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PowerSystemsEngineeringCenter
Integra(ngHighLevelsofVariableRenewableEnergyinElectricPowerSystems
BenKroposki,PhD,PE,FIEEEDirector–PowerSystemsEngineeringCenter
2
• UnderstandingCurrentandFuturePowerSystems
• CurrentStateofVariableRenewableEnergy(VRE)–WindandSolar
• CurrentPowerSystemswithVRE• ChallengesandSoluBonsofOperaBngPowerSystemswithVeryHighLevelsofVariableRenewableEnergy(VRE)
• NREL’sResearchtoDevelopSoluBons
PresentaBonOutline
3
EvoluBonofthePowerSystem
New Challenges in a Modern Grid • Increasing levels of power electronics based variable renewable
energy (VRE) – wind and solar • More use of Communications, Controls, Data, and Information (e.g.
Smart Grids) • Other new technologies: EVs, Distributed storage, Flexible Loads • Becoming highly distributed – more complex to control
Current Power System Future Power Systems
• LargeCentral,SynchronousGenera(on
• CentralControl• CarbonIntensive• HighlyRegulated
• MoreVRE• MoreInfo• MoreDistributed
• LessCarbon
5
SignificantDeclinesinRenewableCosts=IncreaseInstallaBon
Source:DOEWindVisionStudyhNp://energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/wind-vision-new-era-wind-power-united-states
WindCostsWindInstalls
SolarCostsSolarInstalls
Source:DOEOnthePathtoSunShothNp://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/path-sunshot
6
PVSystemsinUS
SolarStar
Source:SunpowerhNps://us.sunpower.com/sites/sunpower/files/media-library/fact-sheets/fs-solar-star-projects-factsheet.pdf
AnatoliaSubdivision–RanchoCordova,CA-Source:GoogleMaps
SolarSubdivisions
7
WindSystemsinUS
AltaWindEnergyCenterTehachapiPass,CA1
600VetasWindTurbines1,547MW2,680.6GWh/yr
CapricornRidgeWindFarmSterlingandCokeCounty,TX2
407GE&SiemensTurbines663MW
Shepard'sFlatsArlingtonOR3
338GETurbines845MW2,000GWh/yr
Sources:1hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Wind_Energy_Center2hNp://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/pdf_redesign/capricornridge.pdf3hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm
9
%VariableRe
newab
leEne
rgy
(ofa
nnua
lene
rgy)
SystemSize(GW)10.10.010.001 100010010
25
50
75
100
CurrentVREPenetraBonsvs.SystemSize
80
5
23
AlaskaVillage
Ireland Cont.USA
ERGISWWSIS
CA50%
42
Denmark
Lanai
ActualOpera(ngSystem
ModeledSystem
35
Maui25
CA
10
ExamplesofHighLevelsofVRE–CaseStudyIrelandCurrentlyRunningat55%instantaneousNon-SynchronousPenetraBon
EirGrid(2010),“AllIslandTSOFacilitaBonofRenewableStudies”,FinalReport
Ireland• 23%WindonAnnualEnergyBasis(2015)• IslandPowerSystem(6.5GWpeak)
11
WesternWindandSolarIntegraBonStudy(WWSIS)
Canweintegrate35%renewablesintheWest?
• Goal– Tounderstandthecostsand
operaBngimpactsduetothevariabilityanduncertaintyofwind,PVandconcentraBngsolarpower(CSP)ontheWestConnectgrid
• U(li(es– ArizonaPublicService– ElPasoElectric– NVEnergy– PublicServiceofNewMexico– SaltRiverProject– Tri-StateG&T– TucsonElectricPower– XcelEnergy– WAPA WesternWindandSolarIntegraBonStudy(WWSIS)–(2007–2015)
hNp://www.nrel.gov/grid/wwsis.html
12
Dispatchduringatameweek(July)Study Area Dispatch - Week of July 10th - No Wind
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
MON JUL 10 TUE JUL 11 WED JUL 12 THU JUL 13 FRI JUL 14 SAT JUL 15 SUN JUL 16
MW
Nuclear Steam Coal WindSolar CSP w/ Storage Solar PV Combined CycleGas Turbine Pumped Storage Hydro Hydro
Study Area Dispatch - Week of July 10th - 10%R
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
MON JUL 10 TUE JUL 11 WED JUL 12 THU JUL 13 FRI JUL 14 SAT JUL 15 SUN JUL 16
MW
Study Area Dispatch - Week of July 10th - 20%R
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
MON JUL 10 TUE JUL 11 WED JUL 12 THU JUL 13 FRI JUL 14 SAT JUL 15 SUN JUL 16
MW
Study Area Dispatch - Week of July 10th - 30%R
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
MON JUL 10 TUE JUL 11 WED JUL 12 THU JUL 13 FRI JUL 14 SAT JUL 15 SUN JUL 16
MW
Nowind 10%wind
20% wind 30%wind
13
Dispatchduringtheworstweek(April)Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - 10%R
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
MON APR 10 TUE APR 11 WED APR 12 THU APR 13 FRI APR 14 SAT APR 15 SUN APR 16
MW
Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - No Wind
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
MON APR 10 TUE APR 11 WED APR 12 THU APR 13 FRI APR 14 SAT APR 15 SUN APR 16
MW
Nuclear Steam Coal Wind
Solar CSP w/ Storage Solar PV Combined Cycle
Gas Turbine Pumped Storage Hydro Hydro
Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - 20%R
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
MON APR 10 TUE APR 11 WED APR 12 THU APR 13 FRI APR 14 SAT APR 15 SUN APR 16
MW
Study Area Dispatch - Week of April 10th - 30%R
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
MON APR 10 TUE APR 11 WED APR 12 THU APR 13 FRI APR 14 SAT APR 15 SUN APR 16
MW
Nowind 10%wind
20% wind 30% wind – starting to impact nuclear – likely curtail wind
14
WWSIS–3FrequencyResponse
LineOpens
FrequencyDips
VoltageDips
hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/64822.pdf
ImpactWesternInterconnectcansurviveamajorconBngencyoutagewith30%variablegeneraBon(inverter-based)
15
EasternRenewableGridIntegraBonStudy(ERGIS)
• Goalso OperaBonalimpactof30%
windandsolarpenetraBonontheEasternInterconnecBonata5-minuteresoluBon.
o EfficacyofmiBgaBonopBonsinmanagingvariabilityanduncertaintyinthesystem.
Opera(onalAreasofInteresto Reserves
– Types– QuanBBes– Sharing
o CommitmentandDispatch– Day-ahead– 4-hour-ahead– Real-Bme
o Inter-regionalTransacBons– 1-hour– 15-minute– 5-minute
ImpactDemonstratedthatverylargepowersystemscanoperateata5-mindispatchwith30%VREEasternRenewableEnergyIntegraBonStudy(ERGIS)(2016)hNp://www.nrel.gov/grid/ergis.html
17
TechnicalChallengeswithHighVRELevels
• VariabilityandUncertaintyofVRE
• PowerSystemStability• Protec(onCoordina(on
• Grounding• Uninten(onalIslanding
• BlackStartCapability• ControlandOp(miza(on
PowersystemswithhighlevelsofVREwillbecomeinverterdominated
Source:BrianJohnson,NREL
18
VariabilityandUncertaintyofVREChallenges• EnergyShi]ing(VREproduceenergy
whenresourceisavailable–VariableandUncertain)
• Forecas(ng(RenewableResourcesandLoad)
PossibleSolu(ons• GeographicDiversity• FlexibleConvenBonalGeneraBon• Increasesharingbetweenbalancing
areas• ExpansionoftheTransmissionSystem• CurtailmentofexcessVREproducBon• CoordinaBonofFlexibleLoad(acBve
demandresponse)• EnhancedVREandLoadForecasBng• ElectricalStorage• InteracBonswithotherenergycarriers
Curtailment
Source:NRELRenewableEnergyFuturesStudy80%RenewablesCase
Source:DarkShadows:UnderstandingVariabilityandUncertaintyofPhotovoltaicsforIntegraBonwiththeElectricPowerSystem,A.Millsetal
19
WindandSolarForecasBng
• WindPowerForecasBng • SolarPowerForecasBng
Source:ElectricityReliabilityCouncilofTexasshort-termwindpowerforecast
Actual wind power
Most recent short-term wind power forecast (updated hourly)
Day-aheadwindpowerforecast
Source: Brancucci Martinez-Anido et al. (2016). Solar Energy 129.
Forecast improvement
Day-ahead forecast
Real time market
20
PowerSystemStabilityChallenges• TransientandDynamicStability(loss
ofsysteminerBacouldreduceabilitytorespondtodisturbances–needride-thoughcapabiliBesinVRE)
• FrequencyRegula(on(needprimary,secondary,andterBaryresponsefromVRE)
• Volt/VarRegula(on(needabilitytolocallychangevoltagetostaywithinnominallimits)
Solu(ons• SmartInverterswithAdvanced
FuncBonality• MimicSynchronousGenerator
CharacterisBcs• ProvideAcBvePower,ReacBve
Power,Voltage,andFrequencyControl
SmartPV
SmartWind
Source:MarkO’Malley,UniversityCollegeDublin
21
AcBvePowerControlfromWindandSolarInverters
Technology Addressed • Understanding how
Variable Generation (Wind and Solar) can provide primary and secondary reserves.
Impact • Inertial control, Primary
Frequency Control (PFC), and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) from Wind and Solar is feasible with negligible impacts on loading
hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osB/60574.pdf
22
PVprovidesgridservicesforPuertoRico
TechnologyAddressed• PVpar(cipatedinAutoma(c
Genera(onControl(AGC)o FollowAGCsignalwithin40%of
availablepower• PVprovidedfrequencydroop
responseo Bothupanddown-regulaBono 5%and3%symmetricdroop
• FastFrequencyResponse(FFR)testso Testplant’sabilitytodeployall
reservewithin500mso Threenewcontrolswere
implementedandvalidated
AESIllumina20MWPVPowerPlant
hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65368.pdf
ImpactFirstofakindreal-worldexperimentusingPVsystemstomaintainlargegridstability
23
AddiBonalTechnicalChallengesChallenges• Protec(onCoordina(on(lossofhigh
shortcircuitcurrentmayeffectprotecBonschemes)
• Grounding(Properequipmentgrounding)
• Uninten(onalIslanding(needmethodstoprotectagainstunintenBonalislanding)
• BlackStart–abilitytorestoresystemfromoutageSource:hNp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/calculaBng-the-short-circuit-current-synchronous-generator
Curren
t
Time
6xI
Solu(ons• Protec(onCoordina(on–
SynchronousCondensers,NewprotecBonSchemes
• Grounding-understandingDER• Uninten(onalIslanding–NewAI
opBons• BlackStart–?
24
Challenge:ControlsandOpBmizaBonofMillionsofDevices
Aswemigratefromacentrallycontrolled,synchronousgeneratorbasedgridtoahighlydistributed,inverterbasedsystem…
Weneedsmartinverterswithadvancedfunc(onalitytomaintaingridstabilityand…
Improvedop(miza(onformillionsofcontrollabledevicesinthegrid
ResearchNeeds• Controltheory• Advancedcontroland
opBmizaBonalgorithms• Imbeddedcontrollersindevices• LinkagetoAdvanced
DistribuBonManagementSystems(ADMS)
• ValidaBonofconceptsanddeployment
hNp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/arBcleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6920041
hNp://www.arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=arpa-e-programs/nodes
25
AdvancedDistribuBonManagementSystemTestbed
• NRELisestablishingana(onal,vendor-neutralAdvancedDistribuBonManagementSystem(ADMS)testbedtoaccelerateindustrydevelopmentandadop(onofADMScapabili(es
• EnableuBlitypartners,vendors,andresearcherstoevaluateexisBngandfutureADMSusecasesandintegratewithHILequipment
Source:MuraliBagguandBryanPalminBer,NREL
26
Physicaland
CyberSecurity
Solu(ons
Interconnec(on
PowerElectronics Characteriza(on
InteroperabilitySolar
EVs
WindLoads
EnergyStorage
IntegratedDevicesandSystems
Opera(ons&ControlsOpera(ons&
Controls
ReliabilityandMarkets
GridSensors
ResourceMeasurementsSensing,Measurements,andForecas(ng
Forecas(ng
Design&Studies
Design&Studies
InsBtuBo
nalSup
port
NREL–PowerSystemsResearch
27
EnergySystemsIntegraBonFacility(ESIF)
OfficesHPC-DCLaboratoriesUniqueCapabiliBes• MulBpleparallelACandDCexperimental
busses(MWpowerlevel)withgridsimulaBonandloads
• FlexibleinterconnecBonpointsforelectricity,thermal,andfuels
• Mediumvoltage(15kV)microgridtestbed
• VirtualuBlityoperaBonscenterandvisualizaBonrooms
• SmartgridtesBnglabforadvancedcommunicaBonsandcontrol
• InterconnecBvitytoexternalfieldsitesfordatafeedsandmodelvalidaBon
• PetascaleHPCanddatamgmtsysteminshowcaseenergyefficientdatacenter
• MW-scalePowerhardware-in-the-loop(PHIL)simulaBoncapabilitytotestgridscenarioswithhighpenetraBonsofcleanenergytechnologies
Shortening the time between innovation
and practice
hNp://www.nrel.gov/esif
28
EnergySystemsIntegraBonFacility(ESIF)
Smartbuildings&controllableloads
PowerSystemsIntegra(onGridSimulators-Microgrids
EnergySystemsIntegra(onFuelCells,Electrolyzers
OutdoorTestAreasEVs,Transformers,CapacitorBanks,VoltageRegulators
Roo]opPV EnergyStorage-ResidenBal,Community&GridScaleStorage
HPC&DataCenter
AdvancedDistribu(onManagement
Systems
hNp://www.nrel.gov/esif/
29
ImpacrulPublicaBons
Mar/Apr2015Issue-DERIntegra(on
Nov/Dec2015Issue-TransmissionGridIntegra(on
Sept2015Issue–FocusonEnergyStorage
hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/63114.pdf
HighPenPVHandbook
30
• AdvancedInverterFunc;onsandCommunica;onProtocolsforDistribu;onManagement,Nagarajanetal,Proceedingsofthe2016IEEE/PESTransmissionandDistribuBonConferenceandExposiBon(T&D),3-5May2016,Dallas,Texas5pp.
• ExaminingSystem-WideImpactsofSolarPVControlSystemswithaPowerHardware-in-the-LoopPlaKorm,Chakraborty,etal.,Proceedingsofthe2014IEEE40thPhotovoltaicSpecialistConference(PVSC),8-13June2014,Denver,Coloradopp.2082-2087.
• AdvancedGrid-FriendlyControlsDemonstraBonProjectforUBlity-ScalePVPowerPlants,Gevorgian,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-65368January2016hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65368.pdf
• Inves;ga;ngtheImpactsofWindGenera;onPar;cipa;oninInterconnec;onFrequencyResponse,Gevorgian,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergyVol.6(3)July2015pp.1004-1012.
• Oscillator-BasedInverterControlforIslandedThree-PhaseMicrogrids,Johnson,etal.,IEEEJournalofPhotovoltaicsVol.4(1)January2014pp.387-395.
• ExperimentalEvaluaBonofPVInverterAnB-IslandingwithGridSupportFuncBonsinMulB-InverterIslandScenarios,Hoke,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-66732July2016hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/66732.pdf
• GroundFaultOvervoltagewithInverter-InterfacedDistributedEnergyResources,Ropp,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonPowerDelivery2016
• Evalua;onofMul;pleInverterVolt-VARControlInterac;onswithRealis;cGridImpedances,Chakraborty,etal.,Proceedingsofthe2015IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyGeneralMeeBng,26-30July2015,Denver,Colorado5pp.
• MaximumPhotovoltaicPenetra;onLevelsonTypicalDistribu;onFeeders,Hoke,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergy
FormoreinformaBon–IntegratedDevicesandSystems
31
• ValueofDay-AheadSolarPowerForecas;ngImprovement,BrancucciMarBnez-Anido,etal.,SolarEnergyVol.129May2016pp.192-203.
• SuiteofMetricsforAssessingthePerformanceofSolarPowerForecas;ng,Zhang,etal.,SolarEnergyVol.111January2015pp.157-175.
• Quan;fyingtheEconomicandGridReliabilityImpactsofImprovedWindPowerForecas;ng,Wang,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergy2016
• TheValueofImprovedShort-TermWindPowerForecas;ng,Hodge,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-63175February2015,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osB/63175.pdf
• WindPowerRampEventForecas;ngUsingaStochas;cScenarioGenera;onMethod,Cui,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSustainableEnergyVol.6(2)April2015pp.422-433.
• FastAll-SkyRadia;onModelforSolarapplica;ons(FARMS):AlgorithmandPerformanceEvalua;on,Yu,etal.,SolarEnergyVol.135October2016pp.435-445.
• BestPrac;cesHandbookfortheCollec;onandUseofSolarResourceDataforSolarEnergyApplica;ons,Sengupta,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-63112February2015,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osB/63112.pdf
ForMoreInformaBon–Sensing,Measurement,andForecasBng
32
• Op;malPowerFlowPursuit,Dall'Anese,Proceedingsofthe2016AmericanControlConference(ACC),6-8July2016,Boston,MassachuseNs
• PhotovoltaicInverterControllersSeekingACOp;malPowerFlowSolu;ons,Dall’Anese,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonPowerSystems,2015
• Op;malDispatchofResiden;alPhotovoltaicInvertersUnderForecas;ngUncertain;es,Dall'Anese,etal.,IEEEJournalofPhotovoltaicsVol.5(1)January2015pp.350-359.
• DecentralizedOp;malDispatchofPhotovoltaicInvertersinResiden;alDistribu;onSystems,Dall'Anese,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonEnergyConversionVol.29(4)December2014pp.957-967.
• CoordinatedOp;miza;onofDistributedEnergyResourcesandSmartLoadsinDistribu;onSystems,Yang,etal.,2016IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyGeneralMeeBng,Boston,MassachuseNs,July17–21,2016
• Synchrophasor-BasedAuxiliaryControllertoEnhancetheVoltageStabilityofaDistribu;onSystemWithHighRenewableEnergyPenetra;on,Jiang,etal.,IEEETransacBonsonSmartGridVol.6(4)July2015pp.2107-2115.
• Stochas;cOp;malSchedulingofResiden;alApplianceswithRenewableEnergySources,Wu,etal.,Proceedingsofthe2015IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyGeneralMeeBng,26-30July2015,Denver,Colorado5pp.
• System-of-SystemsApproachforIntegratedEnergySystemsModelingandSimula;on,MiNal,etal.,ProceedingsoftheSummerComputerSimulaBonConference(SCSC2015),26-29July2015,Chicago,Illinois.pp.446-455
ForMoreInformaBon–PowerSystemOperaBonsandControls
33
• EasternRenewableGenera;onIntegra;onStudy,Bloom,etal.,NREL/TP-6A20-64472August2016hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/64472.pdf
• OnthePathtoSunShot:EmergingIssuesandChallengesinIntegra;ngHighLevelsofSolarintotheElectricalGenera;onandTransmissionSystem,Denholm,etal.,NaBonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.NREL/TP-6A20-65800.hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65800.pdf
• WesternWindandSolarIntegra;onStudyPhase3A:LowLevelsofSynchronousGenera;on,Milleretal.,NREL/TP-5D00-64822November2015hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/64822.pdf
• Alterna;vesNoMore:WindandSolarPowerAreMainstaysofaClean,Reliable,AffordableGrid,Milliganetal.,IEEEPowerandEnergyMagazineVol.13(6)November/December2015pp.78-87.
• OnthePathtoSunShot:EmergingIssuesandChallengesinIntegra;ngSolarwiththeDistribu;onSystem,PalminBer,etal.,NaBonalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.NREL/TP-5D00-65331.hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65331.pdf
• FinalTechnicalReport:IntegratedDistribuBon-TransmissionAnalysisforVeryHighPenetraBonSolarPV,PalminBer,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-65550January2016,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/65550.pdf
• High-PenetraBonPVIntegraBonHandbookforDistribuBonEngineers,Seguin,etal.,NREL/TP-5D00-63114January2016,hNp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osB/63114.pdf
• Photovoltaic(PV)ImpactAssessmentforVeryHighPenetra;onLevels,Cheng,etal.,IEEEJournalofPhotovoltaicsVol.6(1)January2016pp.295-300.
• InDivergenceThereisStrength:MeasuringandMiBgaBngSolarPVImpactsinSouthernCaliforniaUsingPowerFactorsOtherthanOne,Mather,etal.,IEEEPowerandEnergyMagazineVol.13(2)March-April2015pp.62-70.
ForMoreInformaBon–PowerSystemDesignandStudies