pembentukan malaysia-assignment aeu 2012
TRANSCRIPT
Question No. 2
Discuss the formation of Malaysia focusing on the reaction of the people of Sabah,
Sarawak, Singapore and the conflict with Indonesia and the Philippines.
1.0 Introduction
The idea to merge Malaya and Borneo began since the late 19th century. Lord Brassey,
one of the directors of British North Borneo Company, has proposed to merge Malaya to
British. However, the proposal did not happen because there is no action to it.
After the World War II, the same proposal voiced by Malcom MacDonald. In
Singapore, the proposal to merge Malaya, Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak was on set. The
proposal was endorsed and supported by Sir Robert Boothy. But still the British did not
give any result.
Leader of People’s Action Party (PAP) Lee Kuan Yew, suggested to merge with
Malaya but rejected by Tunku Abdul Rahman as he afraid of social problem will arise as the
imbalance between Malays and Chinese. Tuanku Abdul Rahman agreed the merge between
Malaya and Singapore only if Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei joined. He felt that these states
have similarities in terms of historical background, political and goverment structure.
2.0 Reaction and Response – Sabah and Sarawak
Generally, the plan to merge the Malaya by Tunku Abdul Rahman received very good
reactions and responses from political parties in Malaya. All the political parties agreed with
the proposal but differ on how to implement it. For example, PAS accept the proposal but
argued Tunku Abdul Rahman for not discussed with other political leaders before announced
it. PAS also suggested the formation which includes Indonesia – Malaya. Other parties such
as MCA and Malayan People’s Party also expressed their support.
2.1 The proposal for the formation of Malaysia were stunned and surprised the leaders of
political parties in Sabah and Sarawak. Some political leaders seek independence for their
states separately and formed Kesatuan Negeri-Negeri Borneo. Some of them believed that the
formation of Malaysia was a tricked and a plan to replaced the British Colonisation. Because
of these fears, the political leaders in Borneo formed a United Front on July 9, 1961. The
United Front was made up by Stephen Donald who is founder of the Pertubuhan Kebangsaan
Kadazan Bersatu , Ong Kee Hui the Chairman of People’s United Party of Sarawak and A.M
Azahari, the Chairman of the People’s Party of Brunei. They against Sarawak to put under
any foreign power. These objections arouse because they did not get full information from
the government about the plan until the formation of Malaysia.
2.2 However, after getting clarification and clear view from the Malay’s Federal Party in
Sabah, they eventually supported the formation of Malaysia. In 1962, Donald Stephens and
Tun Datu Mustapha won the election in District Council. This shows the unity of people in
Sabah to join Malaysia.
In Sarawak, Parti Negara Sarawak and Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak were originally
against and objection the formation but they eventually supported the proposed of the
formation because they felt they should be united with Sabah and Brunei. Finally all the
political parties in Sarawak formed Parti Perikatan Sarawak and won the District Council
elections in 1963.
2.3 In June 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman collaborated with the British to hold the Persidangan
Persatuan Parlimen Komanwel to made a better understanding of the formation of Malaysia.
The conference attended by political leaders from Sabah and Sarawak. The conference
succeeded in promoting understanding among the political leaders in Sabah and Sarawak.
The conference was also attended by political leaders from Sabah and Sarawak. The
conference succeeded in promoting an understanding amongst the political leaders of Sabah
and Sarawak. This bring to the formation of an independent commission known as the
Cobold Commission.
3.0 Singapore
3.1 The PAP government under Lee Kuan Yew welcomed and supported the proposal. This
idea can be controlled by avoidance of Singapore from the left – wing party. The PAP also
see the proposal as a good opportunity to enable Singapore gained independence more
quickly.
3.2 Worker’s Party at first agreed but looked at the proposal as something that difficult to
carry on and to implement. Singapore People’s Party opposed the proposal and considered it
a British plan to continue to maintain its power.
3.3 The result of the referendum showed that more than 70% of Singaporean citizens agreed
to the proposal of the formation of Malaysia.
4.0 Philippine and Indonesia
4.1 Indonesia
Initially, Indonesia supports the idea of forming Malaysia. The Indonesian government also
extended greetings on Malaysia goverment’s efforts and the formation of Malaysia hope to
succeed.
However, the Indonesian goverment’s refused the idea of forming Malaysia. This was
due to agitation if the Parti Komunis Indonesia and was prompted by President Sukarno and
declared confrontation against Malaysia in terms of economic and social campaign “Ganyang
Malaysia”. Indonesia accused the Malaysian concept as it forced of neo-colonialism.
Indonesia became more aggressive to bring the invasion of Malaysia, Singapore Sabah and
Sarawak. After the declaration of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. diplomatic relations with
Indonesia have been terminated. Malaysia also took actions to provide a defence agreement
with Britain, New Zealand and Australia.
Confrontation Gestapo began to subside after 30 September that the power struggle
between the Communist Party of Indonesia and the Indonesian National Army. President
Sukarno did not know that senior military officials had been negotiated with representatives
of Malaysia in Bangkok and Hong Kong. Then the PKI Indonesia’s military had been
defeated in September 1965. In June 1966, Tun Abdul Razak and Tun Adam Malik had a
negotiated and signed an agreement in Bangkok to save the relations between the two
countries.
4.2 Philippine
In June 1962, The government of the Philippines made a claim to the state on behalf of the
Sultan of Sulu heirs. Philippines claimed that Sabah was lease and not sold by the Sultan of
Sulu to Baron Von Overbeck and Alfred Dent in 1874. The leases also alleged to have been
cancelled in 1958. The British did not treat the claim.
The Malaysia government did not intend to return Sabah to the Philippines or make
such claims issues as barriers to the formation of Malaysia. In February 1963, both were
agreed to negotiate in London but the meeting failed because the British government refused
to recognize sovereignty of the Philippines to Sabah. Since the claimed was not treated, the
relationship between the two countries became the apart.
5.0 Conclusion
There were a few factors which had been based of the establishment of the Malaysia
federation. The establishment of Malaysia was seen as a mean to realized the importance
of certain people. These interests include political factors, social and economic. Although
it was beneficial for certain people, but it also beneficial to those who involved.
The ideas and action to form Malaysia was an issue of controversy from in and
outside the country. The obstacles arouse had to motivate the formation of the Federation
of Malaysia to realize the continuous effort. Finally in September 1963, the Federal of
Malaysia had been realized.
ASSIGNMENT
FEBRUARY 2012 SEMESTER
SUBJECT CODE : MQA 102
SUBJECT TITLE : MALAYSIAN STUDIES
PROGRAMME : BACHELOR OF EDUCATION
STUDENT’S NAME : NAJIHAH BINTI NAZRI
MATRIC NO. : E30103120006
ACADEMIC FACILITATOR
: DR. NOOR HANIM BINTI RAHMAT
LEARNING CENTRE : AeU CAWANGAN JOHOR BAHRU,
KOLEJ PENGAJIAN ISLAM JOHOR,
JALAN GERTAK MERAH,
80000 JOHOR BAHRU, JOHOR.
Question No. 1
Critically evaluate the factors contributing to the expansion of the Malay Malacca
Sultanate and the factors leading to its downfall?
1.0 Introduction
The Malacca Sultanate is a big government that is synonymous with the history of
Malaysia. According to Malay history, the Malacca Sultanate was founded by Parameswara
or Raja Iskandar Shah in the early 15th century (around 1400).
At first, Melaka is only a small village, then it has turned as a big city. It has grown and
become one of the most important ports. This writing will focus on the factors contributing to
the expansion of the Malay Sultanate of Malacca and the factors leading to its downfall.
2.0 Factors Contributing To The Expansion Of The Malay Sultanate Of Malacca
2.1 Geographic Factor
Malacca's strategic position in the middle of trade routes between east and west make
it be a popular place for sheltered by the traders from Arabia, Persia, India and China.
Melaka port is protected from the Southwest Monsoon and the North East. Malacca is the
natural port that allows large ships closer to shore. The Titiwangsa Range prevent the North
East Monsoon into the port of Malacca. It was what the merchants preferred. They can stop
over in Malacca until it safe to sail.
The port of Malacca also suitable large ships to come closer to the shore. It is because
the port was a natural deep sea port.
2.2 Economic Factor
Malacca is famous as a centre of trade in the Malay Archipelago. It has the natural
resources needed by traders such as rattan, spices, pepper and ivory. The price in Malacca far
cheaper than other ports in the Malay Archipelago. The states adopt a systematic tax
collection system under the supervision of Harbour Master.
2.3 Political and Administration Factor
. Malacca maintained a diplomatic relations with major powers such as China.
It started with the visit of Emperor of China to Malacca.. Malacca managed to get the
recognition and protection from the Emperor of China. Diplomatic relations freed Malacca
from enemy threats such as Siam and Majapahit.
Melaka had an efficient administrative system that can ensure to attract traders to stop
by. There was a just legislative system in Malacca based on Hukum Kanun Melaka and
Undang-Undang Laut Melaka which followed the teaching of Islam. For example, the
Undang-Undang Laut Melaka was to ensure smooth trade.
Malacca also has a strong military force consisting of the Sea Peoples who played a
key role as the frontline in the fight against the enemy. Melaka emerged as a centre spread of
Islam in the Malay Archipelago.
Malacca was able to extend his empire by conquering Pahang, Terengganu, Penang,
Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pattani, Pasai, Aru, Rokan, Siak, Kampar, Inderagiri and Jambi. Malay
language has been used as a lingua franca (the medium) until the fall of Malacca. Foreign
traders were using the Malay language in their dealings in Malacca because it was easily
understood.
These were the main factors that made the empire of Malacca been great and famous.
3.0 Factors Affecting The Fall Of The Malay Sultanate Of Malacca
Malacca Sultanate reached its glory under the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah (1459-77)
and Treasurer Paduka Raja Tun Perak (1456-98). Glory began to fade when Tun Perak died.
Malacca empire fell in 1511 under the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488-1511) and
Treasurer (1510-11) when the Portuguese attacked Malacca. Factors affecting the fall of the
Malay Sultanate of Malacca could be divided to internal and external factors.
3.1 Internal Factors
3.1.1 Weak Ruler
Internal factors that influenced the fall of the Malacca was the Sultanate, Sultan Mahmud
Shah was not focused on the state administration and failed to control his men. Corruption,
widespread and conflict among local leaders and residents.
3.1.2 State Administration in Shambles
Malacca could not find suitable candidate to replace Tun Perak. His successor were
selfish and could run the govern effectively. Tun Puteh was too old to rule and while Paduka
Tuan practicing his favoritism in his administration.
3.1.3 Enmity between Malays and Tamil Muslim
This occurs due to corruption and widespread nepotism. They were only concerned
with the chiefs of their cronies.Sultan Mahmud and Tun Mutahir imposed higher tax which
made the traders look for other trading ports.
3.1.4 The Sea People (Orang Laut) did not assist Malacca during attack
The Sea People did not help when attacked by the Portugese. Tun Perak’s ignored the Sea
People’s role as Malacca’s defence by making them dissatisfied with the Malaccan
dignitaries. The absence of a strong defence rendered Malacca vulnerable to attacks by the
Portuguese.
3.2 External Factors
3.2.1 The discovery of a new trading route
In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz discovered a sea route through the Cape of Hope in the
African Continent which shortened the distance between west and east. This dimension had
opened the way for the Portuguese to build settlements in the east.
3.2.2 Dishonesty of foreign traders
The foreign merchants came to Malacca just to trade and no loyalty to the Sultan of Malacca.
The traders are from China and India to help the Portuguese.
3.2.3 Colonisation of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511
Portuguese army led by Alfonso d'Albuquerque equipped with modern technology to conquer
Malacca in successful attack on August 25, 1511.Sultan Mahmud Shah had fled to Muar,
Pahang and Bintan.
4.0 Conclusion
In my opinion, the Malacca Sultanate will be able to withstand attack if the Portuguese navy
stayed at the Melaka port. History has shown Malacca navy had played an important role in
expanding the colony and the empire of Malacca. It is a mystery to which the lost of a strong
navy attacked the Portuguese in Melaka. The opposite may occur if the navy joined forces in
an attempt to defend Malacca from the Portuguese attack. Historical records stated that the
Portuguese soldiers who attacked Malacca in 1511 amounted to no more than 20 ships. But
the naval strength of Malacca is greater than the strength of the Portuguese army. History
probably will record that Malacca had survived Portuguese attack and remained as an empire
that flourished and famous.
REFERENCES
Cikgu Azid (2010), Bab 5:Kegemilangan Melaka, Retrieved from http://cikguazid.com/nota-
sejarah-ting-1/bab-5-kegemilangan-melaka/
AeU Module 2012 , Malaysian Studies, Background of the Malaysian Society.
AeU Module 2012, Malaysian Studies, The Formation of Malaysia.