version a - weebly of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctuated equilibrium?...

Name:____________________________Period___________________

Version A

(1)Test Questions are Copyright © 1984-2002 by College Entrance Examination Board, Prenceton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-fact teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP ® is registered traemark of the College Entrance Examination Borard. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permissionis granted of individual classroom teahcers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustation for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these material is strictly prohibited.

AP* Biology: Macroevolution

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and enter the appropriate letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

Questions 1 - 3

Refer to the map below illustrating the distribution of several populations on the continents of Eurasia and North America. These populations were derived from a common ancestral species. The area enclosed by a given dotted line represents the distribution of the population and the numbers in millions of years refer to the earliest fossil evidence found within the bounded area. Present populations are found only in the shaded areas.

1. The oldest existing population is represented by

A) QB) RC) SD) T

2. The two existing populations that are apparently most closely related are

A) Q and RB) Q and SC) S and TD) R and U

3. According to the data, which of the following correctly describes the area occupied by the original species?

A) It increased steadily.B) It decreased steadily.C) It increased and then decreased.D) It decreased and then increased.

Version A

4. The appearance of a fertile, polyploid individual within a population of diploid organisms is a possible source of a new species. If this individual is capable of reproducing to form a new population, scientists would consider this to be an example of

A) allopatric speciationB) sympatric speciationC) polygenetic inheritanceD) genetic drift

5. The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands are believed to have arisen as a result of the natural selection acting on populations of finches that had experienced

A) convergent evolutionB) gene flowC) the bottleneck effectD) geographic isolation

6. Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes?

A) Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes.

B) Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and does not have associated proteins.

C) Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryotic membranes.

D) Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.

7. Which of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctuated equilibrium? A) Small variations gradually accumulate in

evolving lineages over periods of millions of years.

B) Random mating ensures that the proportions of genotypes in a population remain unchanged from generation to generation.

C) Stability is achieved when selection favors the heterozygote, while both types of homozygotes are at a relative disadvantage.

D) Evolutionary changes consist of rapid bursts of speciation alternating with long periods in which species remain essentially unmodified.

8. Which of the following pathways for the transformation of cellular energy most likely evolved first?

A) cyclic photophosphorylationB) citric acid (Krebs) cycleC) Calvin cycleD) glycolysis

9. Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? A) Evolution is a gradual process that occurs

over long periods of time.B) Variation occurs among individuals in a

population.C) Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic

variation.D) Individuals that possess the most favorable

variations have the best chance of reproducing.

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10. Which of the following phylogenies are equivalent?

A) A and BB) A and CC) B and CD) They are all equivalent.

11.

It has been proposed that eukaryotic cells are actually hybrids of archaean and bacterial cells. Which of the following statements does NOT support this idea?

A) Eukaryotic and Archaea cells have a common ancestor.B) The ribosomes found in the mitochondria are made of rRNA that is similar to the

cells of bacteria.C) The DNA of Eukaryotes is enclosed in a nucleus like that of Archaea.D) The circular DNA found in the chloroplasts of eukaryotic plant cells are similar to

the circular DNA found in bacteria.

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Questions 12 and 13

12. Based on the phylogenetic tree shown above, which of the following statements is true?

A) The tree is polyphyletic because it does not include all of the descendents.

B) The tree is based on analogous traits.C) The pigeon is the sister taxon to the

crocodile. D) The lizard is more closely related to the

salamander than to the pigeon.

13. Which of the following best explains the fact that birds, crocodiles, mice, and humans all have a four chambered heart while the lizard does not?

A) The four chambered heart is a homologous structure that once evolved in a common ancestor to these four species.

B) The four chambered heart evolved independently in all four species.

C) The four chambered heart is a homologous structure that evolved twice, once in crocodiles and birds and once in mammals.

D) The four chambered heart is an analogous structure that evolved independently in mammals and is a homologous structure that evolved from a common reptilian ancestor to the pigeon and crocodile.

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14. Which of the following traits is likely to be unsuitable for phylogenetic analysis?

A) learned behavior B) morphologyC) DNA SequencesD) embryology

15. The eastern coral snake, is poisonous and brightly colored with distinctive red, black, yellow, and white alternating bands. The nonpoisonous scarlet king snake resembles the coral snake and also has red, black and white bands. This is an example of

A) divergent evolutionB) mimicryC) coevolutionD) reverse evolution

Questions 16 and 17

16. The apparatus shown above is a replication of the scientific equipment used by Stanley Miller in studying the chemical origins of life. Which of the following best represents the hypothesis being tested with this equipment?

A) Can the gases found in the early atmosphere be used to produce DNA molecules?

B) Can the gases found in the early atmosphere be used to produce living cells?

C) Can the gases found in the early atmosphere be used to produce simple viruses?

D) Can the gases found in the early atmosphere be used to produce simple organic molecules?

17. Oxygen is added to the mixture of original gases in the flask and the experiment is repeated. Which of the following best predicts the likely result?

A) Carbohydrates would form B) DNA would form C) Carbon monoxide would form D) Amino acids would form

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18.

Liposomes were discovered by scientists when testing a laboratory’s electron microscope by adding negative aqueous stain to dry phospholipids. Liposomes can be used as a vehicle for the administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Which of the following origin of life questions was most likely prompted as a result of this discovery?

A) Can organic compounds form from inorganic compounds?B) Can organic polymers form from organic monomers in aqueous solution?C) Can organic compounds self-assemble to form self-contained structures?D) Can living cells be made from inorganic compounds?

19. While DNA was once thought to be the molecule originally responsible for heredity, many scientists are proposing a RNA world hypothesis because

A) DNA is less stable and more likely to mutateB) DNA has been shown to act like an enzyme

under certain conditionsC) RNA can self replicate and act like an

enzyme under certain conditionsD) RNA can make a DNA template and is more

stable than DNA

20. Isolating Mechanisms are features of behavior, morphology, or genetics which serve to prevent breeding between species and can be categorized in several ways. One particularly useful way is to recognize mechanisms that prevent the waste of energy and resources by producing gametes and subsequent zygote production, yet no offspring. Which of the following is such a post-zygotic isolating mechanism?

A) temporal isolationB) developmental isolationC) habitat isolationD) mechanical isolation

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21. Tigers and lions will interbreed in captivity and produce viable offspring, but they do not interbreed in Asia where their geographic ranges overlap. Which of the following isolating mechanisms account for this?

A) hybrid infertilityB) gametic mortalityC) behavioral isolationD) reduced gametic viability

22.

The animals shown on the right are marsupials, and the map indicates they are found in Australia. The animals shown on the left are placental mammals, and the map shows they originate on continents other than Australia. The similarities that they exhibit are due to

A) similar selection pressuresB) similar gene poolsC) similar breeding seasons D) similar predator-prey interactions

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Questions 23 and 24

Hawaiian honeycreepers are small, perching birds endemic to Hawaii.

23. It is assumed for this type of speciation to occur that

A) food was plentiful and the habitats were uniform.

B) food was limited and the climate was uniform.C) competition was limited and the niches

varied.D) predators were limited and the competition

was intense.

24. Which of the following is least likely to explain why honeycreeper speciation occurred on the Hawaiian Islands?

A) founder effectB) varying mutationsC) varying selection pressuresD) chromosomal rearrangement

25.

The phylogenetic tree shown above indicates that all cells have a common ancestor. Which of the following pieces of evidence best support this phylogenetic tree?

A) All cells contain circular DNA.B) All cells have the ability to conduct aerobic

respiration.C) All cells have membranes composed of a

phospholipid bilayer.D) All cells contain the same type of ribosomes.

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26. This graph illustrates the extinction rate of marine animal families over time (left axis) and the number of new marine families evolved (right axis).

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this data?

A) Extinctions are a gradual process and proliferation of new species is often rapid. B) Extinctions can be a large-scale event followed by the rapid proliferation of new

species,. C) Extinctions can be a large-scale event followed by a gradual replacement of lost

species.D) Extinctions are often a gradual process without any evolution of new species.

27. Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys should result in

A) the extinction of one of the two parental speciesB) the formation of a single species from the two parental speciesC) reinforcing the postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys D) weakening the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys

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28. A certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorn antelopes and cattle often associate with one another. Over time some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with fleas that, likewise, prefer cattle blood. Which of the following could possibly happen over time?

I. cladogenesis II. sympatric speciation III. habitat isolation IV. prezygotic barriers develop

A) I only B) II and III onlyC) I, II, and III onlyD) I, II, III and IV

Questions 29 and 30

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all mammals. Blood samples were collected from five different mammalian species and subsequently analyzed. The results for the hemoglobin A analysis are summarized in the table below.

Similarity Matrix Based Upon Amino Acid Similarities For Hemoglobin a

% Amino Acids Human Horse Donkey Mouse Dog

Human 100 88 86 86 84Horse 100 98 84 82Donkey 100 82 80Mouse 100 82Dog 100

29. According to the data, which two species would be considered a sister taxon?

A) mouse and humanB) dog and mouseC) donkey and horseD) donkey and dog

Version A

30. Which cladogram best depicts best phylogenetic relationship of these species based on the data table?

A)

B)

C)

D)

Version A

Questions 31 and 32

The table below indicates the presence of derived plant structures in various plant taxa with a Y and the absence of derived plant structures with a N.

Dominant Gametophyte Generation

Dominant Sporophyte Generation

Vascular Tissue

Microphylls* Megaphylls** Roots Seeds Flowers

Charophytes (Green Algae)

N N N N N N N NAngiosperms

(Flowering Plants)N Y Y N Y Y Y Y

Gymnosperms(Conifers)

N Y Y N Y Y Y YPterophytes

(FernsN Y Y N Y Y N N

Bryophytes(Mosses) Y N N Y N N N N

*Microphylls are small leaves with a single vein. **Megaphylls are larger leaves with branched veins.

31. According to the data, which of the following cladograms is best supported?

A)

B)

C)

D)

32. Which one of the plant taxon shown in the data table could be designated as an outgoup?

A) AngiospermsB) PterophytesC) CharophytesD) Gymnosperms

(1) Test Questions are Copyright © 1984-2012 by College Entrance Examination Board, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved. For face-to-face teaching purposes, classroom teachers are permitted to reproduce the questions. Web or Mass distribution prohibited. (2) AP® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. Permission is granted for individual classroom teachers to reproduce the activity sheets and illustrations for their own classroom use. Any other type of reproduction of these materials is strictly prohibited.

AP Biology Macroevolution Unit Exam

Part B Directions: These three questions require numeric answers. Calculate the correct answer for each question, and enter your answer on the grid following each question. Examples of correct entry for the grid-in questions are shown below. The actual questions for this exam begin on the next page. Integer Answer Integer Answer Decimal Answer Fraction Answer 502 502 −4.13 −2/10

5 0 2 5 0 2 − 4 . 1 3 − 2 / 1 0

1. Around six million years ago speciation occurred and humans diverged from chimpanzees. Twelve nucleotide substitutions have occurred in a sequence of mitochondrial DNA between human and chimpanzee lineages, while 36 substitutions have occurred between human and gibbon lineages. According to the molecular clock hypothesis, how many million years separate the divergence of gibbons and humans? Give your answer to the nearest year.

2. Geneticists working in an agriculture lab wanted to develop a crop that combines the disease resistance of rye grain with the high crop yielding capacity of wheat grain. Rye grain has a diploid chromosome number (2n) of 14 and wheat grain has a diploid chromosome number of 42. The resulting grain is called triticale and is an alloploidy plant. How many chromosomes are found in the pollen grain of triticale?

3. A study was conducted on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos Islands by Peter and Rosemary Grant. This study lasted over 20 years. The study investigated how the type of seeds available to the finches impacted the depth of their beaks. In years when rain and water were plentiful, the available seeds were smaller and easy to crack. In years experiencing drought, fewer seeds were produced, and the finches had to eat the larger, leftover seeds produced from previous years. During years of drought, birds with a greater beak depth had a selective advantage.

Bird ID Tag Number

Wet Year Beak Depth

(mm)

Bird ID Tag Number

Dry Year Beak Depth

(mm) 1A 10.81 1B 11.02 2A 8.74 2B 9.65 3A 10.04 3B 11.75 4A 9.75 4B 10.22 5A 9.76 5B 9.86

Use the data above to determine the increase in the mean of the depth of the beak between the wet and dry years. Give your answer to the nearest hundredth of a millimeter.

Name:____________________________Period___________________

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Questions 1 - 3







A) QB) RC) SD) T

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Questions 4 and 5













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Questions 7 and 8






was intense.





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12.



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Questions 13 and 14








A)

B)

C)

D)

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A) the extinction of one of the two parental species

B) the formation of a single species from the two parental species

C) reinforcing the postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys

D) weakening the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys








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Questions 20 and 21




Vascular Tissue











A)

B)

C)

D)



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Questions 22 and 23








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24.







stable than DNA



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29.





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32.


A) All cells contain circular DNA.B) All cells have the ability to conduct aerobic respiration.C) All cells have membranes composed of a phospholipid bilayer.D) All cells contain the same type of ribosomes.




5 0 2 5 0 2 − 4 . 1 3 − 2 / 1 0


Bird ID Tag Number

Wet Year Beak Depth

(mm)

Bird ID Tag Number

Dry Year Beak Depth

(mm) 1A 10.81 1B 11.02 2A 8.74 2B 9.65 3A 10.04 3B 11.75 4A 9.75 4B 10.22 5A 9.76 5B 9.86


Name:____________________________Period___________________

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Questions 1 and 2








was intense.

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Questions 3 and 4




Vascular Tissue













A)

B)

C)

D)

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stable than DNA











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Questions 9 and 10








A)

B)

C)

D)

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Questions 16 and 17








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18.







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Questions 20 and 21Refer to the map below illustrating the distribution of several populations on the continents of Eurasia and North America. These populations were derived from a common ancestral species. The area enclosed by a given dotted line represents the distribution of the population and the numbers in millions of years refer to the earliest fossil evidence found within the bounded area. Present populations are found only in the shaded areas.




A) QB) RC) SD) T



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23.



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24.







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29.





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5 0 2 5 0 2 − 4 . 1 3 − 2 / 1 0


Bird ID Tag Number

Wet Year Beak Depth

(mm)

Bird ID Tag Number

Dry Year Beak Depth

(mm) 1A 10.81 1B 11.02 2A 8.74 2B 9.65 3A 10.04 3B 11.75 4A 9.75 4B 10.22 5A 9.76 5B 9.86


Name:____________________________Period___________________

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1.



Version D

Questions 2 and 3




Vascular Tissue











A)

B)

C)

D)



Version D

Questions 4 and 5











Version D

Questions 6-8



A) QB) RC) SD) T





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Questions 9 and 10






was intense.







Version D













stable than DNA

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A)

B)

C)

D)

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20.





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Questions 25 and 26








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27.





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29.





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5 0 2 5 0 2 − 4 . 1 3 − 2 / 1 0


Bird ID Tag Number

Wet Year Beak Depth

(mm)

Bird ID Tag Number

Dry Year Beak Depth

(mm) 1A 10.81 1B 11.02 2A 8.74 2B 9.65 3A 10.04 3B 11.75 4A 9.75 4B 10.22 5A 9.76 5B 9.86


version a - weebly of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctuated equilibrium?...

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