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A stack of membranes that act to "package" substances for export from the cell.
GolgiApparatus
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Once enclosed in a vesicle, the product is sent through the cell membrane.
GolgiApparatus
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Lysosome
Lysosomes are the cell's recycling centers.
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Lysosome
Enzymes insidelysosomes break down molecules into smaller materials that are then used to build new complex molecules.
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Vacuole
Vacuoles are storage areas within a cell.
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Vacuole
Although most cells have vacuoles,plant cells have LARGE vacuoles in which they store water.
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Plastid
Plastids contain pigments, chemicals that produce colors.
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Plastid
The cells in your lowerepidermis have melanoplasts,containing the brown pigmentcalled melanin...
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Plastid
the more melanoplasts,the darker your skin.
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Plastid
Chloroplasts in plant cells contain the green pigmentchlorophyll, which makes photosynthesis possible.
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Summary of Organelles
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Summary of Organelles
cell wall
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Summary of Organelles
cell wall support & protect cell
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membrane
support & protect cell
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membrane
support & protect cell surround the cell
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasm
support & protect cellsurround the cell
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasm
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cell
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleus
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cell
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleus
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosome
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosome
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesis
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondria
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesis
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondria
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energy
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuole
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energy
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuole
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystorage
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosome
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystorage
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosome
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecycle
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecycle
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Summary of Organelles
cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecyclecontain pigment
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cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid
support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecyclecontain pigment
Summary of Organelles
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End - Cell Organelles
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Cell Cycle - 16 min
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TheCycle of
CellDivision
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Gap 1 - The formation of two daughter cells from a parent cell in cytokinesis is an energy-consuming process.
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Gap 1 - The time needed by the cells to replenish their energy causes this "gap".
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G1 - The longest phase of the cell cycle.
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G1 - It is during this phasethat specialized cells in higher organisms perform their major function.
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S - Synthesis means "to make".
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S - the cell's original DNA is duplicated in the process of replication.
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Gap 2 - The replication of DNA is another energy-consumingprocess for the cell.
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G2 - The time taken by a cell to build up its energy reserves produces this second gap.
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M - Mitosis is the process by which DNA is divided into two identical setsbefore the cell divides.
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Mitosis has four major phases:
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Chromatin condensesinto chromosomes.
1.Prophase
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Paired chromosomes moveto center of the cell.
2.Metaphase
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Homologous chromatids(half of a pair of chromosomes)move to opposite sidesof the cell.
3.Anaphase
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Chromosomes disappear anda nuclear membrane formsaround the chromatin...
4.Telophase
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Daughter cells form by cytokinesis.
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Telophase
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Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell.
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In animal cells, the cell pinchestogether, roughly in the center.
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In plant cells, a new cell wallbegins to form between thetwo daughter cells.
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Cytokinesis marks theend of the M phase.
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The cycle starts over.
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Cells willbe found inall phasesof the cellcycle in any fast growing tissue.
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Most human body cells can only divide about 50 times beforewearing out.
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Meiosis is like Mitosis,only different...
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Meiosis - 3 min
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Mitosis Meiosis
1 DNA duplication,1 cell division
1 DNA duplication, 2 cell divisions
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Normal human body cells,somatic cells, have 46 chromosomes,in 23 pairs.
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A cell with a full set of chromosomes is said to have a 2n number of chromosomes.
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Human sex cells, gametes, have 23 unpaired chromosomes.
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Gametes are said to have an n number of chromosomes.
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Fertilization - the joiningof gametes.
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Fertilization restores the "2n" chromosome number.
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This process definessexual reproduction.
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Comparison of Cell Size
If the nucleus ofa cell were the size of a penny, the cell would be the size of a football field.