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PEMS: A Look at EPA's "Real World" Test Programs: Pilot Nonroad Equipment & HDDV

"Drayage"

Carl Fulper

United States Environmental Protection Agency, OTAQ

PEMS Conference

UC-CERT

March 24, 2011

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Research Areas

ASD’s KC LDV/LDT PM testing program (Completed) – Over 450 vehicles correlatedl w/ chassis dyno and “real-world”

testing of vehicles using Semtech-G

ASD’s Pilot Nonroad test program (Completed) – Tested nornoad construction equipment in EPA Region 7 using

both PEMS (33) and PAMS (33) (CRADA w/ CRC)

ASD’s HDDV “Drayage” test program (Completed) – Tested HDDVs that move containers to and from Houton’s

ports using PEMS (43) and PAMS (23) (CRADA w/ HGAC)

ASD’s LDV/LDT Evaporative test program (Ongoing) – Test program in Denver, CO to look at separating evaporative

from exhaust emissions (CRADA w/ CO HPDE)

ASD’s Pilot Tier 2 LDV/LDT test program(Ongoing) – Test program to look at sampling methods and driving

routes to help with developing deterioration rates for Tier 2 vehicles (funding provided by CRC and DOE (NREL)

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PEMS Program Objectives:

Improved Methods and Techniques

– How to use equipment in field, safety, SOPs, etc

Sample design and recruitment

– Sampling population: RSD, random sampling, $, etc.

Improved regulations for PEMS usage • Multiple rulemakings to improve & achieve consistent results …reduce

lab-to-lab variability (e.g. PM filter measurements)

• 40 CFR 1065 - linking lab to “real-world” operations

• Harmonizing regulations with other countries Improved Equipment

Develop or take advantage of advancements to

measure emissions & activity

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Test Programs

Nonroad Pilot Program

Field-test the integration and application of portable instruments

– SEMTECH –DS

– Micro-proportional sampler

– Gravimetric filters

To measure exhaust emissions – gaseous: continuous CO2, CO, HC, NOx,

– particulate (aggregate)

from heavy diesel equipment – Used in construction (33 pieces)

– During normal operation

within context of rigorous sample design – four-stage

County / establishment / site / piece

– Within EPA Region 7 (IA, KS, MO)

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Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box

Master Flow

Controller

Exhaust

Flow

Device

Semtech-DS

Filter PM Unit

MPS

Unit

CQCM

Location

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Portable PM Filter System

Portable PM Filter System tested in lab against two engine cell’s particulate system units and CVS system

Both Steady-state and transient (nonroad) tests conducted.

Results: – No statistical difference between

portable PM filter system and the two engine cell particulate system units.

Heated Cyclone

Three Heated 47 mm PM filter Holders

Site # Equipment Type Manufacturer Model MY HP lifetime

usage

Sampling

Class

1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu Avance D65 EX-12 1996 190 UNK N

1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar 963B 1997 160 134 LgLo

1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D8R 1999 302 2,034 LgHi

1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D6NXL 2005 143 1,062 LgHi

1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu D65EX-15 2006 190 UNK N

1 Excavator Komatsu PC300LC-7L 2004 254 UNK N

1 Grader Komatsu GD655-3C 2005 175 UNK N

1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G 2004 393 UNK N

1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G 2004 393 UNK N

1 Skid-steer loader Case 60XT 2003 75 UNK N

2 Compactor BOMAG BW145DM-3 UNK 75 UNK N

2 Crane/Lift Omniquip Skytrack 60365 UNK 110 UNK N

2 Crawler Loader Caterpillar 963C 2002 174 1,409 LgHi

2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL150 2005 102 751 LgHi

2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL150 2006 102 916 LgHi

2 Excavator Komatsu PC200LC-6LE 1997 133 UNK N

2 Excavator Komatsu PC138-USLC-2E0 2005 86 987 LgHi

2 Excavator Komatsu PC40MR-2 UNK 39 UNK N

2 Generator AMIDA AL4060D4MH UNK UNK UNK N

2 Hydraulic Pump AIRMAN SCREW PBS1855 UNK UNK UNK N

2 Skid-steer loader Case 184SC 1998 60 154 LgLo

Site Inventory: an example

Gallery

Experience

Construction operation is harsh environment;

But we have successfully collected data

Date Type Mfr Model CO2 CO THC NO NO2 NOx

(kg/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal)

9/18/2007 Crawler Dozer Cat D4CXL 10.07 51.63 27.45 169.04 19.64 188.68

10/11/2007 Well Driller Cummins 4B-3.9 10.02 47.10 30.40 152.22 35.33 187.55

10/15/2007 Forklift Truck Cat TH83 10.04 25.08 4.61 93.57 11.59 105.61

10/24/2007 Backhoe Case 570 LXT 9.91 97.94 1.00 145.52 62.25 207.76

10/27/2007 Crawler Dozer Deere 550H 10.18 17.69 8.16 93.74 8.41 102.15

Example: Emissions Measurement Type: Crawler Loader

Mfr: Caterpillar

Model: 953C

Engine: 3126

MY: 2004

Rating: 120 hp (appr.)

Hour-meter: 3,760 hrs

Life-time activity: 1,250

hr/yr

Sampling

Class: LgHi

Time Series: Engine Parameters

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

1,0

00

2,0

00

3,0

00

4,0

00

5,0

00

6,0

00

7,0

00

8,0

00

9,0

00

10

,00

0

Elapsed Time (Sec)

Exhaust Flow Temperature (°C)

Exhaust Mass Flow (SCFM)

Engine Speed (RPM × 0.1)

Proportional exhaust sampling: Example: (Dozer, Deere 550H)

y = 2.9916x + 11.012

R2 = 0.983

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Exhaust Flow (kg/hr)

MP

S S

am

ple

Flo

w ,

sccm

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Brake-specific NOx Emissions:

Excavators

4.32

9.88

4.36

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

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2003, 190 kW (255 hp) 2003, 190 kW (255 hp) 2006, 260 kW (350 hp)

g/k

W-h

r

T2 NMHC+NOx

6.6 g/kW-hr

same engine:

about

50%

idle

almost

no

idle

T3 NMHC+NOx

4.0 g/kW-hr

over

50%

idle

2. Non Road PEMS Study30

Example: Portable Activity Measurement System (PAMS)

Type: Skid-Steer Loader

Mfr: Bobcat

Model: T300

MY: 2003

Rating: 81 hp

Hour-meter: 3,500 hrs

Life-time activity: 875 hr/yr

Sampling

Class: SmHi

Skid-steer loader: Operation by Day of Week

Measurement Period: Monday June 11, 2007 – Monday, July 2, 2007

Total operation: 16.6 hours

Skid-steer loader: Operation by Hour of Day

Houston Port Study - Objectives

Characterize activity and emissions of HD

“drayage” trucks in Houston

• Improve Houston inventory/transportation modeling

• Currently Drayage vehicles are part of MOVES as part of

source types: short/long haul single/combo trucks

• Texas wanted to study the activity around the Ports to

characterize the activity/emissions in and around the Ports

• EPA wants to use data to understand the real world

activity/emissions from such trucks for future updates to

MOVES

• Pilot project for users to expand MOVES by creating new

“source type”

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RSD

Equipment

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• Conducted by University of Denver (two weeks in July 2009)

• Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC & NOx)

• Measured at entry gate of Barbour’s Cut port

• Matched license plates to TX DOT database

• RSD readings: 4,032

• Unique vehicles: 1,877

PEMS Vehicle Example MY 1994 Freightliner

Exhaust

System

PM

Proportional

Sampler

System Semtech_DS

PM Filters

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Portable Emissions - SEMTECH DS

• Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC, NO & NO2), with exhaust flow

• Teflon membrane filters (PM) @ 47 C

Portable Activity

• Isaac data loggers

• GPS and RPM (older vehicles)

• GPS & engine parameters (J1708 & J1939)

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Port vs. Non-Port (Onroad)

Activity & Emissions

For All Vehicles

CO (kg) Nox (kg) HC (kg) time (hrs) Idle % Distance Number

(miles) of Vehs

OTHER 33.44 103.66 6.02 288 35.6 4148.7 34

PORT 6.61 11.63 1.66 73 58.2 197.8 34

Note: Most time spent on idle and low speeds where

emissions are higher

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PEMS NOx as a function of VSP (fuel specific) 2001 Freightliner

RSD NOx shown by *

Conclusions Areas can take advantage of MOVES

flexibility using available local data and targeted field work

RSD screening very useful for improving sampling in portable emissions/activity measurement studies

Preliminary data shows that in-port emissions are important to quantify

State, Local and Federal collaboration is key for comprehensive field studies

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PEMS Next Steps:

Experience is key in using PEMS equipment in “real world”

Improve “in-field” Methods and Techniques

– Installation in field, safety, SOPs, etc

– Lower cost (time & $) to use equipment

Reduce burden to Vehicle Owner

Improve sample design and recruitment methods

Equipment needs to be: – More reliable (increase mean-time failure rate);

– Smaller in size, weight, & power consumption;

– Repairable in field

Acknowledgements

EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality: – Robert Caldwell, Ethan Schaer, Brian Ratkos, Craig Swan,

Charles Schenk, Michael Christiansen, Prashanth Gururaja, David Choi, Dr. Robert Giannelli, Constance Hart, James Warila

Eastern Research Group: – Gopi Manne, Rick Baker, Diane Preusse, Scott Fincher

Coordinating Research Council (E-70)

Sensors: – Christopher Darby, Louis Moret

Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC): – Shelly Whitworth, Patricia Franco

Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ): – Donna Huff, Mary McGarry-Barber, Amy Muttoni, David Brymer

Port of Houston Authority: – Dana Blume, Ken Gathright

EPA Region 6: – Sandra Rennie, Carl Young

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Questions?

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Recruitment Procedure

“Ownership Interview”

1) Screening

- Verify identity of firm

- Verify business activity

2) Eligibility

- Verify employer status

- Verify Equipment Use

- verify role as prime contractor

“Equipment Inventory”

List available equipment on site

- Type

- Manufacturer

- MY

- usage patterns

“Instrumentation”

- PEMS: measure emissions over 8 hours

AND/OR

- PAMS: measure activity over one month

- Collect fuel and oil samples

$ incentive to half of

respondents

“Equipment Selection”

Stratify by

- Size

- lifetime usage