PATRICK CARY: A SEQUEL

PAMELA WILLETTS

T o place the recently acquired manuscript of Italian poems attributed to Patrick Cary'more exactly in context and to dispel any doubts concerning his authorship I should liketo bring together some scattered information. I should also like to discuss further sourcesregarding the last few years of his life.

Patrick Cary's formidable mother. Lady Falkland, and the most reasonable of her sons,Lucius, 2nd Viscount Falkland, can be seen from the Catholic viewpoint in a report toRome on 11 December 1636 by George Con, the successor to Gregorio Panzani as Papalemissary to Henrietta Maria. In Con's words 'il detto Milord e stimato fra questi pro-testanti sopra ogni altro di questo Regno, ed e veramente dottissimo, e di grandissimospirito. La Madre e cattolica, ed ha tradotto in lingua Inglese opere del Signor Cardinaledi Perona. Ha una sorella Dama della Regina di spirito tanto elevato, che non e lontanadalla pazzia'.- From the time that she announced her conversion to Catholicism in 1626Lady Falkland was in financial difficulties. After the death of his father in 1633 Luciuswas charged with the natural duty of seeing to her welfare although he differed from heron points of religion. Lady Falkland petitioned members of the Privy Council for assistancein obtaining means of support and on 9 December 1636 the Council enquired of Luciuswhat was settled upon her.- In his reply on 16 December 1636 Lucius was able to showthat he had contributed according to his means.'^ He referred to her recently increased ex-penses in looking after his sisters 'who are returned to her and refused to stay with mee, afterthe stealth of my Brothers' (the surreptitious removal of Patrick and Henry Cary fromhis house in the preceding spring). Then, discreetly, he touched on his mother's charac-ter : 'my Mother having no over-frugall Disposition (which is the most that it would bee fittfor mee to sayof anyexpence of hers) a little which shee expects not will more helpe her, thenmuch more which shee knowing would entend to spend according to, and so bee likely tospend beyond'. The Privy Council evidently decided that some restriction of Lady Falk-land's personal freedom was required, for a rough note of proceedings made by EdwardNicholas indicated that she was to be confined to such a place as the Lord Treasurer shouldthink fit.5 Lady Falkland's distress at these arrangements led her to contemplate desperateaction which caused a flurry of alarm in Rome. A worried secretary of Cardinal Barberiniwrote to Con on 12 March 1637 regarding a rumour that Lady Falkland was on the point ofleaving for Rome and that she proposed to bring with her two sons and four daughters:

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Intendendosi che la Viscontessa di Fuclandia cattolica tratti di trasferirsi d'Inghiltcrra in Romacon due figlioli maschi, e con quattro femine, perche la Sede apostolica pigli sopra di se la curadi tutta questa famiglia, e di lei, quale intendo di piu che sia lunatica, e ben lo mostra, venendo intempo che la Sede apostolica si trova tanto aggravata, e che al piu quando arrivi qua, ella con lefigliole sara posta in un Monastero, ed i figlioli in un Seminario; Vostra Signoria dunque se all'arrivo di questa non sara partita di costa procuri che ella intenda bene questa difficolta, e nonsi metta a sproposito di venir qua, mentre non vi e persecuzione in cotesto

Far from welcoming the prospect of a distinguished visitor Ferragalli, the secretary, saidbluntly that he had heard that Lady Falkland was mad, and tbat she showed it coming toRome at a time when the Papal See was so burdened. The most that could be done for thefamily would be to place the mother and daughters in a convent and the sons in a seminary.He asked Con to stop her leaving if possible and since she had little sense ('essendo ella dipoco cervello') it would be as well to get in touch with her confessors, the Benedictines,and ask them to dissuade her. Con replied on 9 April 1637 that Lady Falkland's difficultieswere financial ('credo che la sua intenzione di peregrinare nasca dalla poverta') and that hewould try to put her ofF. With a hint of reproof he reminded the secretary tbat LadyFalkland had translated the works of Cardinal Duperron into English ('Questa e quellache ha tradotto in lingua Inglese le opere del Cardinale Du Perona'), the implication beingthat Lady Falkland's intellectual powers had been dismissed too lightly.^ The matter tooksome time to arrange; Ferragalli thanked Con for his efforts on 12 June 1638.^ Giventhis timing one wonders whether Patrick Cary's journey to Rome (he arrived in theautumn of 1638 and vvas looked after by the Procurator ofthe English Benedictines, FatherJohn Wilfrid) was part of a bargain made with the Benedictines by Lady Falkland whenshe gave up her own intention of going to Rome.^°

Shortly after Patrick Cary arrived in Rome the first of a number of recommendationson his behalf to Cardinal Francesco Barberini, the Protector ofthe English (fig. x), wassent. On 6 December 1638 Walter Montagu, persona grata in Rome owing to his recentconversion, wrote at the Queen's request to recommend 'un gentilhomme anglois nommePatricius Cary, qu'est a present a Rome, il est d'une famille fort honorable, la mere estune catholique fort virtueuse, et a fait elever ses filles en cette religion, la piete et le zelede la mere est fort notable et de grand exemple icy elle a eu encore le bonheur de lever deuxde ces garcons catoliques dont celuy qu'est a Rome a present est l'un pour qui Monseigneurla Reyne ma Maitresse m'a commande de vous demander sa protection et faveur'." Noidentifiable reference to Patrick Cary in Rome has so far been found in the correspondencebetween Con and Cardinal Barberini, although English visitors brought by Father JohnWilfrid to have an audience with the Cardinal, are frequently mentioned. Patrick Carywrote in a later letter to Edward Hyde that he had been 'bred up in the Schools' in Rome.''Presumably he attended the University in the Palazzo della Sapienza, whicb was patronisedby the Barberini, rather than the Collegio Romano which was controlled by tbe Jesuits.'-''We know from Patrick Cary's letters to Edward Hyde that Henrietta Maria contributed

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Fig, I. Cardinal Francesco Barberini. From H. Teti, Aedes Barberinae (1642)

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to his financial support in Rome. Such assistance formed part of the Queen's energeticpolicy in aid of the Catholic cause which is reflected in a contemporary portrait bearing themotto, 'Servir a Dieu c'est regner' (fig. 2). In the spring of 1641, not long before the openingof the trial of Strafford when the Queen was engaged in many political manoeuvres, shedid more for him. A further letter of recommendation was sent to Cardinal Barberini andthis time Henrietta Maria used as her advocate an English Benedictine, David Codner.A certain amount is known about the writer which helps to explain the eccentricities of hisletter.''* He had survived an eventful career in England since his arrival in 1626 and wasone of those who owed his liberty to the protection of the Queen. During the 1630s hewrote a series of detailed but obviously partial reports to Italy under the pseudonym of'Matteo Selvaggio'. Panzani did not trust him but admitted that he had nothing definiteagainst him ('a me non piace in modo alcuno, e dubito grandemente di lui, ma confesso,che non ne ho havuto cattiva relatione').'^ He summed up his dislike precisely by sayingthat Codner was too fidgety, was never still, knew everything and talked too much ('lo vedotroppo mobile, sempre salta hor qua, hor la, mai sta fermo; sa ogni cosa; non finisce maidi ciarlare'). Henrietta Maria was not to know that her advocate was regarded with somesuspicion in Rome. At the time of writing Codner was attached to the chapel of Marie deMedici in London and was therefore easily at hand to serve the Queen in this commission.He evidently regarded it as a highly important duty and went to astonishing lengths indrafting the recommendation for Patrick Cary. In a letter of close on a thousand words,couched in highly ornate Latin, he extolled the virtues of Cary's mother and the promiseof her son^^ ('Sentiat, quaeso, sentiat, in hoc adolescente, Eminentissime atque AmplissimeCardinalis, tantae Matris filio'). He mentioned the sufferings of Lady Falkland in bringingup her children to be Catholics, her worldly sacrifices, her intellect above that of women{'supra muliebre ingenium'), her most erudite pen which had translated the works ofCardinal Duperron into English. Lady Falkland had died in October 1639 and Codnerpiously wished that her spirit in heaven might rejoice ('gaudeant in coelo sanctissimaeMatris manes') to see her offspring, particularly this one, not forsaken but growing upunder the Cardinal's protection to attain fortune, excellence of character, and blossomhereafter in the Church ('in aetatem, fortunas, virtutesque universas, sub tua soliusclientela optima succresceret, et ad promerendum etiam in Ecclesia aliquando efflorescet').Codner hoped that the Bishop of Angouleme (Cardinal Duperron's nephew and GrandAlmoner to Henrietta Maria) might rejoice in hearing of Cardinal Barberini's beneficenceto this young man. He wished that the fiock of faithful Catholics in England might havethe joy of seeing this flower blossom, sprung from the midst of the most deserted wastesof the deserts of faith, and the most prickly thickets of heresy, and snatched away by hismother's pious care to the Cardinal's protection in Rome. Codner's extravagant rhetoriccan best be judged from the full Latin text of the sentence just summarised:

Gratuletur demum sibi CathoHcus Petri in Britannia grex, cui tribulationes quotidianae pascuis,cruciatus gloriae, carccres Palatiis, cruces solatiis, mortes deliciis, et sunt et fuere, hunc florem,inter deserta fidei desertissima tesqua, et incultissima rudera, haeresumque hie pungentissima

Ftg. 2. Henrietta Maria. Engraving by George Glover, 1640, after Van Dyck. Reproduced by courtesyof the Trustees of the British Museum

senticeta, maternae studiis pietatis, enatum atque abreptum, tuaeque Purpurae tam solicitecustoditum, Romae tandem, cuius et invisendi ipsa, dum viveret, quam appetentissima fuit,post se superstitem relictum, ab innoxia usque adolescentia foeliciter consecratum, foeliciusefflorescere, ad suorum solatium, ac bonorum expectationem reliquorum.

Whatever doubts Rome may have had about Codner the letter seems to have worked inPatrick Cary's favour. A few months later in July 1641 Henrietta Maria followed up herprevious efforts by writing a personal letter of thanks to Cardinal Barberini thanking hinifor his kindness to Patrick Cary and asking him to continue:

Votre charite sest temoygnee dans le soing que vous aves pris de Patrick Carie jantilhomme engloisque je vous avois recommande sy devant cellci( ?) me fait vous en remercier et vous prier de vouloircontinuer,"

Thus it seems that the improvement in Patrick Cary's fortunes dates from 1641. Thiswas presumably the time when he was received into the literary circles of the Barberiniand found sufficient favour with Urban VIII to be granted the revenues of an abbey anda priory.'^

The next reference to Patrick Cary brings news of his literary activities in Rome. Itdates from 1646 shortly after the flight of the Barberini when the outlook as regards Cary'sprospects was not yet sombre. He is mentioned casually in a letter from his friend andcompatriot Father John Wilfrid with whom he stayed in Rome. Father Wilfrid wrote toCardinal Barberini in Paris to defend himself against malicious accusations of havingspoken and acted in ways prejudicial to the Queen's interests. At the end of the lettercomes the following passage:

II Signor Patrizio contrasta con Tavversa fortuna, essendoli mancate quelle entrate che havevaricevuto dalla munificenza di Vostra Eminenza, si consola pero con le muse, essendo riuscito unode' primi Poeti Italiani della Citta, et ha fatta una comedia pastorale tutta in verso, di argomentoben si profano ma modestissima, che in giudizio di quelli che Thanno letti [sic) non cede puntoalle prime compositioni uscite in stampa.'^

So here we have news of Patrick Cary—for it must be he—and his Italian poems atexactly the time estimated as the likely date of compilation of the manuscript of themusical settings of his Italian poems recently acquired by the British Library. Note thatCary, although missing the income which he had received from the Cardinal in Rome, isapparently consoling himself with the Muses and finding considerable success to theextent of being recognised as one of the best Italian poets in Rome. The loss of his chieffinancial resources, his abbey and his priory, was not to occur until the following year andCary must still have anticipated a brilliant career, perhaps in literature as well as in thechurch. The Cardinal's exile was evidently regarded as a passing cloud ('questa nuvolettadi contraria fortuna') and Cary might have hoped that his pastoral could figure among theprivate entertainments at the Palazzo Barberini (fig. 3). ^ There was no difficulty about

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^. J. Frontispiece to H. Teti, Aedes Barberinae (1642), showing the Palazzo Barberiniin the background. On the left the doorway in the wall led to the theatre area

an intending cleric being known as the author of plays or libretti. After all CardinalRospigliosi (later to become Clement IX) was the author of the libretto to Sant' Alessio,the first of the music dramas performed for the Barberini, and his other works includedthe secular comedy Chi soffre speri which Milton had seen in the Barberini theatre in 1639.

But the next mention of Patrick Cary shows that the wheel of fortune had turned again.On 20 November 1647 Sir Kenelm Digby, Henrietta Maria's Resident in Rome, put ina long complaint to Innocent X about the unsatisfactory results of his negotiations.Together with his official complaints he mentioned several private persons, of particularmerit and warmly recommended to the Pope by the Queen, who had not received the helpthey deserved. Among these were Richard Crashaw and Patrick Cary:

Come in particolare Pabbate Patritio Careo figliolo del Visconte di Falchelandia gia Vice Red'Hibernia, et fratello del primo Secretario di stato del Re mio Signore, nel quale con la nobiltadel sangue, et chiarezza della nascita vanno congiunti il proprio merito et qualita tali che daifiori che gia in lui si veggono felicemente spuntar fuori si puo promettere in piu matura eta copiosifrutti per il servitio di Dio et per Thonore et gloria della Sua Chiesa. Et per questo fine e statodedicato fin dalla piu tenera eta alia Vita Ecclesiastica dalla divotione particolare della ViceRegina d'Hibernia Sua madre . . . come ancora dalla vigilante prudenza della Regina d'Inghilterrapersuadendosi Sua Maesta che da simil soggetto non puo mancare di nascere in progresso ditempo notabili emolumenti dalla inchnatione propria, et dal consiglio di suoi piu stretti parenti,et intimi amici, havendo egli quattro sorelle et un fratello tutti Religiosi deU'ordine di San Bene-detto; talmente che si puo con verita dire che tutta questa cosi nobile famiglia sia straordinaria-mente consacrata al piu stretto modo di servire Iddio. E con tutto cio dopo varie lettere scrittein favor suo da Sua Maesta a Vostra Santita et al Principe Don Camillo Suo Nipote mentre eraCardinale et dopo iterate raccomandationi da me fatte a Vostra Santita in nome della Regina, nonha nientedimeno potuto attenere alcun benefitio 6 aiuto. Di modo che gU sara necessario dilasciar i suoi studii in questa Corte et mutare il disegno di Sua Vita con tornare alle turbolenzeet ai pericoli del nostro infelice paese, solo per non haver con che sustentarsi; mentre Tabbatianel regno di Napoli della quale lo favori il Predecessore di Vostra Santita di felice memoria gliviene non solamente infruttuosa dalle rivolutioni presenti di quel Stato, ma ancora disputatad'altro pretendente, di sorte che da questa liberalita di Papa Urbano (la quale Sua Santita credevaessere di molto maggiore rilievo che poi in effetto riusci) questo Signor Abbate invece d'unafruttuosa Chiesa non ha sposato altro che una dispendiosa lite.^'

Thus Digby complained that despite the natural promise which both his mother andthe Queen thought would bring abundant fruits to the church, Patrick Cary would beforced to abandon his studies and alter the whole course of his life by returning to Englandthrough lack of means to support himself. The abbey in the Kingdom of Naples, whichUrban VIII thought would be of much greater assistance to him than had turned out tobe the case, was rendered fruitless to him by the revolution in Naples and was the subjectof an expensive lawsuit with another claimant.

Patrick Cary's return to what Digby called *the turbulences and dangers of our unhappycountry' was touched on in my previous article. What I did not discuss, for they were notrelevant to the cantata manuscript, were several remarks, referring not only to Patrick Cary

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but also to his brother Henry, who had entered the Benedictine Order in 1641, in lettersfrom Percy Church to Edward Nicholas.^^ Percy Church was associated with the householdof the Countess of Denbigh and was thus close to the circle of Henrietta Maria in Paris;Edward Nicholas was in the entourage of Charles II in Holland. Percy Church's dis-approving remarks on the two brothers have been quoted elsewhere but are given here toround off the picture:

8 October 1655. A reference to two brothers 'no'w Pillars to ye Protestant Church, and famousfor theire undertakings since they reverted'.29 October 1655. An amplification of this remark: 'I perceave by your Honours not knowing whoeI ment by ye two Protestant Pillars, that Mr Chancellor [Edward Hyde] read not my letter, forthen hee would have told you they were two Benidicten Moncks and Brothers to the LordFaulkland secretarie of State, ye elder of them goeing as secretarie to Penn or Venables, in whichvoyage its sayed hee dyed, and the other Brother as I heare lives but an unhansome rambling life,some times in Ireland, and some times in England.'IQ November 1655. In answer to Nicholas: 'Your Honour tells mee that the behavior of the twoBrothers was no marvell, in reguard of theire witt, its true I have not seene in my time the wittsto thrive,—Nevertheless Mr Chancellor and Dr Earles esteemed them as no small Pillars whenthey forsaked theire Frock'.

Percy Church was inaccurate in detail—he reversed the ages of the brothers and PatrickCary was a novice, not a monk—but his gossip was well founded. As several writers havenoticed, there is evidence to support Percy Church's statement that both Patrick and HenryCary returned to secular life and changed their religious allegiance.^^ The chief sourceconcerning Patrick Cary's volte-face is a series of letters from Henry Hammond, formerchaplain to Charles I, to Gilbert Sheldon, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.^ Thesepersonal letters contain many references to the young Lord Falkland, Patrick Cary'snephew, who was giving his tutor and guardians much trouble in their efforts to controlhim, and occasional references to other members of the Cary family. A number of passagesrefer to Patrick Cary, his financial affairs, marriage, first journey to Ireland and conversionfrom Rome. The letters are dated mostly by day and month and their chronology isuncertain. I find it difficult to accept some of the dating suggested by Kurt Weber, whoused the letters in his account of Patrick Cary published as an Appendix to his life ofLucius Cary. In particular, Weber assigns a letter dated 'No 9' to November 1650. ^ jhisletter mentions the following sequence of events which can hardly have been crammed intothe short time between Patrick Cary's departure from Douai (after August 1650) andNovember of the same year:

Of Pa: Cary I since heare that he hath marryed Sir W. Udals brothers daughter, having 300^, isalowd by his brother H. 2%£ by ye Lord 25^ for his & wives life, leaves that to her, & goesrecommended by ye Speakers letters to all in power in Ireland for some place there, that of yeNunnes one is dead, a zd come over by pass from ye Parliament to London to take Physick, butmust return again. ^

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Lucy Cary died on i November 1650 (N.S.) and Anne Cary is known to have soughtmedical attention in Paris in 1651. On 10 November 165c Patrick Cary wrote to EdwardHyde asking his advice on the prospects of employment in Spain; he does not mentionmarriage or Ireland.^^ Hammond's letter may more plausibly be dated November 9 1651after a group of letters referring to Patrick Cary's financial affairs and religious scrupleswhich, as Weber suggests, were probably written in the early part of the same year. Theletters are summarised or quoted by Weber and show that Patrick Cary was able toimprove his financial resources by an assignment from his brother Henry of the latter'sclaims on the Falkland estate. Hammond's remarks on Patrick Cary's religious positionmay be quoted again here to show the vacillating state of his mind. On 4 March Hammondwrote: 'Mr. Pa. Cary is (as Mr Dunc[on] assures me) turnd from Popery, & I am veryearnestly desired to come to Tew & settle him . . .'.-^ However, for whatever reasons,Patrick Cary was not 'settled' and on April i Hammond wrote more doubtfully of the'conversion': 'Mr Pa: Caryes conversion as yet is rather from the Romish, then to ye Prot:rel: a seeker he saith he is, & unravells & questions all, that he may build infallibly'.^^Hammond had heard through an acquaintance that Patrick Cary's religious position was'about all, under a God & a moral law. But as he thinkes not fit to write to me particularlyhis scruples, so hee is not inclinable (for want of aequipage I suppose) to come hither'.It does not sound as though Patrick Cary was ever a convinced recruit to the Church ofEngland even though he later had his children baptised by some form of church ceremony.This reaction against the Catholic Church would have stood him in good stead when hedecided, presumably to improve his prospects of office, to apply for admission to Lincoln'sInn, as it would have enabled him to comply with the entry requirements in respect ofreligion. His admission entry on 10 February 1651/2^° was signed by the Speaker, WilliamLenthall, who had already provided him with letters of recommendation 'to all in powerin Ireland'.-^^ No detailed information has apparently come to light regarding PatrickCary's activities in Ireland.•''- That these involved collaboration with the Cromwellianauthorities seems most probable. Patrick Cary had travelled far from the path envisagedfor him by the Royal and Papal patrons of his youth.

1 The British Library Journal, II, 2 (1976),pp. 10Q-119,

2 Marini Transcripts, British Library, Add. MS,15389, fol. 392. Translation: 'The said Lord isesteemed above all others in this kingdom amongthese Protestants, and he is truly very learned andof great wit. His mother is a Catholic and hastranslated into English the works of CardinalDuperron. He has a sister who is one of theQueen's Ladies and is so highly strung that she isnearly insane.' Con's reference to a sister ofLucius is possibly to Lucy Cary, who afterwardsbecame a nun, rather than to Victoria, one of the

Maids of Honour, who was renowned in heryouth for her wit and beauty (Notes and Queries,cc(i955), pp, 404-407)-

3 The Lady Falkland: Her Life (London, 1861),pp. 183-184.

4 Public Record Office, S.P. 16/337, "• 40.5 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, i636~i6jy,

P- 341-6 Marini Transcripts, Add. MS, 15390, fols. 151-

152. Translation: 'It is understood that LadyFalkland, a Catholic, is speaking of removingherself from England to Rome with two malechildren and four female, so that the Apostolic

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See can take upon itself the care of this wholefamily, and of herself—and I hear further thatshe is mad, and she shows it coming at a timewhen the Apostolic See is so burdened—andat the most, when she arrives here, she and thedaughters will be placed in a convent and thesons in a seminary; if she has not already leftbefore the arrival of this letter, you will thereforesee that she understands this difficulty, and doesnot foolishly arrange to come here, while thereis no persecution in that kingdom.'

7 Ibid,, fol. 217b.8 Lady Falkland's translations have not all sur-

vived. The Reply of the . . . Cardinal of Perronwas published in Douai (1630).

9 Public Record Office, Roman Transcripts, PRO,31. lo/ii . The transcripts quoted in this articleare from materials in the Vatican.

10 The Benedictines seem to have looked after allthe Catholic members of the family. Fourdaughters entered the convent of English Bene-dictine nuns at Cambrai between 31 Aug, 1638and 8 Mar. 1639 and Lady Falkland retired therebefore her death in October 1639.

11 Roman Transcripts, PRO. 31. 9/137. Montaguwrote in very anglicised French to recommendPatrick Cary mentioning the virtues of his familyand particularly of his mother. Many years laterin his English poems Patrick let his tongue runon the infelicities of Walter Montagu's Englishstyle:

But tell mee pray, if ever youRead th'English of Watt Montagu,Is"t not more hard then French?

This may have been a family joke as VictoriaCary had taken part in The Shepheard's Paradise.See Notes and Queries, loe. cit.

12 Clarendon State Papers, ii (1773), p. 537.13 Urban VIII engaged Francesco Borromini as

architect for the Sapienza Church of St. Ivowhich was commenced in 1642. The groundplan, a star hexagon, was said to be derived fromthe heraldic bee in the Barberini coat of arms.

14 M. Lunn, 'English Benedictines and the Oathof Allegiance, 1606-1647', Recusant History, x(1969-70), pp. 154-155; D. Lunn, 'The EnglishCassinese (1611-50)', Recusant History, xiii{1975-76), pp. 65-67.

15 Panzani's report of 20 Feb./2 Mar. 1635. RomanTranscripts, PRO. 31. 9/17B.

16 Letter of 26 Feb. 1641. Roman Transcripts,PRO. 31. 9/129. Literal translation of the longest

extract: 'May the Catholic flock of Peter inBritain, to whom daily tribulations are and havebeen as pastures, torture glory, prisons palaces,crosses consolations, deaths delights, rejoice atlast that this flower, sprung from the midst ofthe most deserted regions and uncultivatedwastes ofthe deserts of faith and the most pricklythickets of heresies, and snatched away by theendeavours of maternal piety, finally looked afterso solicitously in Rome (which she so muchdesired to see while she lived), the protege ofYour Purple, left surviving after her, dedicatedauspiciously to religion from innocent ado-lescence, is blossoming abundantly, to theconsolation of his family and friends and theexpectation of other good men,'

17 Roman Transcripts, PRO. 31. 9/126.t8 Clarendon State Papers, ii, p. 536.19 Roman Transcripts, PRO. 31. 9/130, Father

Wilfrid wrote; 'Signor Patrick is strugglingagainst adverse fortune and misses the incomewhich he received from the generosity of YourEminence, but is consoling himself with theMuses, and has become one of the best ItaHanpoets in the City. He has written a pastoralcomedy, all in verse, on a secular subject butvery proper, which in the judgment of those whohave read it does not fall short of the bestcompositions which have appeared in print.'

20 A. Ademollo, / Teatri di Roma (Rome, 1888),pp. 10-31; A. Blunt, 'The Palazzo Barberini:the Contributions of Maderno, Bernini andPietro da Cortona', Journal of the Warburg andCourtauld Institutes, xxi (1958), pp. 281-283.

21 Roman Transcripts, PRO. 31. 9/94. Translation:'As, in particular, the Abbe Patrick Cary, son ofLord Falkland, former Viceroy of Ireland, andbrother of the First Secretary of State of theKing, my master, in whom are joined to nobilityof blood and distinction of birth his own meritand quality, such that from the flowers which canalready be seen blossoming forth so abundantlyin him, one can predict in maturer years copiousfruits for the service of God and the honour andglory of His Church. And to this end he has beendedicated from his most tender years to theecclesiastical life by the particular devotion of hismother . . . as also by the vigilant prudence oftheQueen of England, Her Majesty being persuadedthat there could not fail, in the progress of time,to issue from such a subject notable fruits, fromhis own inclination, and from the advice of his

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closest relations and most intimate friends, hehaving four sisters and one brother all religiousof the Order of St. Benedict; so that it can besaid that all this noble family is extraordinarilydedicated in the strictest way to the service ofGod. And with all that, after various letterswritten in his favour by Her Majesty to YourHoliness and to Don Camillo, Your nephew,when he was Cardinal, and after repeated recom-mendations made by me to Your Holiness, inthe name of the Queen, he has nonetheless notbeen able to obtain any favour or help. So thatit will be necessary for him to leave his studies inthis Court and alter the design of his life byreturning to the turbulences and dangers of ourunhappy country, simply because he does nothave the means to support himself, while theabbey in the Kingdom of Naples, w ith whichYour predecessor of illustrious memory favouredhim, not only is made fruitless to him by thepresent revolutions of that state, but is also dis-puted by another pretender, so that from thisgenerosity of Pope Urban (which His Holinessthought would be of much greater assistance thanturned out to be the case) this Signor Abbe hasespoused not a fruitful church but a costlylawsuit.'

22 British Library, Egerton MS. 2535, fols. 446b,

487b, 540; The Nickotas Papers (CamdenSociety), ed. G. F. Warner, iii (1897), pp. 72,QQ, 129-130-

23 Notes and Queries, cc {1955), pp. 469-471;K. Weber, Lucius Cary (New York, 1940},pp. 314-321-

24 British Library, Harley MS. 6942.25 K. Weber, op. cit., pp. 315-316.26 Harley MS. 6942, n. 73.27 K.. Weber, op. cit., p. 317 note, assigns this letter

to 1649 but the source, a copy in the BodleianLibrary (Clarendon Papers), is dated 1650 andrefers to Patrick Cary's letter from Douai(30 August 1650), and his 'want of Health, anddeparture thence for England'.

28 Harley MS. 6942, n. 95. John Duncon had beenchaplain to Lettice, Lady Falkland (d. 1647).

29 Harley MS. 6942, n. 4.30 The Records of. . . Lincoln^s Inn (Admissions),

i (1896), p. 264.31 William Lenthall had been a trustee for Lucius

Cary in his minority. Patrick Cary seems to haveput LenthalPs longstanding connection with hisfamily to good use.

32 The new edition of The Poems of Patrick Cary, byVeronica Delany, just published by OxfordUniversity Press, includes some details of PatrickCary's career in Ireland.

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