MTHFD1

MTHFD1

5 Methyl THF

Cobalamin 1

CH3

Purines (new DNA)

SHMT1 5-Formyl THF"(folinic acid)

MTHFS

MTR

Raw "Leafy "Greens

MTHFR

MAT1

Methyl "Cobalamin

TMG (betaine)"derived from Choline (PC) derived from PE, derived from PS

DMG"to Sarcosine"via DMGDH

5-10 Methenyl THF

MTHFD1

5,10 Methenylene THF

THF

FOLR2

Homocysteine

Methionine

MTRR

BHMT

Cobalamin 2" (oxidized)

SAMe to:"1) Contribute methyl groups (CH3) for DNA,

RNA, Protein, and Lipid synthesis"2) Convert Guanidinoacetate to Creatine via

GAMT enzyme (for energy, muscle)"3) Convert Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via PEMT enzyme in the presence of estrogen (for cell membrane phospholipids and more)

SAMe

CoFactors for Pathway A enzymes:!Vitamins: B2, B3, B6"Minerals: Mg, Zn"Other: ATP, NADP+, NADPH, NAD, d-UMP, SAMe

(Pathway A)"" METHYLATION & !METHIONINE /HOMOCYSTEINE! PATHWAYS

AHCY

FOLR1

Folic Acid"(synthetic)

DHF DHFR

10 FormylTHF

(to PATHWAY C)

TYMS

Adenosine

Glycine

(to PATHWAY B)

DHFR Biopterine Recycling

SAH GNMT

NOTE:"SLC19A1-Folate transport protein""TCN1, 2, 3 -"B12 transport protein

DNA !Synthesis

R

(Pathway B)"" TRANS-SULFURATION! PATHWAY

Homocysteine

CDOCysteine "sulfinate

Taurine

Pyrurate & Sulfite

Cystathionine

Sulfate

Glutathione"(GSS,GSR, GSX)

Cysteine & " Ammonia " (NH3)

MUT

Succinyl-CoA

Alpha-Ketobutyrate

Methyl Malyonyl CoA

KREBS CYCLE

Fatty Acids

Amino Acids

Carbohydrates

From well assimilated Food, and healthy GI

ATP

Cofactors for methylation; big need for Vit B1, B2 and B3 in Krebs Cycle, and Thyroid health

ATP is Energy for cell function. High energy cells include muscles, heart and parietal cells of stomach.

CoFactors for Pathway B enzymes:!Vitamins: Adenosyl-cobalamine (Adeno B12), B1, B2,B3, B6"Minerals: Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mb, Se"Other: ATP, FAD, NAD, NADP (Krebs Cycle)

GSS

NOTE: If CBS C699T, then potential up regulation of CBS, and high ammonia and low glutathione

NADH, FADH2

(to Pathway B1)"ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

CBS

CTH

CSADSUOX

Hypotaurine

(to Pathway D)"NEUROTRANSMITTER!PATHWAY; GLUTAMATE & GABA

R

(Pathway C)"NEURO-TRANSMITTER !PATHWAY; SEROTONIN & DOPAMINE

DHFR

Biopterine Recycling

Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Arginine

PAH TH NOS3

NO + Citrulline5-HTPTyrosineBH2

DDCSerotonin Melatonin

MAO A

5-HIA

ALDH2

5-HIAA

SULT1A1

SULT1A2

5-HTS

L-DOPA

Dopamine

ALDHIB

DBH

Nor-Epinephrine

PNMT

Epinephrine

COMT

Metanephrine

MAO A

MHPG

VMA

ALDH3A2

3,4 DHPG"aldehyde"

MAO A

3,4 DHM

ALDH2

COMT

COMT

HVA

3 Methoxy-tyramine

MAO A

MAO B

from, (PATHWAY A)

AANAT

CoFactors for Pathway C enzymes:!Vitamins: B1, B5, B6"Minerals: Fe"Other: SAMe, FAD, NAD, NADP (Krebs Cycle)

GCH1

BH4

DDC

TPH1

R

2H+"

2H+"

2H+"

6H+"

3ATP"

3ADP" and" 3P

FAD"

FAD H2"

NAD+"NADH" and" H+

COMPLEX 5""ATP5g3"ATP5c1""

COMPLEX 4""COX5A"COX6C""

COMPLEX 3""UQCRC2""

COMPLEX 2""COMPLEX 1""NDUFS3"NDUFS7"NDUFS8

KREBS CYCLE

Inner Mitochondrial

Membrane

Electron!Transport!Chain!

Outer"Mitochondrial"

Membrane"

Cell Cytoplasm!

1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+"

OH+"

H2O"

Inter-membrane!Space (electrical!gradient there between)!

NOTE: Mitochondria “power plants”, in every cell except RBCs, have an inner and outer membrane. The Kreb’s Cycle takes place inside the Inner Membrane, while the Electron Transport Chain functions within the inner membrane, using the electrical gradient between the inner and outer membrane. Healthy membranes are key, as are good assimilation of fats, carbs and proteins (e.g., healthy GI function) which drive the Krebs cycle, along with Vitamins B1, B2 and B3.

SOD2

mtNOS ?

CoQ10"

(Pathway B1)"ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

R