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1© 2016 Viavi Solutions Inc.www.viavisolutions.com 1© 2017 Viavi Solutions Inc.www.viavisolutions.com

Eduardo InzunzaRF-Test Market DevelopmentDec-2017

Path to 5GRadio Access Network

2© 2016 Viavi Solutions Inc.www.viavisolutions.com

Topics

5G RAN Introduction

5G Evolution

5G Revolution


Cellular evolution

UMTS… HSDPA

101010………010 LTE… LTE-Adv… LTE-APro

101010110010000

GSM… GPRS/EDGE

SMS

5G-NR

TIME1990 2000 2010 2020

APPS

VOICE

SMS

TEXT

101010………010

BeDATA BeVIDEO

101010110010000

RtDATA RtVIDEO IoT T-Internet


5G Applications and Densification

5G promises to deliver much more than just higher data rates and more capacity. It targets new kinds of ultra-reliable, mission critical services

Network DensificationUser-Centric Applications

Source: Qualcomm


5G RAN OverviewNetwork Densification – IoT – Tactile Internet

§ Small “Phantom” Cells:□ Massive MIMO (MMIMO)□ mmWave (30GHz, 60GHz, 80GHz)□ MultiRAT (LTE-A and UF-OFDMA)□ Wireless front-haul and back-haul

§ Macro Cells and DAS□ LTE-APro, WiFiOL, LAA

NETWORK DENSIFICATION

§ M2M – LTE-M – NB-IoT□ Smart-Homes□ Remote Control

§ D2D§ Mini-Cloud, Edge-Cloud

□ UHD Video□ Augmented Reality

INTERNET OF THINGS

§ Low latency (1ms)□ Remote Surgery□ Autonomous Cars□ Rescue Robots□ Virtual reality□ Serious gaming

TACTILE INTERNET

µWaveNB-IoT

5GEvolution• CRAN:CentralizedRadioAccessNetwork• LTE-APro:LTEAdvancedPro• LAA:LTEAssistedAccess• NB-IoT:NarrowbandInternetofThings• LTE-CatM1• µWave:micro-wave

LTE-APro

LAA WiFiOL C-RAN

LTE-CatMUF − OFDMA

mmW+MMIMOUF − OFDMA

mmW+MMIMO

5GRevolution• mmWave:millimeterwave(30to100GHz)

• MultiRAT:MultiRadioAccessTechnology• UF-OFDMA:UniversalFilteredOFDMA


Topics

5G RAN Introduction

5G Evolution

5G Revolution


5G RAN EvolutionLTE-Advanced Pro§ Macro-Cell Carrier Aggregation§ Macro-Cell and Small Cell Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)§ Inter-Cell Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)

Multi-RAT§ Sub 6GHz: LTE-APro + SmallCell ICIC + LAA + IoT

Radio Access§ µWave: Small Cell front-haul

Modulation§ Macro Cells: LTE OFDMA (256QAM)§ MIMO 8x

5GEvolution• LTE-APro:LTEAdvancedPro

• ICIC:Inter-CellInterferenceCoordination

• LAA:LicensedAssistedAccess

• µWave:micro-wave• WiFiOL:WiFi offload• C-RAN:CentralizedRadioAccessNetwork

LTE-U

LTE-A

LTE-APro,LTE-U,LAAICIC– AlmostBlankSubframe

WiFi Offload(LAA)

µWaveFront-haul

C-RANRFoCPRI

µWaveLTE-APro

LAAC-RAN

ICIC


5G RAN EvolutionLTE Multiple Input Multiple Output - MIMO

Diversity Increases Coverage• Same user data is transmitted from multiple antennas.• Provides better reception in Improves environments with high multipath and

fading.

Spatial Multiplexing Increases Capacity• Different user data is transmitted from multiple antennas.• This creation of parallel communication channels or layers improves

bandwidth utilization.

MIMO creates multiple communication layers, increasing capacity. The mobile can decode those layers based on the signal quality from each antenna (RS0 and RS1).

High Modulation Quality (RS0 & RS1) = Double Capacity

ANTENNA 1REFERENCE SIGNAL

ANTENNA 2REFERENCE SIGNAL

ANT-2RS

ANT-1RS

ANT-2RS

ANT-1RS


LTE Physical Layer OverviewMultiple Input Multiple Output (2x)

Power

Frequency

RS(0)

Frequency

RS(1)Power

Resource Block

Tim

e (S

ymbo

ls)

R0 R0

R0 R0

Frequency (Subcarriers)

R0: RS Antenna 0

Resource Block

Tim

e (S

ymbo

ls)


R1: RS Antenna 1

R1 R1

R1 R1

MIMO transmission with unique reference signals for each antenna

Antenna 0Reference Signal (0)





R3 R3

R1 R1

R1 R1

LTE Physical Layer OverviewMultiple Input Multiple Output (4x)

Power

Freq

Resource Block

Tim

e (S

ymbo

ls)

R0 R0

R0 R0


R0: RS Antenna 0 Resource Block

Tim

e (S

ymbo

ls)


R1: RS Antenna 1

Power

Freq

Power

Freq

Power

Freq

Resource Block

Tim

e (S

ymbo

ls)

R2 R2


R2: RS Antenna 2 Resource Block

Tim

e (S

ymbo

ls)


R3: RS Antenna 3

ANT0

ANT1

ANT2

ANT3


5G RAN EvolutionLTE MIMO 4x Measurements

ANT 0 ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3

EVMANT 0

EVMANT 1

EVMANT 2

EVMANT 3

Power TrendANT 0,1,2,3

Power & EVMANT 0,1,2,3

CellAdvisor : LTE Advanced MIMO 4x Quality (EVM) CellAdvisor : LTE Advanced MIMO 4x Power


Modulation quality in LTE will indicate the modulation scheme (data throughput) assigned to each user.

5G EvolutionThroughput Case – Channel Quality Indicator

MODULATION QUALITY

LOW MODULATION QUALITY

LOW DATA THROUGHPUT

HIGH MODULATION QUALITY

HIGH DATA THROUGHPUT

DATA THROUGHPUT

USER EXPERIENCE

Spectrum Analysis


RS Quality → CQI → PDSCH Modulation → Throughput Capacity

5G EvolutionLTE Modulation

Channel State Information

Channel Quality Indicator

Channel Quality Indicator

Reference Signal CQI PDSCHMODULATION

0 Out of range

1 to 3 QPSK

4 to 6 16QAM

7 to 11 64QAM

12 to 15 256QAM

00

QPSK

0000

16QAM

000000

64QAM

*LTE Bandwidth = #RBpCH * REpRB * TSpF * MIMO * FpS * BITpMod

Channelbandwidth(MHz) 1.4 3 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0TXbandwidth(MHz) 1.1 2.7 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0RBpertimeslot(0.5ms) 6 15 25 50 75 100QPSKMIMO2x(Mbps) 4.0 10.1 16.8 33.6 50.4 67.216QAMMIMO2x(Mbps) 8.1 20.2 33.6 67.2 100.8 134.464QAMMIMO2x(Mbps) 12.1 30.2 50.4 100.8 151.2 201.664QAMMIMO4x(Mbps) 24.2 60.5 100.8 135.5 302.4 403.2256QAMMIMO2x(Mbps) 16.1 40.3 67.2 180.6 201.6 268.8256QAMMIMO4x(Mbps) 32.3 80.6 134.4 541.9 403.2 537.6

LTEBandwidth*

256QAM

00000000


CellAdvisor LTE signal analysis (data) over-the-air modulation quality measurements

5G EvolutionLTE Modulation QUALITY

Modulation: QPSK Modulation: 16QAM Modulation: 64QAM Modulation: 256QAM


5G RAN EvolutionCarrier AggregationCarrier AggregationLTE-Advanced devices with higher capabilities to aggregate up to 100 MHz of spectrum (5 carriers)

Frequency

CC1 CC2

BAND A BAND B

Intra-Band Contiguous CAFrequency

CC1 CC2

BAND A BAND B

Intra-Band Non-contiguous CAFrequency

CC1 CC2

BAND A BAND B

Inter-Band CA

LTE 10 739MHz

LTE 10751MHz

LTE 201950MHz

LTE 202145MHz

LTE CA (Spectrum)

LTE 10MHz 739MHz (ANT0)




LTE CA (Modulation)


5G EvolutionCitizens broadband Radio service (CBRS)• Radio access technology: LTE-TDD

• User Tiers and Priorities:1. Incumbent Users (naval radars, fixed satellite, etc)2. Priority Access Users (≤7 per service area) using 10MHz channels

with carrier aggregation ≤ 4)3. General Authorized Access Users

• The operation of all CBRS devices shall be coordinated by one or more authorized Spectrum Access Systems (SASs)- Permissible channels or frequencies at their location- Maximum permissible transmission power level at their location- Protect Priority Access Licensees from interference- Protect non-federal Incumbent Users from harmful interference

Source: e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations)

CBRS Network Elements

Frequency Band 3550 to 3700 MHz

End User Device Power 23dBm / 10MHz

Category A (Indoor) 30dBm / 10MHz

Catefory B (Outdoor) 47dBm / 10MHz


5G RAN EvolutionLicensed Assisted Access (LAA)

• LAA is a radio access technology for providing carrier-grade wireless service in the 5GHz unlicensed band.

• LTE-FDD carrier aggregation is used having an anchor or primary carrier on the licensed band and the secondary carrier on the WiFi band.

• LTE channel bandwidth in 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum is 20 MHz.

Source: LTE-U Forum (ALU, E///, LG, Qualcomm, Samsung, Verizon)

WiFi Unlicensed (Coexistence with LTE)

2110 – 2155 MHz 5150 – 5250 MHz

20MHz 20MHz 20MHz

LTE Licensed(Anchor Carrier)

WiFi Unlicensed (Aggregated Carriers)

User Equipment(LAA capable)

Supplemental Downlink (SDL)DownlinkUplink


5G RAN EvolutionLAA Spectrum and Spectrogram Analysis

LTE-Licensed746 – 756 MHz

LTE-Unlicensed5150 – 5250 MHz

10MHz 20MHz 20MHz

LAA: LTE Primary and WiFi Secondary

LTE

WiFi

U-NII-1 CH 36AWS

LTE LTE

WiFi

WiFi

LAA: LTE Primary (AWS) and WiFi Secondary Carriers


5G RAN EvolutionLAA Interference and Signal Analysis

U-NII-15160 to

5240

U-NII-35745 to

5825

WiFi SSIDWiFi SSID

Interference

LAA: WiFi Spectrum and SSID

MIMOU-NII-1

5180MHz

MIMOAWS

2125MHz

Reference Signal LTE

AWS2125MHz

Reference Signal LTE

U-NII-15180MHz

LAA: Carrier Aggregation Signal Analysis


5G RAN EvolutionInternet of Things

Market Drivers• Expected growth of 20% to 34% for the next 5 years

• Application areas in different industries, including home,

healthcare, education, farming, cars, etc.

Source: Things Coverage Network Planning White Paper

IoT Growth

IoT Applications IoT Classification


5G RAN EvolutionInternet of Things (IoT)

Licensed Spectrum (Cellular)The mobile industry has developed and standardized a new class of low power wide area (LPWA) technologies in licensed

spectrum considering low cost, low power consumption and high coverage fulfilling IoT applications.

• Extended Coverage GSM for Internet of Things (EC-GSM-IoT)– Allow the technology to be introduced into existing GSM networks

– Bandwidth requirement TDMA 200KHz [GMSK, 8PSK]

• LTE Machine Type Communications Category M1 (LTE MTC Cat M1 or LTE-M)– Bandwidth requirement OFDMA 1.08MHz (6 RB), Stand alone bandwidth

requirement OFDMA 1.4MHz [QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM]

• Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT or Cat NB1)– Extended coverage compared to the traditional GSM networks.

– The complexity of NB-IoT devices can be even lower than that of GSM

devices

– Bandwidth requirements OFDMA 180KHz (1 RB) [BPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM

5GIoT

Increased

Battery LifeReduced

Cost

Enhanced

Coverage


5G RAN EvolutionIoT Implementations

Technologies in Licensed Spectrum

Characteristics MTC (LTE Cat M1) NB-IOT EC-GSM-IoT

Deployment In-Band LTE In-band LTE, Guard-band LTE, or standalone

In-band GSM

Downlink OFDMA, 15KHz sub-carriersQPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

OFDMA, 15KHz sub-carriersBPSK, QPSK, optional 16QAM

TDMA/FDMAGMSK, optional 8PSK

Uplink SC-FDMA, 15KHz sub-carriersQPSK, 16QAM

SC-FDMA, 15KHz sub-carriersBPSK, QPSK, 8PSK optional 16QAM

TDMA/FDMAGMSK, optional 8PSK

Bandwidth 1.08MHz (1.4MHz channel with 6 PRB)

180KHz (1 PRB) 200KHz per channel

Peak Rate 1Mbps UL and DL 50Kbps UL and DL 16Kbps (GMSK), 60Kbps (8PSK)

Duplexing FDD & TDD FDD FDD

Power Class 23 dBm, 20 dBm 23 dBm 33 dBm, 23 dBm


5G RAN EvolutionLTE Machine Type Communication (LTE-M) and NB-IoT

LTE as the foundation of IoT• Leveraging RF infrastructure (LTE spectrum)• Expediting service activation (eNB SW upgrades)• Monetizing Radio Access Network (Sensor Certification)

Source: Qualcomm

POWER

FREQ

1.08 MHz (6RB)

LTE-MTC

LTE

POWER

FREQ

180 KHz (6RB)

NB-IoT

6dB

LTE


5G RAN EvolutionNarrow Band IoT (NB-IoT)

Signal Structure• UL and DL bandwidth of 180KHz

• Frequency error is specified to be ±0.1 PPM

• OFDMA with 12 x 15KHz or 48 x 3.75KHz sub-carriers

• Uplink- Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel, NPUSCH (BPSK, QPSK)

- Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel, NPRACH

- Narrowband demodulation reference signal

• Downlink- Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel, NPDSCH (QPSK)

EVM ≥ 17.5%

- Narrowband Physical Broadcast Channel, NPBCH (QPSK)

- Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel, NPDCCH (QPSK)

- Narrowband reference signal, NRS (sub-frame 0, 4, and 9), SISO or MIMO 2x2 with TAE ≤ 65ns

- Narrowband synchronization signal (NPSS and NSSS) including Cell ID Source: 3GPP 36.802, 36.104, 36.211

Stand-Alone

200KHz LTE LTE

Guard-band In-band

6dB 6dB

Modes of Operation


5G RAN EvolutionNB-IoT Spectrum and Interference

ShadowingMulti-ray and wall penetration loss

Interference

LTE & NB-IoT Downlink Spectrum RFoCPRI LTE & NB-IoT Uplink Spectrum

NB-IoTNB-IoT

LTECellAdvisor

Spectrum & RFoFiber

NB-IoT User EquipmentTX Max Power

Class 3Class 5

23 dBm20 dBm

Tx Off Power - 50 dBm

Rx Min Power -108.2 dBm

NB-IoT Base StationTX Max Power

Wide AreaMedium Range

Local Range

None38 dBm24 dBm

Rx Min PowerGuard & In-band

Stand-Alone-101.5 dBm-127 dBm

!"##$%&'#(&)ℎ+,-- = 20 ∗ +,24456'

,

FSPL = 83dB, d = 500, f = 750MHzWPL ≅ 205I, $ℎ&5,JKL2 ≅ 105I


5G RAN EvolutionNB-IoT Signal Analysis

Signal Quality Downlink Narrowband Reference Signal (NRS)• For NB-IoT, for all bandwidths, the EVM measurement

shall be performed for each NB-IoT carrier over all allocated resource and downlink sub-frames within 1 ms measurement periods

• Narrowband reference signals shall not be transmitted in sub-frames containing NPSS or NSSS

• NRS modulation requirement (EVM ≤ 17.5%)

LTE and NB-IoT In-band Signal QualityNRS ANTENNA 1 NRS ANTENNA 2

Res

erve

dR

E

NB-IoTAdjacent

RB Power

NB-IoT Modulation(Reference Signal)


5G RAN EvolutionLTE-M Signal Analysis

LTE-M Overview• Coexist with LTE, allocating a bandwidth of

1.08MHz (6 PRB), supporting 10Kbps to 1 Mbps

• Enhancements supporting mobility, multicast, positioning, and VoLTE

• Coverage targets are achieved by repetition across multiple subframes (4 for normal cyclic prefix or 8 for extended cyclic prefix).

• Modulation scheme of evolved machine type communication physical control channel (MPDCCH) is QPSK

LTE with eMTC Downlink Signal Analysis

MTC Control Channel(MPDCCH)

MTC Data Channels(MPDSCH : 6 RB)

LTE 10MHz (50 RB)


Topics

5G RAN Introduction

5G Evolution

5G Revolution


5G RAN RevolutionOverview

5GRevolution• µWave:micro-wave• mmW:millimeterwave(30to100GHz)

• M-MIMO:MassiveMIMO• MultiRAT:MultiRadioAccessTechnology

• UF-OFDMA:UniversalFilteredOFDMA

Small Cell§ Radio access in mmWave (~30GHz) with higher

channel bandwidth (~100MHz) and multiple transmitters (massive MIMO) with beam-forming.

Phantom Cell§ Macro-Cell handles user plane traffic (control channels)

and Small Cell handles user plane traffic (shared channels) – Similar to coordinated multipoint (CoMP)

Multi-RAT§ Sub 6GHz: LTE and LTE-U/LAA, NB-IoT, WiFi Offload§ Beyond 6GHz: Small-Cells, M-MIMO

Modulation§ Macro Cells: OFDMA (256QAM)§ Small Cells: UF-OFDMA, NOMA (Channel BW: 100MHz

to 1GHz)

LTE-U

LTE-A

M-MIMOandBeamForming

µWaveFront-haul

PhantomCellmmWave,MassiveMIMO

µWave

mmWave M-MIMOBeamForming

UF − OFDMAmmW+MMIMO


5G RAN RevolutionVerizon 5G Technical Forum (V5GTF)

• The Verizon 5G Technology Forum (V5GTF) was formed in late 2015 in cooperation with ecosystem partners

• Create 5G technical specifications, including 5G radio interface (Layers 1, 2 and 3) and defines the interfaces between the User Equipment (UE) and the network.

• The initial release included the V5G.200 series which describes Layer 1 (the Physical Layer).

• The V5G.300 series describing Layers 2 and 3 (Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, Packet Data Convergence Protocol, and Radio Resource Control).

www.v5gtf.org


Channel Bandwidth: 10 MHz

Transmission Bandwidth: 9 MHz

POWER

FREQUENCY 15 kHz

Subcarriers (Sc)

POWER

TIME

Symbols (Sy)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Slot

LTE 10 MHz : 9 MHz / 15 kHz = 600 Sc

1 Frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0.5ms)

LTE Physical Layer OverviewLTE Downlink Signal Format – OFDMA

FREQUENCY

POWERPOWER

Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sc x 7 Sy = 84 Resource Elements

POWER

FREQUENCY

TIME

Symbol (Sy)

Subcarrier (Sc)

ResourceBlock

TIME

FREQUENCY

7 Symbol (Sy)

12 Subcarrier (Sc)

ResourceElement

0 1 2 3 18 19

SlotSubframe

Frame0 1 2 3


5G RAN Revolution V5GTF Radio Access Signal Format (TDD Structure)

CH BW: 100 MHz

POWER

FREQUENCY 75 kHz

POWER

TIME1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Slot

CHBW 100 MHz : 90 MHz / 75 kHz = 1200 Sc

FREQUENCY

POWERPOWER

Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sc x 7 Sy = 84 Resource Elements

TIME

FREQUENCY

7 Symbol (Sy)

12 Subcarrier (Sc)

ResourceElement

0 1 2 3 98 99Slot

Subframe

Frame (10ms) 0 1 2 3

Subcarriers (Sc)

TX BW: 90 MHz

Symbols (Sy)

POWER

FREQUENCY

TIME

Symbol (Sy)

Subcarrier (Sc)

ResourceBlock


5G RAN RevolutionFixed Wireless

6”

8”

CellAdvisor JD740 or JD780 Series with 28GHz Downconverter

28GHz Downconverter

Bias Tee PowerUSB Control Data Bus

IF Spectrum

High Frequency Spectrum

5G (28GHz) Fixed Wireless co-located with Macro-Cell

CellAdvisor 28GHz Spectrum and Interference Analysis

28GHz Downconverter

5G Carrier Aggregation (28GHz)

27.50 – 28.35 GHz

100MHz 100MHz

CARRIER 1 CARRIER 2

Freq

Pow

er

5G Structure (TDD)

5G Spectrum and Interference (CellAdvisor)


5G RAN RevolutionmmWave Spectrum Analysis

90 MHz Channel 27.8GHz

90 MHz Channel 27.9GHz

5G Spectrum Analysis (Carrier 1) 5G Spectrum Analysis (Carrier 2)

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