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Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate Professor UBC School of Nursing Faculty Associate, W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics Research Associate, Providence Health Care Ethics Services Session 12 (1250‐1335) 15 th Annual Leadership Program for Physicians and Leaders in Long Term Care “From Possibilities to Practice” November 24th, 2018 Vancouver, BC

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Page 1: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhDAssociate Professor

UBC School of NursingFaculty Associate, W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied EthicsResearch Associate, Providence Health Care Ethics Services 

Session 12 (1250‐1335) 15th Annual Leadership Program for 

Physicians and Leaders in Long Term Care“From Possibilities to Practice”

November 24th, 2018Vancouver, BC

Page 2: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

An Ethical Framework for Health Care Leaders Working With Older Adults:

Faculty/Presenter DisclosureFACULTY:

Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhDAssociate Professor

UBC School of Nursing

RELATIONSHIPS WITH (NON‐PROFIT) COMMERCIAL INTERESTS:

Faculty Associate, W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics  Research Associate, Providence Health Care Ethics Services

Page 3: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

An Ethical Framework for Health Care Leaders Working With Older Adults:

Managing Potential Bias

FACULTY:Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhDRELATIONSHIPS WITH (NON‐PROFIT) 

COMMERCIAL INTERESTS:

Faculty Associate, W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics (unpaid; relationship disclosed)

Research Associate, Providence Health Care Ethics Services (unpaid; relationship disclosed)

Page 4: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

An Ethical Framework for Health Care Leaders Working With Older Adults:

Learning Objectives

Discuss the nature and consequences of ethical challenges experienced by older adult residents, families, care providers, and health care leaders in long term care.

Identify how an ethical framework can support residents, families, care providers and health care leaders in long term care.

Page 5: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

AcknowledgementsProvidence Health Care Residential Long Term Care 

Research Team Colleagues Chris Bernard, (Co‐Researcher), PHC Spiritual Health Leader, MDiv Kit Chan (Co‐PI), PHC Registered Dietitian, BSc, RD Anne Leclerc (Coordinator), PHC Reg. Physical Therapist, MRSc Karen Pott, (Co‐Researcher),PHC Registered Occupational Therapist, 

BScOT(Hons) Annes Song, (Co‐Researcher) PHC Registered Nurse, MSN Student UBC Diverse Student Research Assistants, including Keara Graham (nurse); 

Aaron Sihoe (dietitian);  Anica Villamayor (occupational therapist)Research Funding Support

WorkSafeBC (with particular thanks to Ms. Deepani Weerapura) Providence Health Care  (with particular thanks to Ms. Aggie Black)

Page 6: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Providence Health Care RLTC Research Team Goals

(See our Poster at this Conference for details of methodology and findings) 

We are a group of interdisciplinary health care team members who have used Action Research to understand and address:

(a) how long‐term care facility team members are affected by the increasing number of deaths of the residents they are looking after; and (b) what strategies team members find helpful in supporting them to cope with resident deaths.  

Page 7: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

EMPIRICAL Reflections for an Ethical Framework

Despite significant work to support better end of life decision making (e.g. advance directives) over a few decades, many patients still experience what they would consider to be over‐treatment at the end of their life. 

At the same time, many patients with chronic illnesses/life limiting conditions have difficulty accessing appropriate treatment and care, including symptom management and supportive care.  

The impacts on patients/residents (e.g. suffering), families (e.g. traumatic grief), and health care providers (e.g. moral distress) are significant.  

Page 8: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Recent research in residential long term care is warning that HCPs’ responses to the stress generated by residents’ deaths can lead to increased sick time, burnout and attrition, as well as other stress‐related consequences such as ill health (Gao et al., 2014; Gorman, Yu, & Alamgir, 2010). 

Research on such consequences is still evolving (and focuses mainly on nurses), but it is also becoming clear that older, full‐time workers, long‐term care workers and those with a lower hourly wage are particularly at risk (Gorman, Yu, & Alamgir, 2010). 

Registered care aides often fit the criteria above. Their well‐being, as well as the well being of the other health care providers they work with, is crucial (Marcella & Kelley, 2015).

Page 9: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

To further Illustrate:

Using an exploratory qualitative methodology, researchers in Ontario (Marcella and Kelley, 2015) studied RLTC staff’s grief and bereavement experiences and identified the perceived support needs of nurses and personal support workers (a category similar to RCAs). 

Marcella and Kelley (both of whom are social workers) found that their participants’ experiences were complex, and “shaped by the emotional impact of each loss, the cumulative burden of ongoing grief, an organizational culture in LTC where death is hidden, and the lack of organizational attention to staffs’ support and education needs” (p. 1). 

Page 10: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

VALUES: How Ethical Inquiry Can Help

IS (or MIGHT BE)

OUGHT

Page 11: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

ETHICAL THEORY

AutonomyBeneficence/Nonmaleficence

Justice

FidelityCare

SOCIAL JusticeRELATIONAL Autonomy

Page 12: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

“Relationship centred care delivers patient centred care” 

(Dr. David Kuhl, Catholic Health Association Presentation, September 20, 2018; see also Kuhl 2003; 2006)

Page 13: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Moral Choice

Moral Action

MoralDistress

Page 14: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Moral Climate and Patient SafetyThe safety of patients and their families is linked to the safety of nurses and other members of the health‐care team. 

Both depend on a safe moral climate in which the required organizational, material and interpersonal resources are available and the values for safe, competent, ethical care are in place. A safe moral climate fosters effective communication, and vice versa.

(adapted from Rodney, Doane, Storch, & Varcoe, 2006)

Page 15: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

ETHICAL Theory reflections…

…”relational autonomy embraces (rather than ignores) the fact that persons are inherently socially, politically, and economically‐situated beings. A relational approach to autonomy directs us to attend to the many and varied ways in which competing policy options affect the opportunities available to members of different social groups,… and to make visible the ways in which the autonomy of some may come at the expense of others. Relational autonomy encourages us to see that there are many ways in which autonomy can be compromised. It allows us to see that sometimes autonomy is best promoted through social change rather than simply protecting individuals’ freedom to act within existing structures” (Kenny, Sherwin, & Baylis, 2010, p. 10; see also Baylis, Kenny & Sherwin, 2008). 

Page 16: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Looking Through a Relational Ethical Lens….

Larger Provincial and National Systems

Larger Provincial and National Systems

Communities and RegionsCommunities and Regions

Health Care AgenciesHealth Care Agencies

Families,Communities

Families,Communities

IndividualsIndividuals

Page 17: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Levels of Action

MICRO: Individuals

MESO: Organizations,

Policies

MACRO: Communities, Regions, Provinces,

Countries

Page 18: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Understanding the patient/client/resident health and illness story

within the family and community context…

Understanding the team members’ perspectives and experiences

within the health care agency context…

Page 19: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Individual Strategies to Consider…

Self‐reflection, centering Self‐care strategies Peer support/mentoring, formal and informal Understand your individual and organizational responsibilities Know your health care organizational resources

Page 20: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Leadership Implications

• Expertise in Professional Practice• Knowledge of Ethics• Thoughtful Self‐Reflection• Conflict Resolution Skills• Expertise in Group Leadership

Page 21: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Policy ActionEthical evaluation of existing policies 

Attention to ethics in policy development

Authentic engagement of those affected by policies

Reflection and evaluation

Page 22: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Policy Action continued

Promote authentic collaborative engagement of those diverse groups affected by policies—the public, health care professions, and all levels of government.

Aim for ”overlapping consensus” vs competing rights (JCB).

Reflection and evaluation, feedback at all levels. Pay particular attention to those who are most marginalizedby our society, and the situated vulnerability (Anderson, 2004; Anderson et al., 2009) of all.

Page 23: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

• Interdisciplinary Team Support• Participatory Decision Making• Thoughtful Resource Allocation• Creating a Sense of Moral Community

Organizational Action

Page 24: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Ethical Action Through Policy Responses….

”…an ongoing project by palliative care nurse leaders in British Columbia (BC) points out that it is not just resources that are important—specialized education and leadership to foster a palliative approach to EOL care are also needed in diverse practice contexts”.

(Canadian Nurses Association, Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association, Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Nurses Group, 2015; Sawatzky, Porterfield et al., 2014; Sawatzky et al., 2016).

Page 25: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Some Related References

Anderson, J. M., Rodney, P., Reimer‐Kirkham, S., Browne, A.J., Khan, K.B., & Lynam, M.J.  (2009). Inequities in health and healthcare viewed through the ethical lens of critical social justice: Contextual knowledge for the global priorities ahead. Advances in Nursing Science, 32 (4), 282‐294.

Baumbusch, J., & Phinney, A. (2014). Invisible hands: The role of families in care work in long‐term residential care. Journal of Family Nursing, 20, 73‐97. 

Brazil, K., Kassalainen, S., Ploeg, J.& Marshall, D. (2010). Moral distress experienced by health care professionals who provide home‐based palliative care. Social Science & Medicine, 71, 1687‐1691. 

Canadian Nurses Association (2017). Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses. Ottawa: Authors.

Canadian Nurses Association, Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association, Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Nurses Group (2015). Joint position statement: The palliative approach to care and the role of the nurse. Ottawa, ONT: Authors.  

Carstairs, S. (2010). Raising the bar: A roadmap for the future of palliative care in Canada. Ottawa: The Senate of Canada.

Gao, F., Newcombe, P., Tilse, C., & Wilson, J. (2014). Models for predicting turnover of residential aged care nurses: A structural equation modelling analysis of secondary data. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51, 1258‐1270.

Page 26: Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD UBC School of Nursing …leadershipltc.providencehealthcare.org/sites/silver... · 2018-12-04 · Patricia (Paddy) Rodney, RN, MSN, PhD Associate

Some Related References cont.

• Gorman, E., Yu, S., & Alamgir, H. (2010). When healthcare workers get sick: Exploring sickness absenteeism in British Columbia, Canada. Work, 35, 117‐123.

• Heyland, D.K., Cook, D., Rocker, G., Dodek, P., Kutsogiannis, D.J., Skrobik, Y. et al. (2010). Defining priorities for improving end‐of‐life care in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(16), E747‐752. 

• Kuhl, D. (2003). What dying people want: Practical wisdom for the end of life. Anchor Canada.

• Kuhl, D. (2006). Facing Death: Embracing life. Doubleday Canada.• Marcella, Jill, Quality Palliative Care in Long Term Care Alliance (QPC‐LTC) (2011), 

“Front line staff experiences of grief and loss in a LTC home,” [Power Point] http://www.palliativealliance.ca/assets/files/FIG_PPT_for_distribution1.pdf

• Marcella, J., & Kelley, M.L. (2015). “Death is part of the job” in long‐term care homes: Supporting direct care staff with their grief and bereavement. SAGE Open (January‐March), 1‐15

• McGregor, M.J., Abu‐Laban, R.B., Ronald, L.A., McGrail, K.M., Andrusiek, D., Baumbusch, J., Cox, M.B., Salomons, K., Schulzer, M., & Kuramoto, L. (2014). Nursing home  characteristics associated with resident transfers to emergency departments. Canadian Journal on Aging, 33(1), 38‐48. doi: 10.1017/S0714980813000615

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Some Related References cont.

• McGregor, M.J., Baumbusch, J., Abu‐Laban, R.B., McGrail, K.M., Andrusiek, D., Globerman, J., Berg, S., Cox, M.B., Salomons, K., Volker, J., & Ronald, L. (2011). A survey of nursing home organizational characteristics associated with hospital transfers and care quality in one large British Columbia health region. Canadian Journal on Aging, 30, 551‐561.

• Mitton, C., Peacock, S., Storch, J., Smith, N., and Cornelissen, E. (2011). Moral distress among health system managers: Exploratory research in two British Columbia health authorities. Health Care Anal, 19,107–121

• Musto, L., Rodney, P., & Vanderheide, R. (2014). Moving toward interventions to address moral distress: Navigating the reciprocity of structure and agency.  Journal of Nursing Ethics (Published online 10 June 2014 DOI: 10.1177/0969733014534879).

• Rodney, P., Buckley, B., Street, A., Serrano, E., & Martin, L.A. (2013). The moral climate of nursing practice: Inquiry and action. In Storch, J., Rodney, P., & Starzomski, R. (Eds.) Toward a moral horizon: Nursing ethics for leadership and practice (2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson‐Prentice Hall.

• Rodney, P., d’Agincourt‐Canning, L., McPherson, G., Anderson, J., McDonald, M., Pauly, B., Burgess, M., & Phillips, J.C. (2013). Working within the landscape: Ethics in practice. In Storch, J., Rodney, P., & Starzomski, R. (Eds.) Toward a moral horizon: Nursing  ethics for leadership and practice (2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson‐Prentice Hall.