growing berries in vermont - the university of … berries in vermont vern grubinger april 2014 ....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GROWING BERRIES
in Vermont
Vern Grubinger
April 2014
![Page 2: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
tonight’s outline
• introduction
• soil / site preparation
• strawberries
• blueberries
• raspberries
• ‘other’
• SWD
We’ll take breaks for you to collect questions
![Page 3: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I work primarily with commercial farmers
Norma Norris Berry Farm, Monkton
![Page 4: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adam’s Berry Farm, Burlington
![Page 5: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Paul Mazza’s Fruits and Vegetables, Essex
![Page 6: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cherry Hill Farm, Springfield
![Page 7: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
some data on Vermont berries
• ~350 farms with $8 million sales (2007)
• Strawberries: 5,000 lb/A* $2.75/lb
• Blueberries: 3,000 lb/A $3/lb
• Raspberries: 1,300 lb/A $5.50/lb
Increases expected for 2012 Census data!
* 3x these yields are possible
![Page 8: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
I’m also a home fruit grower
![Page 9: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
cover crop trials at my office
![Page 12: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
UVM Extension youth agriculture project
![Page 14: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
‘small fruits’
![Page 15: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pre-Plant Preparation
• Turn under sod / clear area of growth
• Soil test, add amendments, organic matter
• Cover crop for a year if possible
• Repeat soil test, fertilize before planting
![Page 16: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Soil Health is Key to Success
![Page 17: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemical
Physical Biological
Soil Health
Three Aspects of Soil Health
![Page 18: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
soil test = chemical / nutrient status
![Page 19: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
many soil options for adding nutrients
![Page 20: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
leaf analysis is best for perennial fruit nutrient management
![Page 21: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
soil physical health - soil structure
![Page 22: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
soil physical health: compaction, drainage
![Page 23: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
raised beds, subsoiling, cover crops…
![Page 24: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
carbon feeds the biology and helps improve
soil physical condition: mature compost
![Page 25: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
aged manure: not quite compost
![Page 26: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
fresh manure: more available nutrients, weeds
![Page 27: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
cover crops: oats - October
![Page 28: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
winter rye - April
![Page 29: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
buckwheat - August
![Page 30: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• a location that receives ‘full’ sunlight
• well-drained soil at least ~12 inches deep
• plants adapted to the location = winter hardy
• managing diseases, insects, weeds, wildlife
• providing adequate nutrition, water, pruning
• ability to do what’s required in a timely manner
Small Fruit Success Depends On
![Page 31: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
years to lb of fruit harvest cultural
bearing per plant period demands
Blackberry 2 2-3 late July - Aug. Moderate
Blueberry 3-6 3-10 late July - Sept. Low
Currant 2-4 6-8 July Low
Elderberry 2-4 4-8 Aug. - Sept. Low
Gooseberry 2-4 2-4 July - Aug. Moderate
Raspberry 2 1-2 July or Sept. Moderate
Strawberry (June) 2 1-3 June – early July Moderate
Strawberry (DN) 1 1 June - Oct. High
Grapes (Amer.) 3 20 early Sept. - Oct. Moderate
Grapes (Vinifera) 3 10 early Sept. - Oct. High
http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/fruit/homefruit/2beforeyoubegin.pdf
![Page 32: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
late spring frost
winter injury
cold or rainy weather during bloom
inadequate pollination
disease, insect damage to buds
poor plant nutrition
lack of cross-pollination if needed
Why Plants May Fail to Fruit
![Page 33: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Strawberries
![Page 34: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Strawberry basics
• High maintenance & risk, but high reward
• Fruit year after planting (June-bearers)
• Tend to decline thereafter = replant often
• Require ‘renovation’ to keep productive
• May be affected by many insects and diseases
![Page 35: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Planting Strawberries
• Set plants at ‘root line’, 1-2 ft. apart, in 4 ft. rows
• Remove flowers first year, keep weeded, watered
• Let runners fill out 16-24” wide, mulch between rows
• Mulch plants with 6” of straw around Thanksgiving
• Harvest fruit next summer
• Renovate promptly after harvest, or turn under
![Page 36: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
renovating strawberries
![Page 44: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
strawberry renovation
• mow off old leaves – above crowns
• spread 1 inch of soil on plants
• narrow the rows back to 12-18 inches
• hand weed in the rows
• apply N fertilizer (1 lb N/1,000 sq. ft,)
• irrigate throughout summer
• mulch for the winter
![Page 45: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Remove old leaves Apply layer soil/compost
![Page 46: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Some strawberry varieties for VT
• Earliglow
• Annapolis
• Cavendish
• Cabot
• Mesabi
• Jewel
• Sparkle
See: www.noursefarms.com “comparison chart”
![Page 47: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
small fruit variety traits
• harvest period (early, mid, late season)
• flavor
• berry size
• disease resistance
• yield
• firmness
• suitability for freezing
![Page 48: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
common strawberry pests
• TPB
• spider mites
• slugs
• spittle bug
• fruit rots
• root rots
• leaf spots
• birds, deer, etc.
![Page 50: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
frost damage
![Page 51: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
winter injury
![Page 53: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
root rot complex
![Page 54: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Tarnished Plant Bug damage
![Page 55: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
‘scouting’
![Page 57: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
cyclamen mites
![Page 58: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Questions?
![Page 59: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
blueberries
![Page 60: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
blueberry basics
• must have acid soil with pH 4.5 – 5.2
• long-term crop, take time to prepare site
• mulching and pruning are required
• birds, winter injury may be a problem
• mummy berry, SWD are concerns
![Page 61: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
planting blueberries
• test soil a year in advance – pH!
• add nutrients, organic matter, sulfur?
• till wide rows spaced 8-14 ft. apart
• set plants 6 - 8 ft. apart in the row
• mulch around the plants
• irrigate during dry periods
![Page 62: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
iron deficiency = high pH
![Page 63: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
color dye test kits
![Page 64: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sulfur rate depends on pH and soil texture:
It’s a lot easier to add before planting!
![Page 65: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
wood is the best mulch – any type if aged a little
![Page 66: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
drip irrigation is a plus for all fruits
![Page 67: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
the plants start small, live a long time
![Page 68: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Perennial grasses (ryegrass and fescues) are good for
walkways. Sow in September, if possible. Keep mowed
![Page 69: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Annual pruning is critical!
Here canes are mostly one age
![Page 70: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
blueberries fruit on second year growth
![Page 71: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
pruning blueberries
• prune yearly; ideally leave 2-3 new canes
• early years: want few strong upright canes
• always remove dead, diseased canes
• cut off low or spindly growth
• remove oldest canes after 6-8 years
![Page 72: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Blueberry varieties for VT
• Bluecrop
• Blueray
• Patriot
• Nelson
• Jersey
• Northland*
• Spartan*
![Page 73: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
common blueberry pests
• birds
• mummyberry disease
• cane blights
• fruit rots
• fruit worms
• witches broom
• SWD
![Page 75: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Bird netting pays back fast
![Page 76: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Diseases must be prevented not cured
![Page 77: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
mummy berry twig blight
![Page 78: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
mummy berry ‘mushrooms’
![Page 79: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
blueberry ‘fruit worm’ trap
![Page 80: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Questions?
![Page 81: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
raspberries
![Page 82: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
raspberry basics
• highly perishable, highly desirable fruit
• summer or fall-bearing types
• individual canes fruit once then die
• plantings decline in 5-10 years due to virus
• summer red raspberries most suited to VT
![Page 83: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
planting raspberries
• soil test and amend with nutrients, OM
• set plants 1 inch deeper than in nursery
• space rows 8+ ft. apart, plants ~2 ft. apart
• mulch edge of rows or cultivate to contain
• remove canes annually; tip back or trellis
• avoid over-fertilizing, especially at planting
![Page 84: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
pruning summer raspberries
• Remove spent, diseased, weak canes
• Thin to 4 or 5 strongest canes per sq. ft.
• Tip back canes over ~5’ tall or trellis
• Remove canes growing outside the row
![Page 87: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
common raspberry pests
• Viruses
• Fruit rots – Botrytis
• Cane blights
• Root rots
• Japanese beetles
• Cane borers
• SWD
![Page 89: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
virus symptoms
![Page 90: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
tissue culture plants
![Page 91: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
cane blights
![Page 92: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Japanese beetles
![Page 93: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Japanese beetle management
If use traps: 100 ft. away to pull beetles out of crop
Knock beetles off by hand into soapy tray
Cover crop with insect netting
Apply kaolin clay to crop
Apply entomopathogenic nematodes to soil
![Page 94: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
bird deterrents may be needed
![Page 95: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
red raspberry varieties for VT
Summer: Fall:
Boyne August Red
Killarney Autumn Bliss
Newburgh Polana
Latham Caroline
Prelude
Encore
![Page 96: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Questions?
![Page 97: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
currants and gooseberries
![Page 98: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Relatively new pest – still spreading?
Attacks firm ripe fruit in late summer and fall
Fruits rot rapidly
All fruits with soft skins are susceptible
Overwinters in cold climates
![Page 99: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
SWD management
Harvest all ripe fruit promptly
Refrigerate all harvested fruit
Remove all rotten / dropped fruit
Consider insect netting for exclusion
![Page 101: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
traps for monitoring SWD
![Page 102: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
insect netting
![Page 103: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
![Page 105: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Trapping Out:
no evidence it works
![Page 110: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
bulk batch yeast/flour/sugar bait
![Page 111: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
insect netting details
ProTekNet 80gr has 1 x .85 mm mesh
• 13’ x 328’ = $553
$5,649/acre @ 7 yrs = $807/acre/yr.
ProTekNet 25gr has .35 x .35 mesh
• 20’ x 820’ = $1,618
$4,298/acre @ 3 yrs = $1,433/acre/yr.
http://www.duboisag.com/en
![Page 112: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
currants and gooseberries
![Page 113: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
currants and gooseberries
• Hardy and easy to grow
• Like cool, moist locations, rich peaty soil
• Some shade OK
• Legal, but may host white pine blister rust
• Black currants pose the most risk
• Many varieties - look for WPBR resistance
![Page 114: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
currants, gooseberry basics
• Heavy feeders, mix in manure pre-plant
• Fertilize, and mulch annually
• Prune to leave 8 strong canes, from 1-4 yr old
• Keep an eye out for WPBR, PM
• Wait for fruit to turn color before harvesting
![Page 115: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
white pine blister rust
![Page 116: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
grapes
![Page 117: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
grape basics
• Choose hardy, disease resistant varieties
• On a site with full sun and good drainage
• Remove 90% of new growth each year
• Train or trellis vines
![Page 118: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
grape types
• V. labrusca: Concord, Niagra (American)
• V. vinifera: not very hardy
• Hybrids: intermediate hardiness
• Table grapes: seedless/seeded
![Page 119: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
![Page 120: GROWING BERRIES in Vermont - The University of … BERRIES in Vermont Vern Grubinger April 2014 . tonight’s outline • introduction • soil / site preparation • strawberries](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042801/5a9f77ca7f8b9a67178ce321/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry