past participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

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Past Past Participles Participles (powerful & (powerful & practical little practical little beasts!) beasts!)

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Page 1: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Past ParticiplesPast Participles

(powerful & (powerful & practical little practical little

beasts!)beasts!)

Page 2: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

As part of the “perfect” tenses

• He comidocomido demasiado esta noche.• (I have eaten too much tonight.)

• Habíamos leído David Copperfield primero.

• We had read David Copperfield first.

Page 3: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

More on the perfect tenses later!

¿Por qué no empezamos al principio?

Page 4: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Past Participles as AdjectivesPast Participles as Adjectives

• Similar to English, in Spanish you can create adjectives from verbs.

• Ejemplos:–forgotten promises–renovated building–projected budget

Page 5: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

. . . Y en español. . .

• Promesas olvidadas (from “olvidar”)

• Edificio renovado (from “renovar”)

• Créditos ganados (from “ganar”)

• Un zapato perdido (from “perder”)

• Palabras habladas (from “hablar”)

Page 6: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Closer examinationCloser examination• What can we deduce from those expressions -“promesas olvidadas”, “créditos ganados”?• Don’t they just look like adjectives? That’s

exactly what they are! So, we must contend with four different forms in each case.

• “forgotten”, then, (from the infinitive “olvidar”) takes on four shapes:

“olvidado”, as in “un momento olvidado”“olvidada”, as in “una noche olvidada”“olvidados”, as in “amigos olvidados”“olvidadas”, as in “lecciones olvidadas”

Page 7: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

So, how’s it done?So, how’s it done?• Start by dropping the infinitive ending• There are two sets of endings depending on

whether you’re working with an “-ar” verb or “-er/-ir” verb: -ar -er/-ir

-ado -ido-ada -ida-ados -idos-adas -idas

Page 8: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

PrácticaPráctica• In each case, of course, there are four variants on the

spelling (to agree with the noun that it describes):• reservar _____________, ______________

_____________, ______________• congelar _____________, ______________

_____________, ______________• pintar _____________, ______________

_____________, ______________

Page 9: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

PrácticaPráctica• In each case, of course, there are four variants

on the spelling (to agree with the noun that it describes):

• reservar reservado, reservados reservada, reservadas

• congelar congelado, congelados congelada, congeladas

• pintar pintado, pintados pintada, pintadas

Page 10: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Más prácticaMás práctica

• ¿Cómo se dice…?

• “a reserved table for two”• “some chopped onions”• “the road less-traveled”• “the cooked vegetables”

Page 11: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Más prácticaMás práctica

• ¿Cómo se dice…?

• “una mesa reservada para dos”• “unas cebollas picadas”• “la calle menos-viajada”• “los vegetales cocinados/cocidos”

(de “reservar”)

(de “picar”)

(de “viajar”)

(de “cocinar” or “cocer”)

Page 12: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Más consideracionesAlgunos tienen acentos:

• leer• construir• creer• traer• caer• oír

• leído, leídos, leída, leídas• construído, etc.• creído, etc.• traído, etc.• caído, etc.• oído

í

Page 13: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Y más práctica…¿Cómo se dice?

• “Remember (recordar) our fallen soldiers.”

• “Don’t listen to rumors heard in school.”

Page 14: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Y más práctica…¿Cómo se dice?

• “Remember(recordar) our fallen soldiers.” Recuerde Ud. a nuestros soldados caídos.

• “Don’t listen to rumors heard in school.”• No escuche Ud. rumores oídos en la escuela.

Page 15: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Por supuesto, los irregulares…Por supuesto, los irregulares…• romper• escribir• volver• ver• morir• abrir• cubrir• poner• hacer• decir• descubrir

• roto• escrito• vuelto• visto• muerto• abierto• cubierto• puesto• hecho• dicho• descubierto

X 4endings

X 4endings

Page 16: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Parte BParte B

Past participles with the verbs

Past participles with the verbs

“ser” and “estar”

“ser” and “estar”

Page 17: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Passive Voice (“agent” known)Ser + past participle (adj.): despite being called “passive voice”, it is just another way to show actions (present, past, future, etc.)

• JFK fue asesinado por Lee Harvey Oswald.

• La serie de Harry Potter es leída por gente de todas edades.

• Muchas puentes van a ser reconstruídas por el estado (de Massachusetts).

• Los talleres toledanos son visitados por miles de turistas.

¡Vamos a verver unos ejemplos!

¡Vamos a verver unos ejemplos!

Page 18: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

““Estar” with past participlesEstar” with past participlesThis construction describes conditions

• La ventana estaba abierta.• El florero está rota.• Tus ideas están muertas.• Mi café está azucarado. (de “azucarar”)

“state of being”

Page 19: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Práctica• “a much-loved stuffed animal”

• “washed vegetables”

• “the prepared appetizers”

• “shared secrets”

• “mountains seen from a distance”

¿Cómo se dice?

Page 20: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Práctica• “a much-loved stuffed animal”• un animal de peluche muy enamorado• “washed vegetables”• vegetales lavados• “the prepared appetizers”• los entremeses preparados• “shared secrets”• secretos compartidos• “mountains seen from a distance”• montañas vistas de una distancia

¿Cómo se dice?

Page 21: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Y con “ser” y “estar”SER

action

• The salads are brought by the waitress.

• The enchiladas are removed from the oven by Pedro.

• The fruits are chopped by Luisa.

ESTAR/PARECER“condition” or “state of being”• The soup is chilled. (to chill =

enfriar)

• The house seems abandoned. (to abandon = abandonar)

• The appetizers are seasoned. (to season = sazonar)

¿Estás todavía confundido?

Page 22: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

“Action” or “State of Being?”It’s hard to tell when you’re on

the receiving end of things.

When translating sentences or “chunks of words”, it’s often difficult to determine whether you’re supposed to interpret it as “action” or “state of being”. For the purpose of these exercises, I include the “agent” (or “doer”) to make clear that the sentence is to be understood as “action” (even if – in real life – we don’t always have to be quite so explicit.)

Page 23: Past Participles (powerful & practical little beasts!)

Y con “ser” y “estar”SER

action

• The salads are brought by the waitress.

• Las ensaladas son traídas por la mesera.

• The enchiladas are removed from the oven by Pedro.

• Las enchiladas son quitadas del horno por Pedro.

• The fruits are chopped by Luisa.

• Las frutas son picadas por Luisa.

ESTAR/PARECER“condition” or “state of being”

• The soup is chilled. (to chill = enfriar)

• La sopa está enfriada.• The house seems abandoned.

(to abandon = abandonar)• La casa parece abandonada.• The appetizers are seasoned.

(to season = sazonar)• Los entremeses están

sazonados.