Patterns of Industrialization

By: Jessica Merle and Brooke Kuschel

Agriculture to Industry● Economies changed from being agriculturally focused to

industry focused● Technological advancements and organizational

changes allowed for industrialization to occur● Energy sources such as coal and petroleum were used

to power this time of industrialization● Big business emerged as an effect of industrialization

Foundations of Industry• In the mid-eighteenth century, Great Britain, the Yangzi

Delta in China, and Japan all had booming economies• High agricultural production led to a large increase in

population growth• Rivers opened up trade• Obstacles were still in the way such as soil depletion

and deforestation

Coal and Colonies• Great Britain was very dependent on coal for its

industrialization• Wood had previously been used as the primary source

of fuel for iron production, heating, and cooking• Lucky for them Great Britain sat on top of some large

coal deposits• Coal began being substituted for wood• China’s switch from wood to coal came much later

Ecological Relief• The conquered Americas supplied Britain

with the necessary resources to industrialize• Sugar exportations from caribbean islands

also paid for imports of European goods• Expanded Europes land base

Mechanization of the Cotton Industry

• Demand for cotton was strong so inventions were made to produce it more quickly

• 1733-John Kay invented the flying shuttle• 1779- Samuel Crompton invented the mule• 1785-Edmund Cartwright patented a water

driven loom• 1830- half a million people were employed in

cotton business

Steam Power• 1765-James Watt developed general purpose steam

engine

• Burned coal to boil water to create steam to force a piston to turn a wheel

• Energy was measured in horsepower

• Did the work of what numerous animals could do

• By 1800 more than a thousand were used in the British isles

• Important to textile industry, allowed for greater productivity, and cheaper prices

Iron and Steel

• 1709- smelters used coke (Purified form of coal) which was less expensive than charcoal to fuel iron production

• Wood, which had been the source of charcoal was scarce

• 19th century switched from Iron to Steel• 1856-Henry Bessemer built a refined and

blast furnace known as Bessemer Converter

Transportation• James Watt’s steam engine did not adapt well to

transportation

• 1815- George Stephenson built first steam powered locomotive

• Railroads and Steamships lowered transportation costs• Between 1830 and 1870, 13,000 miles of railroads were

laid

The Factory

• In the late 18th century the factory system emerged

• It centralized workers and brought them out of their home, large scale production took place

• Each worker performed a single task• Enabled managers to impose strict work and

discipline

Working Conditions

• Poor wages• Workers depended on employers for their

livelihood• Usually worked 6 days a week for 12 to 14

hours• Strict and immediate supervision• Punished if they did not meet expectations

Industrial Protest

• Lots of protests between 1811-1816• Group called the Luddites destroyed textile

machines in the night• They avoided violence against people and in

return 14 of them were hung by the government

Industrialization in Western Europe

• Britain dominated industrial world early on• Napoleonic wars helped industrialization

spread in Western Europe• Industrialization spread by the mid 19th

century to France,Germany, Belgium and the US

Industrialization in North America• US had abundant land and, natural resources

• The money to industrialize came from European migrants, who were eager to invest

• New England was the site for industrial production

• 1870s- Iron and steel industries emerges

• By 1900s US had become and economic powerhouse

Mass Production

• Factories could mass produce standardized articles

• Eli Whitney-Cotton gin, developed technique of using machine tools to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts in the making of firearms

• Henry Ford- 1913- Assembly line

Business and The Corporation

• Business organized on a large scale, the English East India Company

• Corporations became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies

Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels• Business firms formed associations to restrict markets

or establish monopolies

• Large scale businesses created trusts and cartels

• Vertical Organization- dominate all areas of a single industry

• Horizontal Organization- consolidate a bunch of independent companies by bringing them into one organization